identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D987FFC13428792C8273BEFF60D7BB.text	03D987FFC13428792C8273BEFF60D7BB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnetis pedroreyesi Ratcliffe and Nogueira 2020	<div><p>Gymnetis pedroreyesi Ratcliffe and Nogueira, new species</p><p>Zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: CC249E63- 8548-486D-83B1-E6CCB0A56A83</p><p>(Figs. 1–8)</p><p>Type Material. Holotype male labeled: “ MEXICO: COLIMA / COMALA, 700 m elev. / 7-8-July-2000, / G. Nogueirra [sic] collector” and with our red holotype label . Allotype female with same data and our red allotype label . Paratypes with same data (10 males, 5 females), and same data except date of VI-30-20-2000 (2 males, 1 female), and VIII-31- 2000 (2 males, 2 females) . One additional male paratype labeled: “ MEXICO: COLIMA, 651 m el / Comala, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-103.74533&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.310516" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -103.74533/lat 19.310516)">nr. Rancho Estrella</a> / 7/8-VII-19, traps bananna [sic] / 19°18.631´N 103°44.720´W / R. Cunningham + G. Nogueira. ” Holotype and allotype deposited at INBUNAM. Paratypes are deposited at BCRC (2), BMNH (2), CMNC (1), GNGC (5), IEXA (1), IMECBIOCOL (1), MNHN (2), NMPC (1), RACC (2), USNM (2), WBWC (1), and ZMHU (2). Additional specimens with similar data are in MAMC and are currently unavailable and so not designated as paratypes.</p><p>Description. Holotype. Male (Figs. 1, 3). Length 16.8 mm; width across humeri 9.8 mm. Head: Frons velutinous smoky black with 2 short, broad, diffuse, gray spots on occiput. Surface with ocellate punctures moderate in size and density, mostly in front of gray spots. Clypeus velutinous smoky black; apex broadly truncate, narrowly reflexed. Interocular width equals 4.5 transverse eye diameters. Pronotum: Color mostly velutinous smoky black with diffuse pattern of dark gray and dirty yellow on anterior half and sides. Surface with small, sparse punctures along sides. Lateral margin with short marginal line broken at center, line not reaching anterior and posterior angles. Mesepimeron velutinous smoky black and narrowly shiny black on apex. Elytra: Color velutinous smoky black with irregularly dissected, yellow vittae on lateral margins. Surface with small, sparse punctures mesad of humerus, otherwise sculpturing obscured. Apices at suture subquadrate. Lateral marginal bead black. Pygidium: Color dark reddish brown. Surface completely, concentrically rugose, setigerous; setae minute, dense, black. Legs: Protibia tridentate, basal tooth removed. Venter: Metaventrite black, weakly shiny, and with sparse, black, crescentshaped, setigerous punctures on posterior half, anterior half rugose. Mesometasternal process, in lateral view, projecting forward and downwards from ventral axis of body at about 45°, apex subquadrate (Fig. 3). Metacoxa on posterolateral corner acutely recurved. Abdominal sternites shiny black on center, sides on lateral fourth with indistinct, gray bloom. Sternites 1–5 with small, dense, crescent-shaped punctures on anterolateral corners. Setae on procoxae and mentum black. Parameres: In caudal view, form elongate, subrectangular, weakly flared on lateral margin, each apex flared laterally into small, sharp tooth (Fig. 4). In lateral view (Fig. 5), phallobase slightly longer than parameres.</p><p>Allotype. Female. Length 16.0 mm; width across humeri 9.7 mm. Differs from the holotype in the following respects: Head: Frons and clypeus velutinous black. Surface with ocellate punctures moderate in size and density. Interocular width equals 4.0 transverse eye diameters. Pronotum: Color velutinous black. Lateral margin with long, marginal line broken at center, line almost reaching anterior and posterior angles. Mesepimeron opaque black with small, shiny black spot on apex. Elytra: Color velutinous black with irregularly dissected, yellow vittae on lateral margins. Surface lacking punctures mesad of humerus. Pygidium: Color black. Venter: Metacoxa on posterolateral corner subquadrate. Abdominal sternites on sides lacking gray bloom. Sternites 1–5 with large, sparse punctures on lateral margins.</p><p>Variation. Males (Fig. 2) (14 paratypes). Length 16.5–19.7 mm; width across humeri 10.0–13.0 mm. Head: Color varies from smoky black to dark gray to brown to yellowish brown. Pronotum: Minor variations in the presence or absence of diffuse pattern of dark gray and dirty yellow. Lateral margin with long marginal line broken or not. Venter: Metaventrite with or without gray bloom. Abdominal sternites black to dark reddish brown.