taxonID	type	description	language	source
03C987C4B5408C4AFD81FD03FC34FF37.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Tecmessa pectosa O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1882.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5408C4AFD81FD03FC34FF37.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males and females of Chthonos can be distinguished from those of other theridiosomatid genera by having prolateral rows of strong macrosetae on the curved (i. e., sinuate) first and second tibiae-metatarsitarsi (Figs 8 A – C, 9 A – C, 10 C, 11 B, 12 A – C, 13 B; see also Coddington 1986 and Dupérré & Tapia 2017) (absent in other genera), protruding sternum (Figs 8 B, 9 B, 10 B, 11 B, 12 B, 13 B; see also Coddington 1986) (in contrast with not protuding sternum in the other genera), and opisthosomal setae on sclerotized pits (“ flecks ” in Coddington 1986) (Figs 8 A – C, 9 A – C, 10 A – C, 11 A – C, 12 A – C, 13 A – C; see also Coddington 1986 and Dupérré & Tapia 2017) (absent in other genera).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5408C4AFD81FD03FC34FF37.taxon	description	Description Females of Chthonos have irregular membranous copulatory ducts (Figs 5 A – C, 9 D, 11 D, 13 D) with a dorsal patch of gland ducts near the sides of the spermathecae (Fig. 5 A – C). For further genus description details, see Coddington (1986) and Labarque & Griswold (2014).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5408C74FD7DFAB4FB11FC65.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 6 A 1057 E 3 - 5 B 3 A- 4194 - B 447 - 78510 F 828729 Figs 1, 5 A – C, 8 – 9	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5408C74FD7DFAB4FB11FC65.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males and females of Chthonos dobo sp. nov. resemble those of Chthonos peruana (Keyserling, 1886) by the opisthosoma with two pairs of proximally fused lateral tubercles (Figs 8 A, 9 A; Keyserling 1886: pl. XI figs 144, 144 A), but C. dobo can be distinguished by the tubercles wider than long, relatively short, that slightly exceed the dorsum of the opisthosoma (Figs 8 A – B, 9 A – B), whereas in C. peruana those tubercles are as wide as long, extending dorsolaterally beyond the opisthosomal border (Keyserling 1886: pl. XI fig. 144).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5408C74FD7DFAB4FB11FC65.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific name is derived from ‘ dobo’ which means ‘ Earth’ in the Ngäbere language, currently spoken by the Ngäbe native people of Panama, and refers to the soil, one of the habitats where the species was found.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5408C74FD7DFAB4FB11FC65.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♂; Reserva Forestal Fortuna, Quebrada Honda, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.750083 ° N, 82.239083 ° W; 1135 m a. s. l.; 7 – 12 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SFU 1 NAA 029; MIUP. Paratypes PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFB 1 DAL 021; preparation codes FML- 00691, LNP- 00271; DNA code chts 1123; GenBank code PX 096990; MACNAr 29320 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU 1 N 7 D 015; preparation codes FML- 00755, FML- 01146; DNA code chts 1241; GenBank code PX 096997; MACN-Ar 29324 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU 2 NAA 035; preparation code LNP- 00269; DNA code chts 1059; GenBank code PX 096989; MACN-Ar 29321 • 1 ♂; Parque Internacional La Amistad, Cerro Picacho, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.890500 ° N, 82.618778 ° W; 2299 m a. s. l.; 12 – 17 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque, L. Piacentini and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SAB 1 DEL 024; DNA barcode SPIPA 410 - 10; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAD 1 NGL 021; DNA barcode SPIPA 411 - 10; MACN-Ar 29319. Other material PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU 2 NAD 028; DNA code chts 1244; GenBank code PX 096998; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU 1 NBD 019; DNA code chts 1242; GenBank code PX 096991; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU 1 N 7 L 018; DNA barcode SPIPA 409 - 10; MACN-Ar 29322 • 4 ♂♂; same data as for holotype; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29323 • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; CRBA • 2 ♀♀; same locality as for holotype; 21 Jun. 2008; L. Piacentini and F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 23 Jun. 2008; MACN-Ar • 1 ♂, 4 ♀♀; Parque Internacional La Amistad, Cerro Picacho, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.890500 ° N, 82.618778 ° W; 2299 m a. s. l.; 12 – 17 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque, L. Piacentini and M. Ramírez leg.; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAD 1 NHH 012; DNA code chts 1245; GenBank code PX 096995; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAU 1 NHB 013; DNA barcode SPIPA 412 - 10; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAD 1 NGB 019; DNA code chts 1247; GenBank code PX 096996; MACN-Ar 29316 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAU 1 NFB 025; DNA code chts 1243; GenBank code PX 096993; MACN-Ar 29315 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAU 1 NHP 003; DNA barcode SPIPA 413 - 10; MACN-Ar 29317 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAU 1 NGA 027; DNA code chts 1246; GenBank code PX 096994; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAB 1 DEA 003; DNA code chts 1248; GenBank code PX 096992; CRBA • 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MIUP • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29314 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29311 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29313 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29312 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29318 • 5 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; CRBA.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5408C74FD7DFAB4FB11FC65.taxon	description	Description Male (paratype MACN-Ar 29320) Total length 1.42. Prosoma: length 0.76, width 0.61, height 0.61. Sternum: length 0.40, width 0.42. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.11, PME 0.08, AME – PME 0.10. Opisthosoma: length 1.14, width 1.14, height 0.93. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma reddish-brown with darker middle and lateral lines (Fig. 8 A). Sternum yellowish-orange (Fig. 8 B – C). Opisthosoma color overall yellowish-white with numerous setal sclerotized pits, and dorsal reddish-brown scutum (Fig. 8 A – B). Epiandrum, booklung cover, and tracheal spiracle reddish-brown (Fig. 8 B – C). Spinneret field orange surrounded by reddish-brown sclerotized ring (Fig. 8 B – C). Legs I – II darker than III – IV, femora and tibiae brownish-orange, metatarsi brownish-orange but proximally lighter, patellae and tarsi orange (Fig. 8 A – C). Palp: cymbium distally pointed, paracymbium proximally extended (“ T-shaped paracymbium ” in Coddington 1986), median apophysis retrolateral side with blunt projection extending ventrally, conductor apophysis hooked, embolus entire (i. e., lacking embolic division and apophysis) and covered by conductor (Fig. 8 D – F). Female (paratypes MACN-Ar 29321, MACN-Ar 29324) Total length 1.73. Prosoma: length 0.82, width 0.65, height 0.66. Sternum: length 0.41, width 0.43. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.10, PME 0.08, AME – PME 0.11. Opisthosoma: length 1.48, width 1.64, height 1.18. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration lighter than male (Fig. 9 A – C). Opisthosoma scutum absent (Fig. 9 A – B). Epigynal plate reddish-brown (Fig. 9 C), with transverse ridges, transverse groove deep, central pit toothed (Figs 5 B, 9 D). Vulva: copulatory ducts irregular and membranous, with patch of gland ducts dorsally, inserting ventrolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae round, sclerotized, and connate (i. e, fused along the midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Figs 5 A – C, 9 D).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5408C74FD7DFAB4FB11FC65.taxon	biology_ecology	Records and biology Records are limited to collections made at 1135 m a. s. l. in premontane rainforest from Reserva Forestal Fortuna, and at 2299 m a. s. l. in lower montane rainforest from Parque Internacional La Amistad (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly at night by looking up, though few specimens have been collected during the day by beating and cryptic techniques.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5408C74FD7DFAB4FB11FC65.taxon	discussion	Variation Some males and females examined have the prosoma and opisthosoma darker than in the described specimens. Remarks Males of C. dobo sp. nov. differ from those of other Panamanian species of Chthonos by the conductor apophysis as wide as long, relatively bulky (Fig. 8 E), whereas C. kaibe sp. nov. have the apophysis relatively small (Fig. 10 E) and C. kwati sp. nov. have it longer than wide (Fig. 12 E).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B57E8C73FD7AF966FEB7F917.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: C 03 F 56 CB-F 9 DD- 4 EDB-B 635 - 50314 EFC 5 F 8 E Figs 1, 10 – 11	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B57E8C73FD7AF966FEB7F917.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males and females of Chthonos kaibe sp. nov. resemble the males of C. kuyllur Dupérré & Tapia, 2017 by the presence of two pairs of proximally separated lateral tubercles, wider than long, relatively short, that slightly exceed the dorsum of the opisthosoma (Figs 10 A – B, 11 A – B; Dupérré & Tapia 2017: fig. 1), but males of C. kaibe can be distinguished by having the conductor apophysis retrolaterally hooked, whereas it is hooked prolaterally in C. kuyllur (Fig. 10 E; Dupérré & Tapia 2017: fig. 2).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B57E8C73FD7AF966FEB7F917.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific name is derived from ‘ kaibe’ which means ‘ alone’ in the Ngäbere language, currently spoken by the Ngäbe native people of Panama, and refers to the separated lateral tubercles of the opisthosoma.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B57E8C73FD7AF966FEB7F917.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype PANAMA – Panama Province • ♂; Parque Nacional Altos de Campana, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.683444 ° N, 79.929833 ° W; 895 m a. s. l.; 14 – 19 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SCB 1 DED 007; DNA code chts 3 e 12; GenBank code PX 097002; MIUP. Paratypes PANAMA – Panama Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCU 2 NDD 007; preparation codes FML- 00693, LNP- 00283; DNA code chts 3117; GenBank code PX 097001; MACNAr 29000 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCU 1 NFH 016; preparation code LNP- 00289; DNA code chts 3109; GenBank code PX 097000; MACN-Ar 28999 • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCU 2 NDA 009; DNA code chts 3 g 12; GenBank code PX 097003; MCZ. – Coclé Province • 1 ♂; Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera, El Cope, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.668083 ° N, 80.592583 ° W; 760 m a. s. l.; 4 – 9 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code STU 1 N 7 H 024; DNA barcode SPIPA 406 - 10; MCZ.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B57E8C73FD7AF966FEB7F917.taxon	description	Description Male (paratype MACN-Ar 29000) Total length 1.50. Prosoma: length 0.80, width 0.62, height 0.61. Sternum: length 0.37, width 0.44. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.10, PME 0.08, AME – PME 0.10. Opisthosoma: length 1.24, width 1.14, height 0.95. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma reddish-brown (Fig. 10 A). Sternum reddish-brown (Fig. 10 B – C). Opisthosoma color overall yellowish-white with numerous setal sclerotized pits, and dorsal reddish-brown scutum with symmetric lighter pattern (Fig. 10 A – B). Epiandrum, booklung cover, and tracheal spiracle reddish-brown (Fig. 10 B – C). Spinneret field orange surrounded by reddish-brown sclerotized ring (Fig. 10 B – C). Legs I – II darker than III – IV, femora and tibiae brownish-orange with lighter middle band, metatarsi brownish-orange but proximally lighter, patellae and tarsi orange (Fig. 10 A – C). Palp: cymbium distally pointed, paracymbium proximally extended, median apophysis retrolateral side with blunt projection extending ventrally, conductor apophysis hooked, embolus entire and covered by conductor (Fig. 10 D – F). Female (paratype MACN-Ar 28999) Total length 1.65. Prosoma: length 0.87, width 0.67, height 0.67. Sternum: length 0.41, width 0.46. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09, PME 0.08, AME – PME 0.10. Opisthosoma: length 1.26, width 1.42, height 1.04. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration lighter and greenish-browner than male (Fig. 11 A – C). Opisthosoma scutum absent (Fig. 11 A – B). Epigynal plate reddish-brown (Fig. 10 C), with transverse ridges, transverse groove deep, central pit toothed (Fig. 11 D). Vulva: copulatory ducts irregular and membranous, with patch of gland ducts dorsally, inserting ventrolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae round, sclerotized, and connate (i. e., fused along the midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 11 D).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B57E8C73FD7AF966FEB7F917.taxon	biology_ecology	Records and biology Records are limited to collections made at 760 m a. s. l. and 895 m a. s. l. in premontane rainforest from Parque Nacional Altos de Campana and Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera, respectively (Fig. 1). Males and a single female have been collected mostly at night by looking up; one male specimen was collected during the day by beating.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B57E8C73FD7AF966FEB7F917.taxon	discussion	Variation Some males examined have the prosoma and opisthosoma darker than the described specimen. Remarks Males of C. kaibe sp. nov. differ from those of other Panamanian species of Chthonos by the conductor apophysis wider than long, less sclerotized, relatively small (Fig. 10 E), whereas C. dobo sp. nov. have the apophysis heavily sclerotized (i. e., dark; Fig. 8 E) and C. kwati sp. nov. have it longer than wide (Fig. 12 E).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B57A8C7EFD7AFEDDFEC9F8C3.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: D 5 C 63226 - E 53 A- 4 A 2 D- 98 D 3 - 918 F 61 AD 3 AB 3 Figs 1, 12 – 13	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B57A8C7EFD7AFEDDFEC9F8C3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males and females of Chthonos kwati sp. nov. resemble the females of Chthonos tuberosa (Keyserling, 1886) by the presence of five dorsal opisthosoamal tubercles, including two lateral pairs, each pair separated by their diameter, wider than long and relatively short, and one anterior central tubercle as wide as long (Figs 12 A – B, 13 A – B; Keyserling 1886: pl. XX figs 303, 303 A), but C. kwati can be distinguished by the presence of a posterior central tubercle, longer than wide, extending posteriorly.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B57A8C7EFD7AFEDDFEC9F8C3.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific name is derived from ‘ kwätí’ which means ‘ six’ in the Ngäbere language, currently spoken by the Ngäbe native people of Panama, and refers to the six tubercles of the opisthosoma.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B57A8C7EFD7AFEDDFEC9F8C3.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♂; Reserva Forestal Fortuna, Quebrada Honda, one-hectare PANCODING inventory, 8.750083 ° N, 82.239083 ° W; 1135 m a. s. l.; 7 – 12 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SFD 1 NCR 006; preparation codes FML- 00706, FML- 00707; DNA barcode SPIPA 408 - 10; MIUP. Paratype PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU 1 NAD 034; preparation code LNP- 00279; DNA code chts 2061; GenBank code PX 096999; MACN-Ar 29067.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B57A8C7EFD7AFEDDFEC9F8C3.taxon	description	Description Male (holotype MIUP SFD 1 NCR 006) Total length 1.64. Prosoma: length 0.81, width 0.65, height 0.64. Sternum: length 0.40, width 0.49. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.10, PME 0.09, AME – PME 0.10. Opisthosoma: length 1.4, width 1.14, height 1.06. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma reddish-brown (Fig. 12 A). Sternum reddish-brown (Fig. 12 B – C). Opisthosoma color overall yellowish-white with numerous setal sclerotized pits, and dorsal reddish-brown scutum with symmetric lighter pattern (Fig. 12 A – B). Epiandrum, booklung cover, and tracheal spiracle reddish-brown (Fig. 12 B – C). Spinneret field orange surrounded by reddish-brown sclerotized ring (Fig. 12 B – C). Legs I – II darker than III – IV, femora and tibiae greenish-brown with lighter middle band, metatarsi greenish-brown but proximally lighter, patellae greenish-brown and tarsi orange (Fig. 12 A – C). Palp: cymbium distally pointed, paracymbium proximally extended, median apophysis retrolateral side with blunt projection extending ventrally, conductor apophysis hooked, embolus entire and covered by conductor (Fig. 12 D – F). Female (paratype MACN-Ar 29067) Total length 1.98. Prosoma: length 0.89, width 0.69, height 0.71. Sternum: length 0.41, width 0.48. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.10, PME 0.09, AME – PME 0.11. Opisthosoma: length 1.59, width 1.55, height 1.35. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration lighter than male (Fig. 13 A – C). Opisthosoma scutum absent (Fig. 13 A – B). Epigynal plate reddish-brown (Fig. 13 C), with transverse ridges, transverse groove deep, central pit toothed (Fig. 13 D). Vulva: copulatory ducts irregular and membranous, with patch of gland ducts dorsally, inserting ventrolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae round, sclerotized, and connate (i. e, fused along midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 13 D).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B57A8C7EFD7AFEDDFEC9F8C3.taxon	biology_ecology	Records and biology Records are limited to collections made at 1135 m a. s. l. in premontane rainforest from Reserva Forestal Fortuna (Fig. 1). The male and female have been collected at night by looking down and looking up, respectively.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B57A8C7EFD7AFEDDFEC9F8C3.taxon	discussion	Remarks Males of C. kwati sp. nov. differ from those of other Panamanian species of Chthonos by having the conductor apophysis longer than wide, forming a straight angle hook (Fig. 12 E), whereas C. dobo sp. nov. and C. kaibe sp. nov. have the apophysis wider than long (Figs 8 E, 10 E). The type specimen of Chthonos tuberosa was examined. Tecmessa tuberosa Keyserling, 1886: 252, pl. 20 fig. 303 [♀] [type ♀ from Brazil, Santa Catarina, Blumenau (British Museum of Natural History), examined].	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5758C7FFDD4FEDCFE01FE22.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Epeirotypus brevipes O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5758C7FFDD4FEDCFE01FE22.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males of Epeirotypus can be distinguished from those of other theridiosomatid genera by the long, bulky embolus distally acute (Figs 14 E, 16 E, 18 E; see also Coddington 1986) (in contrast with entire, thin laminated, or distally lobed embolus in the other genera). Females of Epeirotypus can be distinguished from those of other genera by the domed (i. e., elevated ventrally) epigynal plate (Miller et al. 2009: fig. 3 b) (absent in other genera except for Naatlo), a vulval bifid sclerotized septum (i. e., see BS in figures) formed by posterior projections extending behind the spermathecae and fusing along the midline (absent in other genera), and the distal section of the copulatory ducts heavily sclerotized in connection with the spermathecae (Figs 5 D, 15 C – D, 17 C – D, 19 C – D, 20 C – D, 21 C – D, 22 C – D, 23 C – D; see also Coddington 1986) (in contrast with irregular and membranous or completely sclerotized copulatory ducts).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5758C7FFDD4FEDCFE01FE22.taxon	description	Description Females of Epeirotypus have massive proximal copulatory ducts (i. e., more than three times diameter of distal region of copulatory ducts) with dorsal patches of gland ducts, and distal copulatory ducts heavily sclerotized (i. e., dark) inserting dorsolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae (Figs 5 D – E, 15 D, 17 D, 19 D, 20 D, 21 D, 22 D, 23 D). For further genus description details, see Coddington (1986) and Labarque & Griswold (2014).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5758C7AFD9CFBBAFE04FFC4.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 0258 B 6 F 6 - 96 F 3 - 46 B 5 - B 866 - E 1 D 33917 F 3 D 6 Figs 1, 14 – 15	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5758C7AFD9CFBBAFE04FFC4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males and females of Epeirotypus kwakwa sp. nov. resemble those of Epeirotypus chavarria by the ovoid opisthosoma lacking lateral posterior tubercles (Figs 14 A – C, 15 A – C; Coddington 1986: figs 56 – 57), common in the other species of the genus, but E. kwakwa can be distinguished by an olive-green pattern on the dorsum of the opisthosoma that resembles the number eight (Figs 14 A, 15 A), whereas E. chavarria have the opisthosoma off-white (Coddington 1986: figs 56 – 57). Females of E. kwakwa can also be distinguished by the vulval bifid sclerotized septum forming a squared angle posteriorly (Fig. 15 D), whereas E. chavarria have the bifid septum forming a rectangle (Coddington 1986: fig. 60).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5758C7AFD9CFBBAFE04FFC4.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific name is derived from ‘ kwä, kwä’ which means ‘ eight’ in the Ngäbere language, currently spoken by the Ngäbe native people of Panama, and refers to the dorsal coloration pattern of the opisthosoma forming the number eight.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5758C7AFD9CFBBAFE04FFC4.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♂; Reserva Forestal Fortuna, Quebrada Honda, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.750083 ° N, 82.239083 ° W; 1135 m a. s. l.; 7 – 12 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SFU 2 NCH 029; DNA barcode SPIPA 403 - 10; MIUP. Paratypes PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD 1 D 8 R 010; preparation codes FML- 00687, LNP- 00270; DNA code epes 1120; GenBank code PX 096942; MACNAr 28996 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD 1 NBL 015; preparation codes FML- 00697, LNP- 00267; DNA code epes 1058; GenBank code PX 096940; MACN-Ar 28995 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD 1 DAR 018; DNA code epes 1166; GenBank code PX 096941; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFC 1 N 8 H 018; DNA barcode SPIPA 404 - 10; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFC 1 NCD 018; DNA barcode SPIPA 400 - 10; MCZ. Other material PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD 1 NCD 016; DNA barcode SPIPA 402 - 10; MACN-Ar 28993 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU 1 N 7 H 029; DNA barcode SPIPA 401 - 10; MACN-Ar 28994 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFC 1 NAR 016; DNA code epes 1168; GenBank code PX 096944; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU 1 NCD 030; DNA code epes 1167; GenBank code PX 096943; CRBA • 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MCZ • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; MIUP • 1 ♂, 4 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 28992 • 1 ♂, 4 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; CRBA.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5758C7AFD9CFBBAFE04FFC4.taxon	description	Description Male (paratype MACN-Ar 28996) Total length 1.53. Prosoma: length 1.19, width 0.76, height 0.78. Sternum: length 0.43, width 0.37. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.08, PME 0.09, AME – PME 0.10. Opisthosoma: length 1.25, width 0.85, height 0.94; without tubercles. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma dark olive-green laterally, yellowish-white centrally forming irregular band (Fig. 14 A – B). Dorsum of ocular area yellowish-white (Fig. 14 A). Thoracic area of prosoma laterally higher (Fig. 14 B; see “ shoulders ” in Coddington 1986). Sternum greenish-yellow with olive-green borders (Fig. 14 C). Dorsum of opisthosoma olive-green with three pairs of whitish-gray patches laterally, all fused, and two middle whitish-gray patches (Fig. 14 A – B). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, spinneret field and behind anal tubercle olive-green, surrounded by whitish-gray area (Fig. 14 C). Legs I – II darker than III – IV, femora yellowish-white, patella, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi orange (Fig. 14 A – C). Palp: paracymbium wider than long, tegulum retrolaterally massive, tegular spur rounded, median apophysis rounded, distally notched, with projection extending distally, conductor reduced, partially covering embolus, embolus long, bulky and distally acute (Fig. 14 D – F). Female (paratype MACN-Ar 28995) Total length 2.59. Prosoma: length 1.01, width 0.72, height 0.59. Sternum: length 0.46, width 0.39. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.08, PME 0.10, AME – PME 0.09. Opisthosoma: length 1.74, width 1.55, height 1.37. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration olive-greener than male (Fig. 15 A – C). Sternum with two olive-green patches close to sternal pits (Fig. 15 C). Spinneret field surrounded by olive-green line (Fig. 15 B – C). Epigynal plate olive-green (Fig. 15 C), domed, with transverse groove, central pit deep (Fig. 15 C). Vulva: copulatory ducts massive, proximally with patch of gland ducts dorsally, heavily sclerotized distally inserting dorsolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae anteriorly sharp, sclerotized, and connate (i. e., fused one above the other), fertilization ducts sclerotized, relative small, emerging dorsally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 15 D).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5758C7AFD9CFBBAFE04FFC4.taxon	biology_ecology	Records and biology Records are limited to collections made at 1135 m a. s. l. in premontane rainforest from Reserva Forestal Fortuna (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly at night by looking down, although some specimens were also collected at night by looking up and cryptic techniques, and others during the day by looking down.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5708C79FD78F9C3FB29F8E0.taxon	description	Figs 1, 5 D – E, 16 – 17	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5708C79FD78F9C3FB29F8E0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males and females of Epeirotypus kra sp. nov. resemble those of E. kote sp. nov. by the whitish-yellow body coloration (Figs 16 A – C, 17 A – C, 18 A – C, 19 A – C), but males of E. kra can be distinguished by the median apophysis distal projection relatively acute (Fig. 16 E), whereas E. kote have the projection wider (Fig. 18 E). Females of E. kra can be distinguished by the vulval bifid sclerotized septum forming a rectangle posteriorly (Fig. 17 D), whereas in E. kote the bifid septum resembles an inverted trapezoid (Fig. 19 D).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5708C79FD78F9C3FB29F8E0.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific name is derived from ‘ krä’ which means ‘ thin’ in the Ngäbere language, currently spoken by the Ngäbe native people of Panama, and refers to the relatively low prosoma.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5708C79FD78F9C3FB29F8E0.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♂; Reserva Forestal Fortuna, Quebrada Honda, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.750083 ° N, 82.239083 ° W; 1135 m a. s. l.; 7 – 12 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SFB 1 DAH 019; DNA code epes 2183; GenBank code PX 096947; MIUP. Paratypes PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU 1 N 8 L 020; preparation codes FML- 00688, LNP- 00255; DNA code epes 3111; GenBank code PX 096951; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU 2 NBD 029; preparation codes FML- 00695, LNP- 00277; DNA code epes 2063; GenBank code PX 096946; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU 1 NAA 009; DNA code epes 2053; GenBank code PX 096945; MACN-Ar 29218 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU 1 N 7 H 026; DNA barcode SPIPA 391 - 10; MACN-Ar 29217 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU 1 NBH 019; DNA barcode SPIPA 390 - 10; MACN-Ar 29221. Other material PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD 1 DAA 016; DNA code epes 2184 GenBank code PX 096948; MIUP • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU 1 N 8 A 024; DNA code epes 2203; GenBank code PX 096949; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU 1 NCA 029; DNA code epes 3208; GenBank code PX 096953; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU 2 NBA 026; DNA code epes 3209; GenBank code PX 096954; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU 2 NBH 023; preparation code FML- 01149; DNA code epes 3054; GenBank code PX 096950; MACN-Ar 29220 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU 2 NCH 031; DNA code epes 3207; GenBank code PX 096952; MACN-Ar 29219 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD 1 DAL 018; DNA code epes 5062; GenBank code PX 096955; MACNAr 29216 • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; CRBA • 3 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; same locality as for holotype; 21 – 24 Jun. 2008; L. Piacentini and F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5708C79FD78F9C3FB29F8E0.taxon	description	Description Male (paratype MCZ SFU 1 N 8 L 020) Total length 2.21. Prosoma: length 1.25, width 0.98, height 0.71. Sternum: length 0.53, width 0.45. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.11, PME 0.08, AME – PME 0.14. Opisthosoma: length 1.38, width 1.36, height 1.11; with posterior lateral tubercles. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma dark olive-green laterally, yellowish-white centrally forming irregular band (Fig. 16 A – B). Dorsum of ocular area yellowish-white (Fig. 16 A). Thoracic area of prosoma laterally higher (Fig. 16 B). Sternum yellow (Fig. 16 C). Dorsum of opisthosoma olive-green with five whitish-gray patches, anterior and middle ones fused, covered by sparsely thin olive-green flecks (Fig. 16 A – B). Opisthosoma with two lateral posterior tubercles connected ventrally by guanine silver stripe (Fig. 16 C). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, and spinneret field yellow, olive-green thick patch behind anal tubercle (Fig. 16 C). Legs I – II lighter than III – IV, femora and patella yellowish-white, tibiae and metatarsi yellow but distally dark, tarsi yellow (Fig. 16 A – C). Palp: paracymbium wider than long, tegulum retrolaterally massive (i. e., almost half the size of bulb), tegular spur rounded, median apophysis rounded, distally notched (see “ dorsal notch ” in Coddington 1986), with projection extending distally, conductor reduced (i. e., relatively smaller than embolus) partially covering embolus, embolus long, bulky and distally acute (Fig. 16 D – F). Female (paratypes MCZ SFU 2 NBD 029, MACN-Ar 29220) Total length 2.95. Prosoma: length 1.42, width 1.06, height 0.72. Sternum: length 0.64, width 0.51. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.11, PME 0.10, AME – PME 0.12. Opisthosoma: length 1.82, width 1.80, height 1.62. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration as in male (Fig. 17 A – C). Epigynal plate olive-green (Fig. 17 C). Epigynal plate: domed, with transverse groove, central pit deep (Fig. 17 B – C). Vulva: copulatory ducts massive, proximally with patch of gland ducts dorsally, heavily sclerotized distally inserting dorsolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae anteriorly sharp, sclerotized, and connate (i. e., fused one above the other), fertilization ducts sclerotized, relative small, emerging dorsally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Figs 5 D – E, 17 D). Records and biology Records are limited to collections made at 1135 m a. s. l. in premontane rainforest from Reserva Forestal Fortuna (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly at night by looking up; two males and one female were collected during the day by looking down and beating, respectively.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B56C8C65FD74FEDCFC90FBF7.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 0 CBB 4431 - 14 A 8 - 49 C 9 - 9742 - 70 B 3 A 4075027 Figs 1, 18 – 19	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B56C8C65FD74FEDCFC90FBF7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males and females of Epeirotypus kote sp. nov. resemble those of E. kra sp. nov. by the whitish-yellow body coloration (Figs 16 A – C, 17 A – C, 18 A – C, 19 A – C), but males of E. kote can be distinguished by the median apophysis distal projection relatively wide (Fig. 18 E), whereas E. kra have the projection acuter (Fig. 16 E). Females of E. kra can be distinguished by the vulval bifid sclerotized septum forming an inverted trapezoid (Fig. 19 D), whereas in E. kote the bifid septum resembles a rectangle (Fig. 17 D).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B56C8C65FD74FEDCFC90FBF7.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific name is derived from ‘ köte’ which means ‘ fat’ in the Ngäbere language, currently spoken by the Ngäbe native people of Panama, and refers to the relatively high prosoma.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B56C8C65FD74FEDCFC90FBF7.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♂; Parque Internacional La Amistad, Cerro Picacho, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.890500 ° N, 82.618778 ° W; 2299 m a. s. l.; 12 – 17 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque, L. Piacentini and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SAU 1 NGA 024; preparation codes FML- 00686, FML- 00909; DNA code epes 2205; GenBank code PX 096958; MIUP. Paratypes PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAD 1 NFP 007; preparation codes FML- 00696, FML- 00847; DNA code epes 2176; GenBank code PX 096956; MACNAr 29069 • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU 1 NGH 021; DNA code epes 2204; GenBank code PX 096957; MACN-Ar 29068 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU 1 NHA 026; DNA code epes 2206; GenBank code PX 096959; MCZ.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B56C8C65FD74FEDCFC90FBF7.taxon	description	Description Male (holotype MIUP SAU 1 NGA 024) Total length 1.97. Prosoma: length 1.16, width 0.94, height 0.71. Sternum: length 0.52, width 0.43. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09, PME 0.08, AME – PME 0.11. Opisthosoma: length 1.31, width 1.11, height 0.83; with posterior lateral tubercles. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma dark olive-green laterally, yellowish-white centrally forming smooth uniform band (Fig. 18 A – B). Dorsum of ocular area yellowish-white (Fig. 18 A). Thoracic area of prosoma laterally higher (Fig. 18 B). Sternum yellow (Fig. 18 C). Dorsum of opisthosoma olive-green with five whitish-gray patches, anterior and middle ones fused, covered by sparsely thin olive-green flecks (Fig. 18 A – B). Opisthosoma with two lateral posterior tubercles connected ventrally by guanine silver stripe (Fig. 18 C). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, and spinneret field yellow, epiandrum with olive-green borders, olive-green thick patch behind anal tubercle (Fig. 18 C). Palp: paracymbium wider than long, tegulum retrolaterally massive, tegular spur rounded, median apophysis rounded, distally notched, with projection extending distally, conductor reduced, partially covering embolus, embolus long, bulky and distally acute (Fig. 18 D – F). Female (paratype MACN-Ar 29069) Total length 2.80. Prosoma: length 1.28, width 0.99, height 0.77. Sternum: length 0.63, width 0.50. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.11, PME 0.10, AME – PME 0.13. Opisthosoma: length 1.85, width 1.91, height 0.98. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration as in male (Fig. 19 A – C). Epigynal plate olive-green, domed, with transverse groove, central pit deep. Vulva: copulatory ducts massive, proximally with patch of gland ducts dorsally, heavily sclerotized distally inserting dorsolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae anteriorly sharp, sclerotized, and connate (i. e., fused one above the other), fertilization ducts sclerotized, relative small, emerging dorsally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 19 D).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B56C8C65FD74FEDCFC90FBF7.taxon	biology_ecology	Records and biology Records are limited to collections made at 2299 m a. s. l. in lower montane rainforest from Parque Internacional La Amistad (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly at night by looking up.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B56C8C65FD74FEDCFC90FBF7.taxon	discussion	Variation One female with evident lateral posterior tubercles.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B56F8C62FD73FDF7FE19F897.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 31 E 9 B 000 - A 41 E- 4 BC 2 - A 9 A 2 - 75746 FF 9 F 8 F 0 Figs 1, 20	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B56F8C62FD73FDF7FE19F897.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Females of Epeirotypus jane sp. nov. resemble those of E. kote sp. nov. by the vulval bifid sclerotized septum forming an inverted trapezoid posteriorly (Figs 19 D, 20 D), but E. jane can be distinguished by a relatively narrow bifid septum and a darker body coloration (Fig. 20 A – D), whereas E. kote have the bifid septum relatively wide and the body coloration lighter (i. e., whitish-yellow) (Fig. 19 A – D).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B56F8C62FD73FDF7FE19F897.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific name is derived from ‘ jane’ which means ‘ different’ in the Ngäbere language, currently spoken by the Ngäbe native people of Panama, and refers to the notable differences (i. e., number of pair bases) on the cox 1 nucleotide sequence.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B56F8C62FD73FDF7FE19F897.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype PANAMA – Coclé Province • ♀; Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera, El Cope, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.668083 ° N, 80.592583 ° W; 760 m a. s. l.; 4 – 9 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code STC 1 D 5 H 021; MIUP. Paratype PANAMA – Coclé Province • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code STC 1 D 5 H 013; preparation codes FML- 00831, FML- 00910; DNA barcode SPIPA 395 - 10; MACN-Ar.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B56F8C62FD73FDF7FE19F897.taxon	description	Description Female (paratype MACN-Ar STC 1 D 5 H 013) Total length 2.82. Prosoma: length 1.30, width 1.02, height 0.75. Sternum: length 0.59, width 0.54. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.12, PME 0.10, AME – PME 0.12. Opisthosoma: length 1.94, width 1.66, height 1.71; with posterior lateral tubercles. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma dark olive-green laterally, yellowish-white centrally forming smooth uniform band (Fig. 20 A – B). Dorsum of ocular area dark (Fig. 20 A – B). Thoracic area of prosoma laterally higher (Fig. 20 C). Sternum yellowish-orange with dark borders anteriorly (Fig. 20 C). Opisthosoma color overall olive-green with five dorsal whitish-gray patches, anterior and middle ones fused, covered by sparsely thick olive-green flecks (Fig. 20 A – B). Opisthosoma with two lateral posterior tubercles connected ventrally by guanine silver stripe (Fig. 20 C). Epigynal plate, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, spinneret field and behind anal tubercle olive-green, surrounded by whitish-gray area (Fig. 20 C). Femora, tibiae and metatarsi brownish-orange but distally dark, patella greenish-brown, tarsi brownish-orange (Fig. 20 A – C). Epigynal plate: domed, with transverse groove, central pit deep. Vulva: copulatory ducts massive, proximally with patch of gland ducts dorsally, heavily sclerotized distally inserting dorsolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae anteriorly sharp, sclerotized, and connate (i. e., fused one above the other), fertilization ducts sclerotized, relative small, emerging dorsally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 20 D). Male Unknown.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B56F8C62FD73FDF7FE19F897.taxon	biology_ecology	Records and biology Records are limited to collections made at 895 m a. s. l. in premontane rainforest from Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera (Fig. 1). Females have been collected during the day by cryptic technique.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5698C60FD89FEDCFBC4F87F.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 619 E 7010 - 6456 - 4 B 4 D- 85 B 8 - 3797 A 33 FD 4 D 2 Figs 1, 21	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5698C60FD89FEDCFBC4F87F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Females of Epeirotypus drune sp. nov. resemble those of E. bule sp. nov. by the body coloration overall dark gray (Figs 21 A – C, 22 A – C), but E. drune can be distinguished by the opisthosoma with three pairs of dorsal whitish-gray patches covered by sparsely thick dark gray flecks (Fig. 21 A) and the vulval bifid sclerotized septum forming a wide, rounded, posterior curve (Fig. 21 D), whereas E. bule have the opisthosoma with whitish-gray patches forming a ‘ happy face’ in dorsal view (Fig. 22 A) and have the bifid septum narrow (Fig. 22 D).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5698C60FD89FEDCFBC4F87F.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific name is derived from ‘ drune’ which means ‘ black’ in the Ngäbere language, currently spoken by the Ngäbe native people of Panama, and refers to the dark general coloration.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5698C60FD89FEDCFBC4F87F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♀; Parque Internacional La Amistad, Cerro Picacho, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.890500 ° N, 82.618778 ° W; 2299 m a. s. l.; 12 – 17 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque, L. Piacentini and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SAU 1 NCL 062; DNA barcode SPIPA 385 - 10; MIUP. Paratypes PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAC 1 DHH 012; preparation codes FML- 00699, LNP- 00545; DNA code epes 7100; GenBank code PX 096960; MACNAr 29084 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU 1 NCL 035; DNA code epes 7240; GenBank code PX 096962; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU 1 NCR 048; DNA code epes 7237; GenBank code PX 096961; CRBA.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5698C60FD89FEDCFBC4F87F.taxon	description	Description Female (paratype MACN-Ar 29084) Total length 3.24. Prosoma: length 1.43, width 1.12, height 0.82. Sternum: length 0.70, width 0.55. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.14, PME 0.14, AME – PME 0.15. Opisthosoma: length 2.28, wide 2.47, high 2.10; with posterior lateral tubercles. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma dark laterally, yellowish-white centrally (Fig. 21 A). Dorsum of ocular area dark (Fig. 21 A – B). Thoracic area of prosoma laterally higher (Fig. 21 B). Sternum yellowish-orange with dark borders (Fig. 21 C). Opisthosoma color overall dark gray with three pairs of dorsal whitish-gray patches laterally covered by sparsely thick dark gray flecks (Fig. 21 A – B). Opisthosoma with two lateral posterior tubercles connected ventrally by guanine silver stripe (Fig. 21 C). Epigynal plate, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, spinneret field and behind anal tubercle dark gray, surrounded by whitish-gray area (Fig. 21 C). Legs I – II darker than III – IV, femora and patella greenish-brown, tibiae and metatarsi brownish-orange but distally dark, tarsi brownish-orange (Fig. 21 A – C). Epigynal plate: domed, with transverse groove, central pit deep (Fig. 21 B – C). Vulva: copulatory ducts massive, proximally with patch of gland ducts dorsally, heavily sclerotized distally inserting dorsolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae anteriorly sharp, sclerotized, and connate (i. e., fused one above the other), fertilization ducts sclerotized, relative small, emerging dorsally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 21 D). Male Unknown.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5698C60FD89FEDCFBC4F87F.taxon	biology_ecology	Records and biology Records are limited to collections made at 2299 m a. s. l. in lower montane rainforest from Parque Internacional La Amistad (Fig. 1). Females have been collected mostly at night by looking up, although a specimen was collected during the day by cryptic technique.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5698C60FD89FEDCFBC4F87F.taxon	discussion	Variation Some females examined have the prosoma and opisthosoma completely dark.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B56B8C6EFD73FEDCFBEAF87F.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 66510266 - 1 FD 6 - 407 A- 80 D 8 - 4 EA 7 DDF 338 B 1 Figs 1, 22	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B56B8C6EFD73FEDCFBEAF87F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Females of Epeirotypus bule sp. nov. resemble those of E. drune sp. nov. by the body coloration overall dark gray (Figs 21 A – C, 22 A – C), but E. bule can be distinguished by the opisthosoma with whitish-gray patches forming a ‘ happy face’ in dorsal view (Fig. 22 A) and the vulval bifid sclerotized septum forming a narrow, rounded, posterior curve (Fig. 22 D), whereas E. drune have the opisthosoma with three pairs of dorsal whitish-gray patches covered by sparsely thick dark gray flecks (Fig. 21 A) and have the bifid septum wide (Fig. 21 D).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B56B8C6EFD73FEDCFBEAF87F.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific name is derived from ' bule' which means ' head' in the Ngäbere language, currently spoken by the Ngäbe native people of Panama, and refers to the coloration pattern on the opisthosoma, which resembles a ' happy face' with the anterior procurved patches forming the smile and the rounded median patches suggesting eyes ..	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B56B8C6EFD73FEDCFBEAF87F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♀; Parque Internacional La Amistad, Cerro Picacho, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.890500 ° N, 82.618778 ° W; 2299 m a. s. l.; 12 – 17 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque, L. Piacentini and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SAU 2 NCL 028; preparation code FML- 00944; DNA code epes 7238; GenBank code PX 096964; MIUP. Paratypes PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU 2 NCL 033; preparation code FML- 00968; DNA GenBank code PX 096963; MIUP • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU 1 NCR 002; DNA barcode SPIPA 387 - 10; MACN-Ar 29326 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAC 1 DHH 007; DNA barcode SPIPA 389 - 10; MACN-Ar 29327 • 5 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MCZ.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B56B8C6EFD73FEDCFBEAF87F.taxon	description	Description Female (holotype MIUP SAU 2 NCL 028, paratype MIUP SAU 2 NCL 033) Total length 2.99. Prosoma: length 1.38, width 0.99, height 0.90. Sternum: length 0.62, width 0.55. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.13, PME 0.16, AME – PME 0.13. Opisthosoma: length 2.09, width 1.97, height 1.84; with posterior lateral tubercles. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma dark, fovea yellowish-white (Fig. 2 A). Dorsum of ocular area dark (Fig. 22 A). Thoracic area of prosoma laterally higher (Fig. 22 B). Sternum dark brownish-orange (Fig. 22 C). Opisthosoma color overall dark gray with three pairs of dorsal whitish-gray patches laterally, anterior and middle ones fused forming ‘ happy face’ (Fig. 22 A). Opisthosoma with two lateral posterior tubercles connected ventrally by guanine silver stripe (Fig. 22 C). Epigynal plate, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, spinneret field and behind anal tubercle dark gray, surrounded by whitish-gray area (Fig. 22 C). Legs I – II darker than III – IV, femora and patella greenish-brown, tibiae and metatarsi brownish-orange but distally dark, tarsi brownish-orange (Fig. 22 A – C). Epigynal plate: domed, with transverse groove, central pit deep (Fig. 22 B – C). Vulva: copulatory ducts massive, proximally with patch of gland ducts dorsally, heavily sclerotized distally inserting dorsolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae anteriorly sharp (i. e., angular), sclerotized, and connate (i. e., fused one above the other), fertilization ducts sclerotized, relative small, emerging dorsally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 22 D). Male Unknown.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B56B8C6EFD73FEDCFBEAF87F.taxon	biology_ecology	Records and biology Records are limited to collections made at 2299 m a. s. l. in lower montane rainforest from Parque Internacional La Amistad (Fig. 1). Females have been collected mostly during the day by cryptic technique, though some specimens have been collected at night by looking up.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B56B8C6EFD73FEDCFBEAF87F.taxon	discussion	Variation Some females examined have the opisthosomal whitish-gray patches separated.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5658C6FFD75FEDCFC0FFDA8.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 03 B 82 D 0 C- 2162 - 45 CD- 835 C-E 54 EC 9 D 83 ECE Figs 1, 23	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5658C6FFD75FEDCFC0FFDA8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Females of Epeirotypus tain sp. nov. can be distinguished from those of other species of Epeirotypus by the opisthosoma coloration overall reddish-brown with a white transversal central stripe (Fig. 23 A).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5658C6FFD75FEDCFC0FFDA8.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific name is derived from ‘ tain’ which means ‘ red’ in the Ngäbere language, currently spoken by the Ngäbe native people of Panama, in reference to the overall reddish-brown coloration.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5658C6FFD75FEDCFC0FFDA8.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♀; Reserva Forestal Fortuna, Quebrada Honda, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.750083 ° N, 82.239083 ° W; 1135 m a. s. l.; 7 – 12 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SFU 2 NBH 025; preparation codes FML- 00897, LNP- 00281; DNA code epes 4070; GenBank code PX 096965; MIUP.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5658C6FFD75FEDCFC0FFDA8.taxon	description	Description Female (holotype MIUP SFU 2 NBH 025) Total length 2.66. Prosoma: length 1.20, width 0.92, height 0.72. Sternum: length 0.54, width 0.47. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.12, PME 0.12, AME – PME 0.13. Opisthosoma: length 1.81, width 2.09, height 1.74; with posterior lateral tubercles. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma dark, fovea brownish-orange (Fig. 23 A – B). Dorsum of ocular area dark (Fig. 23 A). Thoracic area of prosoma laterally higher (Fig. 23 B). Sternum brownish-orange with reddish-brown borders (Fig. 23 C). Opisthosoma color overall reddish-brown with three pairs of dorsal whitish-gray patches laterally, middle ones fused forming transversal central stripe (Fig. 23 A – B), covered by sparsely thick dark flecks (Fig. 23 C). Opisthosoma with two lateral posterior tubercles (Fig. 23 C). Epigynal plate, tracheal spiracle and behind anal tubercle reddish-brown, covered by sparsely thin whitish-gray flecks; booklung cover whitish-gray, spinneret field orange (Fig. 23 C). Legs I – II darker than III – IV, femora and patella greenish-brown, tibiae and metatarsi brownish-orange but distally dark, tarsi brownish-orange (Fig. 23 A – C). Epigynal plate: domed, with transverse groove, central pit deep (Fig. 23 C). Vulva: copulatory ducts massive proximally, with patch of gland ducts dorsally, and heavily sclerotized distally inserting dorsolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae anteriorly sharp, sclerotized, and connate (i. e., fused one above the other), fertilization ducts sclerotized, relative small, emerging dorsally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 23 D). Male Unknown.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5658C6FFD75FEDCFC0FFDA8.taxon	biology_ecology	Records and biology Records are limited to collections made at 1135 m a. s. l. in premontane rainforest from Reserva Forestal Fortuna (Fig. 1). The only female has been collected at night by looking up.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5658C6FFD75FEDCFC0FFDA8.taxon	discussion	Remarks Females of E. tain sp. nov. resemble those of E. bule sp. nov. by the vulval bifid sclerotized septum forming a narrow, rounded, posterior curve (Figs 22 D, 23 D).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5668C6DFD73F9CCFADCF87E.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Naatlo sutila Coddington, 1986.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5668C6DFD73F9CCFADCF87E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males of Naatlo can be distinguished from those of other theridiosomatid genera by the distally lobed embolus (Fig. 26 E; see also Coddington 1986; Dupérré & Tapia 2017) (in contrast with the entire, thin laminated, or distally acute embolus in the other genera). Females of Naatlo can be distinguished from those of other genera by the domed (i. e., elevated ventrally) epigynal plate (absent in other genera except for Epeirotypus) with an epigynal flap hinged anteriorly (i. e., as an inverted ‘ T’) (Figs 25 C, 27 C; see also Coddington 1986).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5668C6DFD73F9CCFADCF87E.taxon	description	Description Females of Naatlo have massive proximal copulatory ducts (i. e., more than three times the diameter of the duct’s distal region) with a dorsal patch of gland ducts, and distal copulatory ducts heavily sclerotized (i. e., dark), inserting dorsolaterally posteriorly into the spermathecae (Figs 25 D, 27 D). For further genus description details, see Coddington (1986) and Labarque & Griswold (2014).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5668C6DFD73F9CCFADCF87E.taxon	discussion	Remarks Dupérré & Tapia (2017) suggested that a conductor relatively smaller than the embolus (see “ reduced conductor ” in Coddington 1986; Dupérré & Tapia 2017) and a broad paracymbium were diagnostic for Naatlo, but those characters are present in all the members of Epeirotypinae (see Coddington 1986).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5678C6BFD5AFD7FFCECFDD7.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 1442 E 261 - 0 B 32 - 4 A 8 B- 819 D-F 8 D 0 D 916 E 174 Figs 1, 24 – 25	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5678C6BFD5AFD7FFCECFDD7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males and females of Naatlo chi sp. nov. resemble the males of Naatlo mayzana Dupérré & Tapia, 2017 by a continuous opisthosomal silver stripe, open posteriorly, that encircles most of the opisthosoma (Figs 24 A – C, 25 A – C; Dupérré & Tapia 2017: fig. 40), but males of N. chi can be distinguished by the median apophysis proximally serrated (Fig. 24 E – F), whereas N. mayzana have the apophysis smooth (Dupérré & Tapia 2017: fig. 6). Males of N. chi can also be distinguished from the other species of the genus by the tegulum relatively small (i. e., less than half the size of the bulb), and a conductor with a heavily sclerotized (i. e., dark) posterior extension (Fig. 24 D – F).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5678C6BFD5AFD7FFCECFDD7.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific name is derived from ‘ chí’ which means ‘ small’ or ‘ child’ in the Ngäbere language, currently spoken by the Ngäbe native people of Panama, and refers to the relatively small tegulum.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5678C6BFD5AFD7FFCECFDD7.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype PANAMA – Coclé Province • ♂; Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera, El Cope, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.668083 ° N, 80.592583 ° W; 760 m a. s. l.; 4 – 9 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code STB 1 D 9 B 019; MIUP. Paratypes PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♀; Reserva Forestal Fortuna, Quebrada Honda, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.750083 ° N, 82.239083 ° W; 1135 m a. s. l.; 7 – 12 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SFB 1 D 9 H 035; preparation codes FML- 00723, LNP- 00275; DNA code naas 1112; GenBank code PX 096971; MACN-Ar 29008 • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 21 – 24 Jun. 2008; L. Piacentini and F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; voucher code SFNQL 8 P 043; preparation codes FML- 00969, FML- 00970; MACN-Ar. – Coclé Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code STB 1 D 9 A 009; preparation codes FML- 00722, FML- 00928; DNA barcode SPIPA 368 - 10; CRBA. – Panama Province • 1 ♂; Parque Nacional Altos de Campana, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.683444 ° N, 79.929833 ° W; 895 m a. s. l.; 14 – 19 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SCU 1 NDH 021; preparation codes FML- 00721, LNP- 00282; DNA code naas 1115; GenBank code PX 096976; MACN-Ar 29027 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SCC 2 NFH 008; preparation code FML- 00929; DNA barcode SPIPA 369 - 10; MACN-Ar 29020 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SCD 1 NFD 017; preparation code FML- 00724; DNA code naas 1185; GenBank code PX 096979; CRBA. Other material PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 6 ♀♀; Reserva Forestal Fortuna, Quebrada Honda, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.750083 ° N, 82.239083 ° W; 1135 m a. s. l.; 7 – 12 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFC 1 DAH 012; DNA code naas 1271; GenBank code PX 096972; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU 1 N 8 H 023; DNA barcode SPIPA 366 - 10; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU 1 NCR 045; DNA barcode SPIPA 367 - 10; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU 1 NBR 036; DNA barcode SPIPA 363 - 10; MACN-Ar 29010 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU 2 NBH 044; DNA code naas 1268; GenBank code PX 096973; MACN-Ar 29007 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFB 1 D 8 L 018; DNA barcode SPIPA 364 - 10; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU 1 N 7 R 038; DNA code naas 1273; GenBank code PX 096974; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU 2 NCH 028; DNA barcode SPIPA 365 - 10; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU 1 NCR 036; DNA code naas 1269; GenBank code PX 096975; CRBA • 3 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29014 • 3 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29009 • 2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29011 • 4 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; CRBA • 1 ♂, 31 ♀♀; same locality as for preceding; 21 – 24 Jun. 2008; L. Piacentini and F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar • 1 ♀; Reserva Forestal Fortuna, Sendero Zamudio; 8.732861 ° N, 82.284667 ° W; 1360 m a. s. l.; 20 Jun. 2008; L. Piacentini and F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar. – Coclé Province • 2 ♂♂, 39 ♀♀; Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera, El Cope, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.668083 ° N, 80.592583 ° W, 760 m a. s. l.; 4 – 9 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code STB 1 D 9 R 019; DNA code naas 1270; GenBank code PX 096984; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code STD 1 N 7 B 029; DNA code naas 1186; GenBank code PX 096981; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code STC 1 D 5 A 014; DNA code naas 1188; GenBank code PX 096982; MACN-Ar 29046 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code STD 1 N 7 R 022; DNA code naas 1267; GenBank code PX 096985; MACN-Ar 29044 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code STD 1 N 7 H 025; DNA code naas 1266; GenBank code PX 096983; CRBA • 4 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MIUP • 1 ♂, 8 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29040 • 7 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29036 • 5 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29033 • 5 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29049 • 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29050 • 1 ♂, 4 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29043 • 4 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29047 • 4 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29048 • 3 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29034 • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29045 • 2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29042 • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29035 • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29041 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29039 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29037 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACNAr 29038 • 4 ♂♂, 53 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; F. Labarque, M. Ramírez leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera, El Cope, Corredor Los Helechos; 8.668139 ° N, 80.592667 ° W; 790 m a. s. l.; 4 Jun. 2008; F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar • 3 ♀♀, same locality as for preceding; Sendero Las Ranas; 3 Jun. 2008 F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar. – Panama Province • 6 ♂♂, 158 ♀♀; Parque Nacional Altos de Campana, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.683444 ° N, 79.929833 ° W; 895 m a. s. l.; 14 – 19 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SCB 1 DFR 042; DNA code naas 1187; GenBank code PX 096980; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SCB 1 DGD 011; DNA code naas 1192; GenBank code PX 096977; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SCC 1 NHD 013; DNA barcode SPIPA 372 - 10; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SCU 1 NGH 027; DNA code naas 1272; GenBank code PX 096978; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SCC 1 NER 014; DNA barcode SPIPA 370 - 10; MACNAr 29022 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SCB 1 DIA 010; DNA barcode SPIPA 371 - 10; CRBA • 1 ♂, 55 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MIUP • 22 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACNAr 29029 • 17 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29032 • 15 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29006 • 12 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29017 • 12 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29023 • 10 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29031 • 10 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29026 • 9 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29030 • 6 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29001 • 5 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29025 • 4 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29002 • 4 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29024 • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29021 • 3 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACNAr 29015 • 3 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29018 • 2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29019 • 2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29005 • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29004 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29016 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29028 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29003 • 4 ♂♂, 144 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; CRBA.