</p><p>Females (8 paratypes). Length 16.0–18.0 mm; width across humeri 9.0–11.0 mm. Head: Color varies from smoky black to dark reddish brown. Elytra: Color varies from black to dark reddish brown. Pygidium: Color varies from black to dark reddish brown. Venter: Color varies from shiny black to shiny dark reddish brown. Metacoxa on posterolateral corner varies from subquadrate to acutely recurved.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet is named in honor of our recently deceased colleague and specialist of Passalidae, Pedro Reyes Castillo of the Instituto de Ecolog´ıa in Xalapa, Mexico.</p><p>Distribution. Gymnetis pedroreyesi is known from Comala, Colima, Mexico.</p><p>Temporal Distribution. June (3), July (17), August (4).</p><p>Diagnosis. Gymnetis pedroreyesi is morphologically similar in its dorsal markings to some specimens of Gymnetis merops Ratcliffe and Gymnetis sallei Schaum, and nearly identical with Gymnetis poecila Schaum. Both G. merops and G. sallei have a yellow bead on the lateral margin of each elytron (black in G. pedroreyesi and G. poecila) and with at least some yellow or ochre on the male abdominal sternites (no yellow on the sternites of G. pedroreyesi and G. poecila). There is broad geographic separation between G. pedroreyesi, G. merops, and G. sallei; G. pedroreyesi is found in extreme southwestern Mexico, while G. merops is distributed in Peru, and G. sallei occurs in extreme southeastern and southern Mexico and Belize.</p><p>Gymnetis pedroreyesi is most similar to G. poecila and occurs partly sympatrically (in the broad sense; we have no Colima records for G. poecila) with G. poecila in western Mexico. Gymnetis pedroreyesi can be distinguished from G. poecila by: 1) the presence in males of diffuse, contrasting light gray or dirty yellow markings on the black pronotum (Figs. 1–2) (pronotum monochromatic black in G. poecila); 2) lateral margin of each paramere weakly flared (Fig. 4) versus strongly flared in G. poecila (fig. 311 in Ratcliffe 2018); and 3) smaller size in G. pedroreyesi (16.0– 19.7 mm, x = 17.5 mm, n = 24) versus larger in G. poecila (18.8–21.3 mm, x = 19.7 mm, n = 38).</p><p>Natural History. Adults of Gymnetis species are primarily diurnal visitors to flowers, ripe fruits, and sap flows, either natural or as a result of beetleinduced abrasion (gumming). Other cetoniines collected at the same locality where G. pedroreyesi was collected are Cotinis pauperula Burmeister, Cotinis mutabilis (Gory and Percheron), and Amithao marginicollis (Burmeister) .</p><p>The specimens of G. pedroreyesi were collected with very ripe banana fruit placed on tree trunks and on banana bait in a bottle trap. The type locality of G. pedroreyesi is tropical semi-deciduous forest (Figs. 7–8) where the dominant vegetation is nogal, Juglans major (Torr.) A. Heller ( Juglandaceae); cobano, Swietenia humilis Zuccarini (Meliaceae); parota, Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. ( Fabaceae); huizache, Goldmania foetida (Jacq.) Standley ( Fabaceae); mezquite, Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC ( Fabaceae); tepemezquite, Lysiloma divaricatum (Jacq.) J. F. Macbr ( Fabaceae); guamuchil, Pithecellobium dulce Bentham ( Fabaceae); higuera, Ficus petiolaris Kunth ( Moraceae); rosa morada, Tabebuia pentaphylla (L.) Hemsl. ( Bignoniaceae); primavera, Tabebuia donnell-smithii Rose ( Bignoniaceae); guasima, Guazuma ulmilfolia Lam. ( Malvaceae); ciprés, Cupressus sp. ( Cupressaceae); fresno, Fraxinus sp. ( Oleaceae); nance, Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth (Malphigiaceae); and chico zapote, Achras zapota L. ( Sapotaceae) (Mart´ınez 1979; Morales et al. 1990; Rzedowski and Huerta 1994; Sociedad Botánica de México 1987; Tropicos.org 2019). Climate in the vicinity of the type locality is warm subtropical with annual average precipitation of 1,163 mm and temperature of 23–27 °C.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D987FFC13428792C8273BEFF60D7BB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ratcliffe, Brett C.;Nogueira, Guillermo	Ratcliffe, Brett C., Nogueira, Guillermo (2020): Description of a New Species of Gymnetis MacLeay (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Gymnetini) from Colima, Mexico. The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (1): 109-115, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.1.109, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.1.109