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5678C6BFD5AFD7FFCECFDD7.taxon	description	Description Male (paratype MACN-Ar SFNQL 8 P 043) Total length 1.26. Prosoma: length 0.65, width 0.54, height 0.42. Sternum: length 0.35, width 0.31. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07, PME 0.07, AME – PME 0.07. Opisthosoma: length 0.79, width 0.68, height 0.62. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma yellowish-white laterally, olive-green centrally (Fig. 24 A – B). Dorsum of the ocular area olive-green (Fig. 24 A). Thoracic area of prosoma laterally higher (Fig. 24 B). Sternum olive-green (Fig. 24 C). Dorsum of the opisthosoma light olive-green (Fig. 24 A) with wide guanine silver stripe, open posteriorly, encircling most of opisthosoma (Fig. 24 B – C). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, and behind anal tubercle olive-green, surrounded by light olive-green area; spinneret field light olive-green (Fig. 24 C). Legs I – II darker than III – IV, femora yellowish-white, patella, tibiae and metatarsi greenish-brown, tarsi darker greenish-brown (Fig. 24 A – C). Palp: paracymbium wider than long, tegulum retrolaterally narrow, tegular spur rounded, wide, median apophysis rounded, distally notched (see “ dorsal notch ” in Coddington 1986), with projection extending distally, conductor reduced, partially covering embolus, with acute posterior extension, embolus distally lobed (Fig. 24 D – F). Female (paratype MACN-Ar 29020) Total length 1.77. Prosoma: length 0.85, width 0.65, height 0.49. Sternum: length 0.41, width 0.38. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07, PME 0.10, AME – PME 0.07. Opisthosoma: length 1.25, width 1.05, height 0.97. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration darker than in male (Fig. 25 A – C). Epigynal plate orange (Fig. 25 C), domed, with transverse groove, epigynal flap hinged anteriorly (Fig. 25 C). Vulva: copulatory ducts massive, proximally with patch of gland ducts dorsally, heavily sclerotized distally inserting dorsolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae ovoid, anteriorly sharp (i. e., angular), sclerotized, and connate (i. e., fused along midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging dorsally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 25 D).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5678C6BFD5AFD7FFCECFDD7.taxon	biology_ecology	Records and biology Records are limited to collections made at 760 m a. s. l., 895 m a. s. l. and 1135 m a. s. l. in premontane rainforests from Parque Nacional Altos de Campana, Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera and Reserva Forestal Fortuna, respectively (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly at night by looking up, although some specimens were also collected at night by looking down and others during the day by all the collection techniques.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5638C14FD81FA0CFD24FBCD.taxon	description	Figs 1, 26 – 27	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5638C14FD81FA0CFD24FBCD.taxon	materials_examined	[♀ lectotype, one ♂ and 18 ♀♀ paralectotypes from Venezuela, Carabobo, San Esteban (Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris), designated by Coddington 1989, not examined].	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5638C14FD81FA0CFD24FBCD.taxon	materials_examined	[♂, ♀] [from Colombia, Valle] [transferred from Theridiosoma].	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5638C14FD81FA0CFD24FBCD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Females of Naatlo fauna resemble those of Naatlo splendida (Taczanowski, 1879) by the elongated opisthosoma (i. e., projecting behind the spinnerets) and by the epigynal flap narrowly hinged anteriorly and wider than the sternum (Fig. 27 A – D; Coddington 1986: figs 84 – 86, 88, 91 – 93; Wienskoski 2010: figs 1 a – c, 4 d), but N. fauna can be distinguished by the three pairs of dorsal whitish-gray patches laterally on the opisthosoma (Fig. 27 A – B; Coddington 1986: figs 91 – 92; Wienskoski 2010: fig. 1 a – b), whereas N. splendida have two lateral silver stripes (Coddington 1986: figs 84, 86; Wienskoski 2010: fig. 4 a – b). Males of N. fauna can be distinguished from those of N. splendida by the embolus with four lobes distally (Fig. 26 E; Coddington 1986: fig. 83), whereas N. splendida have three lobes (Coddington 1986: fig. 73).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5638C14FD81FA0CFD24FBCD.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; Reserva Forestal Fortuna, Quebrada Honda, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.750083 ° N, 82.239083 ° W; 1135 m a. s. l.; 7 – 12 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SFB 1 DAR 028; preparation codes FML- 00720, LNP- 00258; DNA code naafa 056; GenBank code PX 096967; MACN-Ar 29057 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFC 1 DBR 019; preparation codes FML- 00725, LNP- 00263; DNA code naafa 118; GenBank code PX 096966; MACN-Ar 29056 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFB 1 D 9 R 032; DNA code naafa 191; GenBank code PX 096968; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFB 2 D 9 R 026; DNA barcode SPIPA 373 - 10; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFD 1 NBR 033; DNA barcode SPIPA 374 - 10; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU 1 N 8 A 036; DNA barcode SPIPA 376 - 10; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU 1 N 8 R 028; DNA barcode SPIPA 375 - 10; CRBA • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU 1 NBR 037; DNA code naafa 189; GenBank code PX 096969; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU 1 NCD 031; DNA barcode SPIPA 377 - 10; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU 1 NCL 016; DNA code naaga 190; GenBank code PX 096970; MCZ • 2 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MCZ • 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MIUP • 2 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29054 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29058 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29055 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29053 • 5 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; CRBA • 6 ♀♀; same locality as for preceding; 21 – 24 Jun. 2008; L. Piacentini and F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5638C14FD81FA0CFD24FBCD.taxon	description	Redescription Male (MACN-Ar 29057) Total length 1.53. Prosoma: length 0.69, width 0.67, height 0.56. Sternum: length 0.37, width 0.35. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.06, PME 0.06, AME – PME 0.08. Opisthosoma: length 0.92, width 0.83, height 0.94. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma yellowish-white laterally, olive-green centrally (Fig. 26 A – B). Dorsum of ocular area olive-green (Fig. 26 A). Sternum light olive-green (Fig. 26 C). Dorsum of opisthosoma olive-green with three pairs of dorsal whitish-gray patches laterally (Fig. 26 A). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, and behind anal tubercle olive-green, surrounded by whitish-gray area; spinneret field light olive-green (Fig. 26 C). Legs I – II darker than III – IV, femora yellowish-white but distally orange, patella, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi orange (Fig. 26 A – C). Palp: paracymbium wider than long, tegulum retrolaterally narrow, tegular spur rounded, wide, median apophysis rounded, distally notched, with projection extending distally, conductor reduced, partially covering embolus, embolus distally lobed (Fig. 26 D – F). Female (MACN-Ar 29056) Total length 1.88. Prosoma: length 0.63, width 0.53, height 0.46. Sternum: length 0.41, width 0.38. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07, PME 0.06, AME – PME 0.06. Opisthosoma: length 1.36, width 1.10, height 0.94. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration olive-greener than in male (Fig. 27 A – C). Epigynal plate brownish-orange (Fig. 27 C), domed, with transverse groove, epigynal flap hinged anteriorly (Fig. 27 C). Vulva: copulatory ducts massive, proximally with patch of gland ducts dorsally, heavily sclerotized distally inserting dorsolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae ovoid, sclerotized, and connate (i. e., fused along the midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging dorsally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 27 D). For further species description details, see Coddington (1986).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5638C14FD81FA0CFD24FBCD.taxon	biology_ecology	Records and biology Naatlo fauna is distributed from Costa Rica to Brazil including Trinidad and Tobago (World Spider Catalog 2025). Records in this study are limited to collections made at 1135 m a. s. l. in the premontane rainforest from Reserva Forestal Fortuna (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly at night by looking up, although some specimens were also collected at night by looking down and others during the day by beating and cryptic techniques.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B51F8C15FDC4FEDDFC96FF51.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Ogulnius obtectus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1882.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B51F8C15FDC4FEDDFC96FF51.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males and females of Ogulnius can be distinguished from those of other theridiosomatid genera by the opisthosoma overhanging the prosoma (i. e., eclipsing the thoracic area) (absent in other genera), and the first tibiae with a retrolateral membranous patch (Figs 28 B, 29 B, 30 B, 31 B) (absent in other genera). Males of Ogulnius are also distinguished by a bifurcated mesal embolic apophysis (in contrast with non-divided or multiple times divided embolic apophysis in other genera), and its elongated prolateral branch (next to the embolus) that encircles the bulb counter-clockwise (Figs 28 C – E, 30 C – D; see also Coddington 1986 and Dupérré & Tapia 2017). Females of Ogulnius are also distinguished by having completely sclerotized copulatory ducts (in contrast with irregular and membranous or distally sclerotized copulatory ducts in other genera), with the copulatory openings exposed, protruding from beneath the transverse groove posteriorly (Figs 29 D, 31 D) (misinterpreted as “ interrupted transverse groove ” by Coddington 1986 and Dupérré & Tapia 2017; also compare “ groove pockets ” in Dupérré & Tapia 2017: figs 11 – 14, with Coddington 1986: figs 124 – 125) (absent in other genera).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B51F8C15FDC4FEDDFC96FF51.taxon	description	Description Females of Ogulnius have convoluted copulatory ducts that insert dorsolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae (Figs 5 F – G, 29 C – D, 31 C – D; see also Coddington 1986 and Dupérré & Tapia 2017). For further genus description details, see Coddington (1986) and Labarque & Griswold (2014).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B51F8C15FDC4FEDDFC96FF51.taxon	discussion	Remarks Coddington (1986) suggested that a sternum truncated posteriorly was diagnostic for Ogulnius, but this character is also present in other theridiomatid genera (i. e., Chthonos, Theridiosoma, Epilineutes, Wendilgarda). We confirm the presence of a membranous patch on the retrolateral face of the first tibia in the two species of Ogulnius here examined (see also Ogulnius obtectus Keyserling, 1886; Coddington 1986: 57), seemingly a synapomorphy of the genus.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B51F8C10FD74FA55FBDDF8A0.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 8 F 9 F 5 A 14 - A 073 - 445 F- 9509 - E 32 FC 35 D 5 C 6 E Figs 1, 5 F – G, 28 – 29	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B51F8C10FD74FA55FBDDF8A0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Females of Ogulnius zbodro sp. nov. resemble those of Ogulnius laranka Dupérré & Tapia, 2017 and Ogulnius puku Dupérré & Tapia, 2017 by the exposed and separated copulatory openings (Fig. 29 C – D; Dupérré & Tapia 2017: figs 11, 13), but O. zbodro can be distinguished by the copulatory ducts convoluting four times directly above the spermathecae (Figs 5 F – G, 29 D), whereas O. laranka and O. puku have the copulatory ducts convoluting separated from the spermathecae (Dupérré & Tapia 2017: figs 12, 14). Males of O. zbodro can be distinguished from those of O. laranka by the embolic apophysis prolateral branch encircling the bulb one-time counter-clockwise (Fig. 28 D), whereas O. laranka have the prolateral branch longer, encircling the bulb about 1.75 times counter-clockwise (Dupérré & Tapia 2017: fig. 9).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B51F8C10FD74FA55FBDDF8A0.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific name is derived from the union of two words, ‘ zbö’ and ‘ dro’, which mean ‘ God’ and ‘ Sun’ or ‘ bright’, respectively, in the Naso language, currently spoken by the Naso Tjerdi native people of Panama, and refers to the elongated prolateral branch of the embolic apophysis that encircles the bulb one-time counter-clockwise, forming the end of a cycle, the end of day.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B51F8C10FD74FA55FBDDF8A0.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype PANAMA – Panama Province • ♂; Parque Nacional Altos de Campana, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.683444 ° N, 79.929833 ° W; 895 m a. s. l.; 14 – 19 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SCD 1 NGR 012; DNA barcode SPIPA 362 - 10; MIUP. Paratypes PANAMA – Panama Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCC 1 DER 017; preparation codes FML- 00714, LNP- 00285; DNA code ogus 1119; GenBank code PX 097021; MACN-Ar 29310 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCD 1 DFR 015; preparation codes FML- 00733, FML- 01148, LNP- 00286; DNA code ogus 1110; GenBank code PX 097020; MACN-Ar 29309 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCD 1 DFR 031; DNA barcode SPIPA 120 - 10; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCD 1 DHR 010; DNA barcode SPIPA 361 - 10; MIUP • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCD 1 DFH 007; DNA code oguoc 195; GenBank code PX 097019; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCD 1 DFR 014; DNA barcode SPIPA 119 - 10; CRBA. Other material PANAMA – Panama Province • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCD 1 DFD 013; DNA barcode SPIPA 360 - 10; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCD 1 NER 013; DNA code oguoc 193; GenBank code PX 097018; MACN-Ar 29308.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B51F8C10FD74FA55FBDDF8A0.taxon	description	Description Male (paratype MACN-Ar 29310) Total length 0.79. Prosoma: length 0.49, width 0.41, height 0.41; cephalic area elevated. Sternum: length 0.22, width 0.26. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.06, PME 0.04, AME – PME 0.07. Opisthosoma: length 0.63, width 0.57, height 0.44; overhanging prosoma. Leg formula: 4123. Dorsal shield of prosoma orange laterally, reddish-brown centrally (Fig. 28 A – B). Dorsum of the ocular area orange (Fig. 28 A). Sternum reddish-brown (Fig. 28 C). Opisthosoma color overall reddish-brown, dorsally lighter; smooth (i. e., no pattern) (Fig. 28 A – B). Spinneret field orange (Fig. 28 C). Legs orange, tibia I with retrolateral membranous patch (Fig. 28 A – C). Palp: paracymbium ovoid, covering the embolic division, median apophysis anterior projection blunt, bifurcated mesal embolic apophysis, elongated retrolateral branch protruding from beneath conductor and encircling the bulb one-time counter-clockwise, embolus laminated (Fig. 28 D – F). Female (paratype MACN-Ar 29309) Total length 0.95. Prosoma: length 0.51, width 0.42, height 0.42; cephalic area elevated. Sternum: length 0.24, width 0.28. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.06, PME 0.04, AME – PME 0.06. Opisthosoma: length 0.76, width 0.67, height 0.57; overhanging prosoma. Leg formula: 4123. Coloration as in male (Fig. 29 A – C). Tibia I with retrolateral membranous patch (Fig. 29 B). Epigynal plate reddish-brown (Fig. 29 C), with transverse groove anterior to copulatory ducts openings (Fig. 29 C – D). Vulva: copulatory ducts totally sclerotized, convoluting four times and inserting dorsolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae anteriorly sharp (i. e., angular), sclerotized, and connate (i. e., fused along the midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet the uterus externus (Figs 5 F – G, 29 D).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B51F8C10FD74FA55FBDDF8A0.taxon	biology_ecology	Records and biology Records are limited to collections made at 895 m a. s. l. in premontane rainforest from Parque Nacional Altos de Campana (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly during the day by looking down, although a male was also collected during the day by cryptic technique and a couple at night by looking down.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B51F8C10FD74FA55FBDDF8A0.taxon	discussion	Variation Some males and females have darker coloration than the described specimens.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B51B8C1CFD86FEDDFB47FBA5.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 35 A 21 BA 4 - 9 E 6 E- 42 B 4 - 95 EC- 35 A 72 FCACB 74 Figs 1, 30 – 31	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B51B8C1CFD86FEDDFB47FBA5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Females of Ogulnius debonaja sp. nov. resemble those of Ogulnius gloriae (Petrunkevitch, 1930) by the exposed and attached copulatory openings forming a backward-pointed triangle (Fig. 31 C – D; Coddington 1986: fig. 124), but O. debonaja can be distinguished by the copulatory ducts convoluted multiple times (Fig. 31 D) and by the opisthosoma smooth (i. e., no pattern) (Fig. 31 A – B), whereas O. gloriae have the ducts convolute three times (Coddington 1986: fig. 125) and have dorsal tubercles on the opisthosoma (Coddington 1986: figs 120 – 121). Males of O. debonaja can be distinguished from those of O. gloriae by the embolic apophysis prolateral branch encircling the bulb 1.25 times counter-clockwise (Fig. 30 D) and a hooked anterior projection of the median apophysis (Fig. 30 F), whereas O. gloriae have the prolateral branch smaller, encircling the bulb about 0.75 times counter-clockwise (Coddington 1986: figs 100 – 101), and have the projection straight (Coddington 1986: fig. 99).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B51B8C1CFD86FEDDFB47FBA5.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific name is derived from the union of two words, ‘ debo’ and ‘ nã’ja’, which mean ‘ big’ and ‘ head’, respectively, in the Naso language, currently spoken by the Naso Tjerdi native people of Panama, and refers to the elevated and bulky cephalic area of the males’ prossoma.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B51B8C1CFD86FEDDFB47FBA5.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♂; Parque Internacional La Amistad, Cerro Picacho, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.890500 ° N, 82.618778 ° W; 2299 m a. s. l.; 12 – 17 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque, L. Piacentini and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SAC 1 DEH 003; DNA code ogus 2199; GenBank code PX 097009; MIUP. Paratypes PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU 1 NDB 035; preparation codes FML- 00715, LNP- 00543; DNA code ogus 2102; GenBank code PX 097017; MACNAr 29329 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAD 1 NHB 024; preparation codes FML- 00739, LNP- 00544; DNA code ogus 2101; GenBank code PX 097014; MACN-Ar 29346 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU 1 NCB 026; DNA code oguoc 196; GenBank code PX 097012; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU 2 NCA 003; DNA barcode SPIPA 358 - 10; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAB 1 DDA 002; DNA barcode SPIPA 356 - 10; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU 1 NDL 029; DNA barcode SPIPA 355 - 10; MACN-Ar 29325 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAC 1 DDB 013; DNA code oguoc 103; GenBank code PX 097010; MACN-Ar 29349 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU 2 NCL 030; DNA code oguoc 198; GenBank code PX 097013; MACN-Ar 29345 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU 2 NCL 034; DNA code oguoc 194; GenBank code PX 097011; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAB 1 DHL 021; DNA code ogus 2197; GenBank code PX 097015; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAD 1 NGL 022; DNA code ogus 2200; GenBank code PX 097016; CRBA • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU 1 NCL 037; DNA barcode SPIPA 359 - 10; CRBA. Other material PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 23 ♂♂, 35 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MCZ • 7 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; IMFUP • 12 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29335 • 1 ♂, 6 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29332 • 6 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29339 • 1 ♂, 4 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29334 • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29344 • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29328 • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29333 • 3 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29348 • 3 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29338 • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29340 • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29342 • 2 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29341 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29330 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29347 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29343 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29331 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29337 • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29336 • 19 ♂♂, 48 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; CRBA • 2 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀; Parque Internacional La Amistad, Sendero Retoño; 8.893833 ° N, 82.615083 ° W; 2240 m a. s. l.; 10 – 11 Jun. 2008; F. Labarque and M. Ramirez leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar • 2 ♂♂; same locality as for holotype; 17 – 18 Jun. 2008; F. Labarque and L. Piacentini leg.; MACN-Ar • 1 ♀; Reserva Forestal Fortuna, Quebrada Honda; 8.750083 ° N, 82.239083 ° W; 1135 m a. s. l. 21 – 24 Jun. 2008; L. Piacentini and F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar. – Coclé Province • 1 ♀; Parque Nacional G. D. Omar Torrijos Herrera, El Cope; 8.668083 ° N, 80.592583 ° W; 760 m a. s. l.; 4 – 9 Jun. 2008; F. Labarque, M. Ramírez leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar • 3 ♂♂; Parque Nacional G. D. Omar Torrijos Herrera, El Cope, Sendero Las Ranas,; 8.668138 ° N, 80.592667 ° W; 790 m a. s. l.; 3 Jun. 2008; F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B51B8C1CFD86FEDDFB47FBA5.taxon	description	Description Male (paratype MACN-Ar 29329) Total length 0.87. Prosoma: length 0.57, width 0.46, height 0.46; cephalic area elevated. Sternum: length 0.24, width 0.28. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.06, PME 0.06, AME – PME 0.06. Opisthosoma: length 0.66, width 0.58, height 0.42; overhanging prosoma. Leg formula: 4123. Dorsal shield of prosoma orange (Fig. 30 A – B). Dorsum of ocular area orange (Fig. 30 A – B). Sternum brownish-orange (Fig. 30 C). Opisthosoma color overall orangish-white, smooth (Fig. 30 A – C). Epiandrium and spinneret field orange, gray patch surrounding tracheal spiracle, spinnerets and anal tubercle (Fig. 30 C). Legs orange, tibia I with retrolateral membranous patch (Fig. 30 A – C). Palp: paracymbium ovoid, covering embolic division, median apophysis anterior projection hooked, bifurcated mesal embolic apophysis, elongated retrolateral branch protruding from beneath conductor and encircling bulb 1.25 times counter-clockwise, embolus laminated (Fig. 30 D – F). Female (paratype MACN-Ar 29346) Total length 1.14. Prosoma: length 0.60, width 0.44, height 0.45; cephalic area elevated. Sternum: length 0.26, width 0.29. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.06, PME 0.06, AME – PME 0.07. Opisthosoma: length 0.95, width 0.92, height 0.81; overhanging prosoma. Leg formula: 4123. Coloration darker than male (Fig. 31 A – C). Tibia I with retrolateral membranous patch (Fig. 31 C). Epigynal plate reddish-brown (Fig. 31 C), with transverse groove anterior to copulatory ducts openings (Fig. 31 C – D). Vulva: copulatory ducts totally sclerotized, convoluting multiple times and inserting dorsolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae anteriorly sharp (i. e., angular), sclerotized, and connate (i. e., fused along midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 31 D).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B51B8C1CFD86FEDDFB47FBA5.taxon	biology_ecology	Records and biology Records are limited to collections made at 895 m a. s. l. and 1135 m a. s. l. in premontane rainforest from Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera and Reserva Forestal Fortuna, respectively, and at 2299 m a. s. l. in lower montane rainforest from Parque Internacional La Amistad (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly at night by looking up, although some specimens were also collected at night by looking down and others during the day by cryptic, beating and looking down.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B51B8C1CFD86FEDDFB47FBA5.taxon	discussion	Variation Some males and females examined have darker coloration than the described specimens.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5178C1DFDE9FEDDFDC1FD4D.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Theridiosoma argenteolum O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1879 (= Theridiosoma gemmosum (L. Koch, 1877 )).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5178C1DFDE9FEDDFDC1FD4D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males of Theridiosoma resemble those of Andasta Simon, 1895, Tantra gen. nov. and Zoma Saaristo, 1996 by the embolic apophysis divided multiple times (more than three times, see “ fragmented ” in Coddington 1986 and Labarque & Griswold 2014), forming branches prolaterally and retrolaterally to the embolus (e. g., Zhao & Li 2012: fig. 27 d), but Theridiosoma can be distinguished by having more than one prolateral branch (see “ bristle-like parts ” in Coddington 1986), protruding from beneath the conductor (Fig. 32 D – F; see also Coddington 1986; Rodrigues & Ott 2005; Miller et al. 2009; Zhao & Li 2012; Dupérré & Tapia 2017; Suzuki et al. 2020), whereas Andasta have all branches covered by the conductor (Saaristo 2010: fig. 38 6 – 7), Tantra gen. nov. have one retrolateral branch (Figs 34 E, 38 E, 42 E) and Zoma have one prolateral branch (Miller et al. 2009: fig. 10 F; Zhao & Li 2012: fig. 28 d; Ballarin et al. 2021: fig. 5 c), projecting from beneath the conductor. Females of Theridiosoma can be distinguished from those of other genera by the distal copulatory ducts convoluting antero-posteriorly (Figs 6 A, 33 D; see also Coddington 1986; Rodrigues & Ott 2005; Miller et al. 2009; Zhao & Li 2012; Dupérré & Tapia 2017; Suzuki et al. 2020).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5178C1DFDE9FEDDFDC1FD4D.taxon	description	Description Males of Theridiosoma have the conductor with heavily sclerotized (i. e., dark) posterior extension (Fig. 32 D – F; see also Coddington 1986; Rodrigues & Ott 2005; Miller et al. 2009; Zhao & Li 2012; Dupérré & Tapia 2017; Suzuki et al. 2020) that may have prolateral (e. g., Coddington 1986: figs 154 – 156) or retrolateral (e. g., Suzuki et al. 2020: fig. 7 e – g) heavily sclerotized projections. In addition, the conductor may have a prolateral, acute and posteriorly elongated apophysis that articulates with it through a membrane (e. g., Suzuki et al. 2020: fig. 7 e – g). The embolic apophysis prolateral branches may be filiform, flexible and elongated, with a wide (Fig. 32 D – F; e. g., Zhao & Li 2012: fig. 28 a – d) or an acute and heavily sclerotized tip (e. g., Suzuki et al. 2020: fig. 7 e – g). Females of Theridiosoma have the epigynal plate protruding ventrally, which may be flat (i. e., straight in lateral view; Figs 6 B, 33 B; e. g., Suzuki et al. 2020: fig. 7 d) or domed (i. e., curved in posterior view; e. g., Coddington 1986: figs 138, 143) and may be entire (e. g., Rodrigues & Ott 2005: fig. 6) or divided (e. g., Suzuki et al. 2020: fig. 5 a – d), the dorsal epigynal plate exposed protruding from beneath the copulatory opening posteriorly (Fig. 33 B – D; e. g., Coddington 1986: fig. 143; Dupérré & Tapia 2017: figs 28 – 29; Suzuki et al. 2020: fig. 5 a, c), massive proximal copulatory ducts (i. e., more than three times the diameter of the distal region), that may be fused (e. g., Lopardo & Hormiga 2015: fig. 123 a) or separated (Figs 6 A, 33 D), with a dorsal patch of gland ducts, and distal copulatory ducts inserting ventromedially posteriorly into the spermathecae (Fig. 6 A – B; see also Coddington 1986; Rodrigues & Ott 2005; Miller et al. 2009; Zhao & Li 2012; Dupérré & Tapia 2017; Suzuki et al. 2020). For further genus description details, see Coddington (1986) and Labarque & Griswold (2014).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5178C1DFDE9FEDDFDC1FD4D.taxon	discussion	Remarks Dupérré & Tapia (2017) suggested that a median apophysis distally acute with an anterior median groove was diagnostic for Theridiosoma, but this character is present in all the members of Theridiosomatinae (see Labarque & Griswold 2014).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5108C19FDE4FEDDFACEF90F.taxon	description	Figs 1, 6 A – B, 32 – 33	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5108C19FDE4FEDDFACEF90F.taxon	materials_examined	holotype ♀ from Mexico, Chiapas, Monte Libano (American Museum of Natural History, New York), not examined].	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5108C19FDE4FEDDFACEF90F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males of Theridiosoma goodnightorum resemble those of Theridiosoma chiripa Rodrigues & Ott, 2005 and Theridiosoma sancristobalensis Baert, 2014 by a prolateral branch of the embolic apophysis filiform, flexible, elongated and with an acute, heavily sclerotized tip protruding retrolateraly from beneath the conductor (Fig. 32 D – F; see Rodrigues & Ott 2005: fig. 4, “ ae ”), but T. goodnightorum can be distinguished by having another prolateral branch of the embolic apophysis filiform, flexible, elongated and with a wide tip protruding prolaterally from beneath the heavily sclerotized posterior extension of the conductor (Fig. 32 D – F), whereas in T. chiripa, if present, the branch is not protruding (Rodrigues & Ott 2005: fig. 4) and T. sancristobalensis have the protruding branch with an acute tip (misinterpreted as “ embolus ” in Baert 2014: figs 8 – 9). Females of T. goodnightorum resemble those of T. chiripa and T. sancristobalensis by the epigynal plate flat (Figs 6 B, 33 B; Rodrigues & Ott 2005: fig. 6; Baert 2014: fig. 10), but T. goodnightorum can be distinguished by the proximal copulatory ducts forming a squared angle (Fig. 33 F), whereas T. chiripa and T. sancristobalensis have them curved (Rodrigues & Ott 2005: figs 8 – 9; Baert 2014: fig. 12).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5108C19FDE4FEDDFACEF90F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; Reserva Forestal Fortuna, Quebrada Honda, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.750083 ° N, 82.239083 ° W; 1135 m a. s. l.; 7 – 12 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SFD 1 DAR 028; preparation codes FML- 00719, LNP- 00262; DNA code thech 069; GenBank code PX 096928; MACN-Ar 29231 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFD 1 D 9 L 004; preparation codes FML- 00726, LNP- 00268; DNA code thech 121; GenBank code PX 096929; MACN-Ar 29235 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFD 1 NCD 023; DNA barcode SPIPA 350 - 10; MACN-Ar 29233 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFD 1 NCL 025; DNA code thech 182; GenBank code PX 096935; MACN-Ar 29238 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFD 1 NAH 025; DNA barcode SPIPA 354 - 10; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU 1 N 8 L 031; DNA code thech 173; GenBank code PX 096938; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFC 2 NAR 015; DNA code thech 178; GenBank code PX 096939; CRBA • 4 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MCZ • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; IMFUP • 3 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29234 • 3 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29232 • 2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29224 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29237 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29236 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29225 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29228 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29227 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29226 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29229 • 3 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29230 • 4 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; CRBA • 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; Parque Internacional La Amistad, Cerro Picacho, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.890500 ° N, 82.618778 ° W; 2299 m a. s. l.; 12 – 17 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque, L. Piacentini and M. Ramírez leg.; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAC 1 NGL 018; DNA code thech 180; GenBank code PX 096934; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAD 1 NCA 001; DNA barcode SPIPA 352 - 10; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAD 1 NHL 021; DNA code thech 169; GenBank code PX 096930; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAD 1 NCA 004; DNA barcode SPIPA 353 - 10; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAD 1 NCR 031; DNA code thech 170; GenBank code PX 096931; MACN-Ar 29241 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAD 1 NGL 024; DNA code thech 174; GenBank code PX 096932; MACN-Ar 29242 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAC 1 DDH 014; DNA code thech 175; GenBank code PX 096933; MACN-Ar 29243 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAC 1 NHL 015; DNA barcode SPIPA 351 - 10; CRBA • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MIUP • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29240 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29244 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29239 • 5 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; CRBA. – Coclé Province • 1 ♀; Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera, El Cope, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.668083 ° N, 80.592583 ° W; 760 m a. s. l.; 4 – 9 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code STD 1 N 6 R 021; DNA code thech 171; GenBank code PX 096936; MCZ • 1 ♀, same data as for preceding; voucher code STD 1 N 6 R 027; preparation code FML- 00991; DNA code thech 172; GenBank code PX 096937; CRBA • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; 21 – 24 Jun. 2008; L. Piacentini and F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5108C19FDE4FEDDFACEF90F.taxon	description	Description Male (MACN-Ar 29231) Total length 1.41. Prosoma: length 0.92, width 0.67, height 0.63. Sternum: length 0.36, width 0.36. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09, PME 0.08, AME – PME 0.09. Opisthosoma: length 1.03, width 0.85, height 0.73. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma dark brownish-orange laterally, yellowish-orange centrally forming an irregular band (Fig. 32 A – B). Dorsum of ocular area orange (Fig. 32 A – B). Sternum orange with dark borders (Fig. 32 C). Opisthosoma color overall dark brownish-orange, dorsally lighter, with wide guanine silver stripe, open posteriorly, encircling half of opisthosoma (Fig. 32 A – B). Epiandrium, tracheal spiracle and behind anal tubercle reddish-brown, covered by sparsely thin whitish-gray flecks; booklung cover whitish-gray, spinneret field dark brownish-orange (Fig. 32 C). Femora yellowish-white but distally dark, patella, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi orange (Fig. 32 A – C). Palp: paracymbium hooked, paracymbial process (from Lopardo & Hormiga 2015, but see “ cymbial lamella ” in Coddington 1986 and Labarque & Griswold 2014) with a row of setae, tegulum striated (i. e., with spicules), tegular spur rounded, small, median apophysis elongated with a median groove, conductor retrolateral surface finger-printed (see “ stripes ” in Coddington 1986 and Labarque & Griswold 2014) covering the embolic apophysis, embolus as thin lamina, multiple divided embolic apophysis with two filiform, flexible and elongated branches protruding from beneath conductor, retrolateral distally acute and heavily sclerotized, prolateral distally wide (Fig. 32 D – F; Coddington 1986: figs 130 – 131). Redescription Female (MACN-Ar 29235, CRBA STD 1 N 6 R 027) Total length 1.81. Prosoma: length 0.85, width 0.70, height 0.67. Sternum: length 0.38, width 0.38. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09, PME 0.09, AME – PME 0.08. Opisthosoma: length 1.29, width 1.20, height 1.10. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration darker than male (Fig. 33 A – C). Sternum with two dark brownish-orange patches close to sternal pits (Fig. 33 C). Epigynal plate brownish-orange (Fig. 33 C). Epigynal plate: flat, dorsal epigynal plate exposed (Fig. 33 B – C). Vulva: copulatory ducts massive proximally, and heavily sclerotized distally, proximal copulatory ducts with patch of gland ducts dorsally, distal copulatory ducts convoluting antero-posteriorly, inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae ovoid, sclerotized, and connate (i. e., fused along midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Figs 6 A – B, 33 D).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5108C19FDE4FEDDFACEF90F.taxon	biology_ecology	Records and biology Theridiosoma goodnightorum has been previously recorded in Mexico and Costa Rica (World Spider Catalog 2025). Records in this study are limited to collections made at 895 m a. s. l. and 1135 m a. s. l. in premontane rainforest from Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera and Reserva Forestal Fortuna, respectively, and at 2299 m a. s. l. in lower montane rainforest from Parque Internacional La Amistad (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly at night by looking down, though some specimens were also collected at night by looking up and cryptic techniques, and others during the day by cryptic, and looking down.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5108C19FDE4FEDDFACEF90F.taxon	discussion	Variation Some males and females have a darker coloration than the described specimens. Remarks Whereas we have not examined the type of this species, we believe that species attribution is unproblematic. Coddington (1986: 64) examined the female type of Theridiosoma goodnightorum from Mexico and attributed SEM images of the male palp to this species from a specimen in Costa Rica (Coddington 1986: figs 130 – 131). Unfortunately, Coddington (1986) did not describe the male of T. goodnightorum; however, we have done so here (see Description above). Our description of the male palp of T. goodnightorum agrees in every way with the specimen illustrated by Coddington (1986).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B50C8C07FD49FEDCFEF4FEC3.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: B 6 FDE 0 A 4 - 873 F- 4730 - AAE 6 - 3 F 0398973 A 18	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B50C8C07FD49FEDCFEF4FEC3.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Tantra bugle gen. et sp. nov. by original designation.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B50C8C07FD49FEDCFEF4FEC3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males of Tantra gen. nov. resemble those of Andasta, Theridiosoma and Zoma by having the embolic apophysis divided multiple times (more than three times) forming branches prolaterally and retrolaterally to the embolus (e. g., Zhao & Li 2012: fig. 27 d), but Tantra can be distinguished by having one retrolateral branch protruding from beneath the conductor (Figs 34 E, 38 E, 42 E), whereas males of Andasta lack such branches (Saaristo 2010: fig. 38 6 – 7), and Theridiosoma and Zoma have at least one prolateral branch (Fig. 32 D – F; Miller et al. 2009: fig. 10 f; Zhao & Li 2012: fig. 28 d; Ballarin et al. 2021: fig. 5 c) protruding from beneath the conductor. Males of Tantra can also be distinguished from those of other genera by a tegular spur folding on itself anteriorly, forming a pocket (i. e., resembling a sclerotized wrench tool head in ventral view) (Figs 34 E, 38 E, 46 E; Dupérré & Tapia 2017: fig. 25). Females of Tantra can be distinguished from those of other genera by dorsal sclerotized spurs extending from the lateral margins of the epigynal plate (Figs 6 D – E, 35 D – F, 39 C; Dupérré & Tapia 2017: fig. 27), proximal copulatory ducts convoluting multiple times (Figs 35 D – F, 37 D, 48 D; Dupérré & Tapia 2017: fig. 27), and distal copulatory ducts coiling dorso-ventrally and inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae (Figs 6 D, 35 E).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B50C8C07FD49FEDCFEF4FEC3.taxon	etymology	Etymology The generic name is a noun in apposition derived from the word ‘ tantra’ which means ‘ net, web or weave’ (among other meanings) in Sanskrit, a historical and extinct Indo-Aryan language. Gender is masculine.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B50C8C07FD49FEDCFEF4FEC3.taxon	description	Description Males total length between 1.03 – 1.43, and females 1.43 – 2.33. Prosoma light, dark or cephalic area dark and laterals light. Ocular area light or dark. Eyes nearly subequal, AME separated by about ½ a diameter, PME juxtaposed or separated by about ½ a diameter. Sternum smooth and flat, light, dark, or light circled by a dark line. Legs short or long, femora and patella light, olive-green or tan, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi tan; metatarsi shorter than tibiae (except legs III); tibiae III – IV with three to four rows of trichobothria longer than tibia diameter; leg formula: 1243. Opisthosoma ovoid, light, dark or with several colors, with or without silver patches, forming transversal or longitudinal stripes or other patterns. Spinnerets light, dark or mixed. Palp with setae row on the paracymbial process (Figs 38 D, 44 A – D, 46 A; Dupérré & Tapia 2017: fig. 24). Tegulum striated (i. e., with spicules) with tegular spur forming pocket that may be wide and rounded (Figs 38 E, 40 E, 44 E; Dupérré & Tapia 2017: fig. 25) or elongated and acute (Figs 34 E, 36 E, 46 E) in ventral view. Median apophysis elongated with median groove (i. e., sclerotized darker midline) (Figs 34 E – F, 38 E – F, 44 E – F). Conductor protruded ventrally covering embolic division retrolaterally, that can be seen by transparency (Figs 34 D – E, 42 D – E, 44 D – E), with heavily sclerotized (i. e., dark) posterior extension, that may have retrolateral heavily sclerotized projection (Figs 34 E, 36 E, 40 E; Dupérré & Tapia 2017: fig. 25), and prolateral, acute and posteriorly elongated apophysis that articulates with conductor through membrane, which may (i. e., long; Figs 38 E, 42 E, 44 E; Dupérré & Tapia 2017: fig. 23) or may not exceed (i. e., short; Fig. 34 E) conductor extension posteriorly. Embolus as thin lamina (Figs 38 E, 44 E, 46 E), multiple divided embolic apophysis forming branches prolaterally and retrolaterally to embolus (Figs 34 C – D, 38 C, 44 C – D; ED), with one filiform, sclerotized (i. e., orange) and elongated retrolateral branch protruding from beneath conductor (Figs 34 A, D – E, 38 D – E, 40 D – E, 42 D – E; misinterpreted as “ embolus ” in Dupérré & Tapia 2017: fig. 25). Epigynal plate protruding ventrally forming dome (i. e., curved in posterior view; Figs 35 B, 39 B, 45 B), with small lateral pits (Fig. 6 D), dorsally heavily sclerotized (i. e., reddish-brown) spurs extending from their lateral margins (Figs 6 D – E, 35 D – F, 39 C, 48 D; misinterpreted as “ copulatory duct ” in Dupérré & Tapia 2017: figs 27), and dorsal epigynal plate exposed, membranous, protruding from beneath copulatory opening posteriorly (Figs 6 D – E, 35 B – D, 39 B – D, 45 B – D, 48 C – D; Dupérré & Tapia 2017: fig. 26). Convoluted copulatory ducts (Figs 35 D – F, 37 D, 48 D; Dupérré & Tapia 2017: fig. 27), distal copulatory ducts coiling dorso-ventrally, inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae (Figs 6 D, 35 E).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B50C8C07FD49FEDCFEF4FEC3.taxon	distribution	Distribution Costa Rica to Ecuador.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B50C8C07FD49FEDCFEF4FEC3.taxon	discussion	Remarks Coddington (1986: 63 – 64) suggested that the epigynal plate of Theridiosoma argenteolunulatum Simon, 1897, Theridiosoma davisi Archer, 1953, Theridiosoma nechodomae Petrunkevitch, 1930, and Theridiosoma savannum Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944 have “ lateral sclerotized spurs projecting towards the median ”, but he did not provide illustrations of those characters. In addition, the original male and female illustrations are not detailed enough to provide conclusive evidence for the genital characters, and thus we kept the above species as Theridiosoma until more detailed studies are done.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B50C8C07FD49FEDCFEF4FEC3.taxon	discussion	Remarks The male and female of Theridiosoma kullki, and the male palp of a Theridiosoma sp. from Costa Rica (Coddington 1986: figs 132 – 133) agree in every way with the diagnostic characters here proposed for Tantra gen. nov.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B50D8C03FD81FADBFBA2F953.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 0161 DF 51 - 4758 - 451 A- 9 C 9 B- 6700 C 84 F 39 B 6 Figs 1, 6 D – E, 34 – 35	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B50D8C03FD81FADBFBA2F953.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Females of Tantra bugle gen. et sp. nov. resemble those of Tantra wounaan gen. et sp. nov. by the wide guanine silver stripe, open posteriorly, encircling most of the opisthosoma (Figs 35 A – C, 37 A – C), but T. bugle can be distinguished by the smooth (i. e., no pattern) light olive-green dorsum of the opisthosoma (Fig. 35 A), whereas T. wounaan have the dorsum of the opisthosoma with dark olive-green irregular lines (i. e., zigzag; Fig. 37 A). Males of T. bugle resemble those of T. wounaan by the tegular pocket elongated and acute, and the conductor extension with a retrolateral projection (Figs 34 D – F, 36 D – F), but T. bugle can be distinguished by the conductor apophysis short, not exceeding the conductor extension posteriorly, and the tegular pocket anterior side forming a rectangle (Fig. 34 E – F), whereas T. wounaan have the apophysis long and the anterior side of the pocket pointed (Fig. 36 E – F).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B50D8C03FD81FADBFBA2F953.