03D987FFC13028782EC371DBFD09D569.text	03D987FFC13028782EC371DBFD09D569.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnetis MacLeay 1819	<div><p>KEY TO THE MEXICAN SPECIES OF ADULT GYMNETIS MACLEAY</p><p>1. Pronotum monochromatic black ............ 2</p><p>1´. Pronotum with contrasting colors, spots, flecks, or bands ................................. 4</p><p>2. Lateral marginal bead of elytra yellow..... ............................... G. ramulosa Bates</p><p>2´. Lateral marginal bead of elytra black .......... 3</p><p>3. Body length equals 16.0– 19.7 mm .......... ... G. pedroreyesi Ratcliffe and Nogueira, new species (in part, female)</p><p>3´. Size larger, body length equals 18.8–21.0 mm ... ......................................... G. poecila Schaum</p><p>4. Abdominal sternites, at least in part, with metallic bronze, metallic green, metallic reddish purple, or metallic reddish brown reflection .......................................... 5</p><p>4´. Abdominal sternites lacking metallic reflection, shiny areas, if present, black, brown, or reddish brown, especially in females ..................... 6</p><p>5. Elytra with bold pattern of alternating black and yellow bands radiating laterally from diffuse orange area at middle .................. ........................... G. stellata (Latreille)</p><p>5´. Elytra orange and/or yellow intermixed with mottled, irregularly diffuse, brown or black flecks and with 2 irregular fields of bright yellow, 1 on disc at middle and other near apex ............................... .. .. .. ... .. ... G. cupriventris kerremansi Neervoort van de Poll</p><p>6. Pronotum and/or disc of elytra predominantly light to dark orange or reddish orange mixed with black bands, spots, or flecks; elytral margin next to marginal bead without contrasting, isolated, reddish orange spots ............................................... 7</p><p>6´. Pronotum and/or disc of elytra predominantly light or dark brown, light or dark gray, black, yellow, various shades of olive, ochre, or chalky white mixed with black bands, spots, or flecks; elytral margin next to marginal bead with or without small, orange or reddish orange spots ....................... 9</p><p>7. Lateral marginal bead of elytra orange..... ............... G. bajula wollastonii Schaum</p><p>7´. Lateral marginal bead of elytra dark gray, dark brown, or black .......................... 8</p><p>8. Elytral black markings soft-edged with cloudings of light gray surrounding and/or among most soft-edged black marks ........ ............................. G. vandepolli Bates</p><p>8´. Elytral black markings hard-edged, lacking cloudings of light gray among markings. Orange phase of ................................... .......... G. radiicollis Burmeister (in part)</p><p>9. Pronotum and/or elytra predominantly light or dark brown or gray with black markings on disc and/or adjacent to lateral margin .. ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... 10</p><p>9´. Pronotum and/or elytra black with yellow, ochre, or light to dark orange markings on disc and/or adjacent to lateral margin ............ 11</p><p>10. Mesometasternal process, in lateral view, projecting strongly or almost vertically downwards from ventral axis of body. Elytral apices rounded, not produced into short, spine-like projection ............................. ........................ G. coturnix Burmeister</p><p>10´. Mesometasternal process, in lateral view, projecting obliquely forward and downwards from ventral axis of body at 33–45°. Elytral apices strongly produced into short, spine-like projection ................... .. ... .. .. ... .. ... ... G. difficilis Burmeister</p><p>11. Mesometasternal process, in lateral view, projecting strongly to almost vertically downwards from ventral axis of body ...................... 12</p><p>11´. Mesometasternal process, in lateral view, projecting obliquely forward and downwards from ventral axis of body at 33–45° ................. 13</p><p>12. Lateral marginal bead of elytra yellow..... ................................. G. sallei Schaum</p><p>12´. Lateral marginal bead of elytra black. Yellow phase of ................................. ......... G. radiicollis Burmeister (in part)</p><p>13. Mesepimeron completely yellow or with trace of black on posterior margin ........... ................................ G. thula Ratcliffe</p><p>13´. Mesepimeron completely black ............... ... G. pedroreyesi Ratcliffe and Nogueira, new species (in part, male)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D987FFC13028782EC371DBFD09D569	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ratcliffe, Brett C.;Nogueira, Guillermo	Ratcliffe, Brett C., Nogueira, Guillermo (2020): Description of a New Species of Gymnetis MacLeay (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Gymnetini) from Colima, Mexico. The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (1): 109-115, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.1.109, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.1.109