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific name is a noun in apposition to honor the Buglé native people of Panama, which derived from the union of two words, ‘ bu’ and ‘ gle’, that mean ‘ people, to live’, or ‘ to be present’ and ‘ Earth’ or ‘ resources’, respectively, in the Buglere language.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B50D8C03FD81FADBFBA2F953.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♂; Reserva Forestal Fortuna, Quebrada Honda, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.750083 ° N, 82.239083 ° W; 1135 m a. s. l.; 7 – 12 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SFB 1 D 8 H 019; MIUP. Paratypes PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU 2 NAD 032; preparation codes FML- 00690, LNP- 00260; DNA code thes 4113; GenBank PX 096919; MACN-Ar 29366 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU 2 NBH 034; preparation codes FML- 00694, FML- 00746, LNP- 00276; DNA de thes 4065; GenBank PX 096918; MACN-Ar 29359 • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD 1 NAL 019; DNA barcode SPIPA 343 - 10; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD 1 NCH 021; DNA barcode SPIPA 342 - 10; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU 1 D 9 A 009; preparation code FML- 00982; DNA barcode SPIPA 344 - 10; CRBA. Other material PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU 1 NCR 034; DNA code thes 4177; GenBank PX 096920; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU 1 NBA 029; DNA code thes 4259; GenBank PX 096922; MACN-Ar 29358 • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFB 1 DAR 031; DNA code thes 4181; GenBank PX 096921; CRBA • 13 ♂♂, 12 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MCZ • 4 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MIUP • 13 ♂♂, 12 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar • 13 ♂♂, 12 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; CRBA • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same locality as for holotype; 21 – 24 Jun. 2008; L. Piacentini and F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFNQP 8 L 012; DNA barcode SPIPA 222 - 10; MACN-Ar.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B50D8C03FD81FADBFBA2F953.taxon	description	Description Male (paratypes MACN-Ar 29366, CRBA SFU 1 D 9 A 009) Total length 1.43. Prosoma: length 0.84, width 0.68, height 0.59. Sternum: length 0.38, width 0.38. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09, PME 0.07, AME – PME 0.09. Opisthosoma: length 0.98, width 0.78, height 0.66. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma yellowish-white laterally, greenish-yellow centrally (Fig. 34 A – B). Dorsum of the ocular area greenish-yellow (Fig. 34 A – B). Sternum greenish-yellow (Fig. 34 C). Opisthosoma color overall yellowish-white, dorsally lighter, with dispersed silver guanine blotches anteriorly (Fig. 34 A – B). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, spinneret field and behind anal tubercle olive-green (Fig. 34 C). Femora and patella yellowish-white, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi orange (Fig. 34 A – C). Palp: paracymbium hooked, paracymbial process with setae row, tegulum striated with tegular spur elongated, acute, median apophysis elongated with median groove, conductor covering embolic division, conductor posterior extension with retrolateral projection, conductor apophysis relatively short, embolus laminated, multiple divided embolic apophysis, retrolateral branch filiform, sclerotized, elongated, protruding from beneath conductor (Fig. 34 D – F). Female (paratype MACN-Ar 29359) Total length 1.95. Prosoma: length 0.97, width 0.81, height 0.71. Sternum: length 0.43, width 0.44. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09, PME 0.08, AME – PME 0.10. Opisthosoma: length 1.65, width 1.40, height 1.09. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration olive-greener than male (Fig. 35 A – C). Dorsal shield of prosoma olive-green centrally (Fig. 35 A – B). Dorsum of ocular area olive-green (Fig. 35 A – B). Sternum olive-green (Fig. 35 C). Dorsum of opisthosoma light olive-green (Fig. 35 A) with wide guanine silver stripe, open posteriorly, encircling most of opisthosoma (Fig. 35 B – C). Booklungs cover, tracheal spiracle, and behind anal tubercle dark olive-green, spinneret field olive-green (Fig. 35 C). Epigynal plate whitish-orange (Fig. 35 B – C). Epigynal plate: domed, dorsal-lateral spurs extending to midline, dorsal epigynal plate exposed (Fig. 35 B – C). Vulva: convoluted copulatory ducts, proximal copulatory ducts with patch of gland ducts dorsally, distal copulatory ducts coiling dorso-ventrally and inserting ventromedially posteriorly into the spermathecae, spermathecae round, sclerotized, and connate (i. e., fused along midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 35 C).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B50D8C03FD81FADBFBA2F953.taxon	biology_ecology	Records and biology Records are limited to collections made at 1135 m a. s. l. in premontane rainforest from Reserva Forestal Fortuna (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly during the night by looking up, and less frequently also during the day by beating, looking down and cryptic techniques.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B50D8C03FD81FADBFBA2F953.taxon	discussion	Variation Some females examined have a darker coloration than the described specimens, and some males have dispersed silver guanine blotches covering the dorsum of the opisthosoma.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5098C0EFDAAFCABFB75FBA5.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 46988 A 87 - 9 EF 5 - 479 A- 8 D 85 - 99 BE 1 A 67 ECC 4 Figs 1, 36 – 37	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5098C0EFDAAFCABFB75FBA5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Females of Tantra wounaan gen. et sp. nov. resemble those of Tantra bugle gen. et sp. nov. by the wide guanine silver stripe, open posteriorly, encircling most of the opisthosoma (Figs 35 A – C, 37 A – C), but T. wounaan can be distinguished by the dark olive-green irregular lines (i. e., zigzag) on the dorsum of the opisthosoma (Fig. 37 A), whereas T. bugle have the dorsum of the opisthosoma uniform olive-green (Fig. 35 A). Males of T. wounaan resemble those of T. bugle by the tegular pocket elongated and acute, the conductor extension with a retrolateral projection (Figs 34 D – F, 36 D – F), but T. wounaan can be distinguished by the conductor apophysis long, exceeding the conductor extension posteriorly, and the tegular pocket anterior side pointed (Fig. 36 E – F), whereas T. bugle have the apophysis short and the anterior side of the pocket forming a rectangle (Fig. 34 E – F).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5098C0EFDAAFCABFB75FBA5.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific name is a noun in apposition to honor the Wounaan native people of Panama.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5098C0EFDAAFCABFB75FBA5.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♂; Parque Internacional La Amistad, Cerro Picacho, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.890500 ° N, 82.618778 ° W; 2299 m a. s. l.; 12 – 17 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque, L. Piacentini and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SAB 2 DEB 029; MIUP. Paratypes PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAD 1 DGH 013; preparation codes FML- 00710, LNP- 00547; DNA code thes 7099; GenBank code PX 096926; MACNAr 29380 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAD 1 NFP 008; preparation codes FML- 00743, LNP- 00546; DNA code thes 7105; GenBank code PX 096923; MACN-Ar 29372 • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU 1 NFB 026; DNA barcode SPIPA 330 - 10; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAD 1 DHP 001; DNA barcode SPIPA 327 - 10; MACN-Ar 29381 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAC 1 DHA 012; DNA barcode SPIPA 328 - 10; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAB 1 DHP 002; DNA barcode SPIPA 329 - 10; CRBA. Other material PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAD 1 DHL 009; DNA code thes 7264; GenBank code PX 096924; MACN-Ar 29382 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU 1 NHH 023; DNA code thes 7265; GenBank code PX 096925; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAC 1 DFH 010; DNA code thes 7263; GenBank code PX 096927; CRBA • 31 ♂♂, 73 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MCZ • 7 ♂♂, 22 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MIUP • 33 ♂♂, 64 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar • 34 ♂♂, 60 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; CRBA • 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; Parque Internacional La Amistad, Sendero Retoño; 8.893833 ° N, 82.615083 ° W; 2240 m a. s. l.; 10 – 11 Jun. 2008; F. Labarque and M. Ramirez leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar • 1 ♀; Parque Internacional La Amistad, Sendero Panamá; 17 – 18 Jun. 2008; F. Labarque and L. Piacentini leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5098C0EFDAAFCABFB75FBA5.taxon	description	Description Male (paratype MACN-Ar 29380) Total length 1.50. Prosoma: length 0.90, width 0.70, height 0.69. Sternum: length 0.40, width 0.41. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.08, PME 0.06, AME – PME 0.08. Opisthosoma: length 0.99, width 0.79, height 0.71. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma yellowish-white laterally, dark olive-green centrally (Fig. 36 A – B). Dorsum of the ocular area yellowish-white (Fig. 36 A – B). Sternum yellow with dark olive-green borders (Fig. 36 C). Dorsum of the opisthosoma yellowish-white with light olive-green irregular lines (i. e., zigzag) (Fig. 36 A – B). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, spinneret field and behind anal tubercle dark olive-green (Fig. 36 C). Femora and patella yellowish-white, tibiae orange, metatarsi dark orange but distally brownish-orange, tarsi brownish-orange (Fig. 36 A – C). Palp: paracymbial process with setae row, tegulum striated with tegular spur elongated, acute, median apophysis elongated with median groove, conductor covering embolic division, conductor posterior extension with retrolateral projection, conductor apophysis relatively long, embolus laminated, multiple divided embolic apophysis, retrolateral branch filiform, sclerotized, elongated, protruding from beneath conductor (Fig. 36 D – F). Female (paratype MACN-Ar 29372) Total length 2.27. Prosoma: length 0.93, width 0.76, height 0.75. Sternum: length 0.43, width 0.42. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.08, PME 0.07, AME – PME 0.11. Opisthosoma: length 1.95, width 1.68, height 1.51. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration whiter than male (Fig. 37 A – C). Dorsal shield of prosoma white laterally (Fig. 37 A – B). Dorsum of ocular area dark olive-green (Fig. 37 A – B). Sternum white with dark olive-green borders (Fig. 37 C). Dorsum of opisthosoma with wide guanine silver stripe, open posteriorly, encircling most of opisthosoma (Fig. 37 B – C). Epigynal plate, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, spinneret field, and behind anal tubercle dark olive-green (Fig. 37 B – C). Femora, patella, and tibiae white, metatarsi white but distally brownish-orange, tarsi brownish-orange (Fig. 37 A – C). Epigynal plate: domed, dorsal-lateral spurs extending to midline, dorsal epigynal plate exposed (Fig. 37 B – C). Vulva: convoluted copulatory ducts, proximal copulatory ducts with patch of gland ducts dorsally, distal copulatory ducts coiling dorso-ventrally and inserting ventromedially posteriorly into the spermathecae (Fig. 37 D).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5098C0EFDAAFCABFB75FBA5.taxon	biology_ecology	Records and biology Records are limited to collections made at 2299 m a. s. l. in lower montane rainforest from Parque Internacional La Amistad (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly at night by looking up and looking down, and less frequently also during the day by beating, looking down and cryptic techniques.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5098C0EFDAAFCABFB75FBA5.taxon	discussion	Variation Some males have dispersed silver guanine blotches covering the dorsum of the opisthosoma.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5058C0AFD80FEDCFB58F91D.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 1 DE 5398 F-CBFC- 4 CED-AEBD-DB 95395 CE 9 FF Figs 1, 38 – 39	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5058C0AFD80FEDCFB58F91D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males and females of Tantra bribri gen. et sp. nov. resemble those of Tantra ngabe gen. et sp. nov. by the white general coloration (Figs 38 A – C, 39 A – C, 40 A – C, 41 A – C), but T. bribri can be distinguished by the six olive-green patches on the dorsum of the opisthosoma (Figs 38 A, 39 A), whereas T. ngabe have two olive-green patches (Figs 40 A, 41 A). Males of T. bribri also resemble those of T. ngabe by the tegular pocket wide and rounded (Figs 38 E, 40 E), but T. bribri can be distinguished by the pocket posterior side smooth (i. e., not projecting; Fig. 38 D), whereas T. ngabe have it pointed (Fig. 40 D).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5058C0AFD80FEDCFB58F91D.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific name is a noun in apposition to honors the Bribri native people of Panama, which derived from ‘ bri-bri’ that literally means ‘ hard-hard’ (= strong) in the Naso language, currently spoken by the Naso Tjerdi native people of Panama, but it can also be interpreted as ‘ brave’.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5058C0AFD80FEDCFB58F91D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype PANAMA – Coclé Province • ♂; Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera, El Cope, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.668083 ° N, 80.592583 ° W; 760 m a. s. l.; 4 – 9 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code STD 1 D 7 R 018; MIUP. Paratypes PANAMA – Coclé Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code STC 2 D 6 R 014; preparation codes FML- 00962, FML- 009623; DNA barcode SPIPA 318 - 10; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code STD 1 D 6 H 023; preparation codes FML- 00745, FML- 00882, FML- 00964; DNA barcode SPIPA 317 - 10; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code STD 1 D 7 B 026; DNA code thes 3250; GenBank code PX 096911; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code STD 1 N 7 B 028; DNA code thes 3214; GenBank code PX 096916; MACN-Ar 29351 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code STU 1 N 5 L 020; DNA barcode SPIPA 319 - 10; MACN-Ar 29353 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code STU 1 N 7 A 019; DNA barcode SPIPA 320 - 10; CRBA. Other material PANAMA – Coclé Province • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code STU 1 N 6 H 023; DNA code thes 3211; GenBank code PX 096908; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code STU 1 N 7 L 028; DNA barcode SPIPA 321 - 10; MACN-Ar 29352 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code STC 1 D 8 H 011; DNA code thes 3251; GenBank code PX 096912; MACN-Ar 29350 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code STD 1 N 7 R 021; DNA code thes 3213; GenBank code PX 096910; CRBA • 2 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; MIUP • 6 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; CRBA.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5058C0AFD80FEDCFB58F91D.taxon	description	Description Male (paratype CRBA STC 2 D 6 R 014) Total length 1.34. Prosoma: length 0.71, width 0.56, height 0.53. Sternum: length 0.33, width 0.34. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09, PME 0.06, AME – PME 0.08. Opisthosoma: length 1.01, width 0.88, height 0.76. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma white, cephalic area with olive-green speckled lines (Fig. 38 A – B). Dorsum of the ocular area white (Fig. 38 A – B). Sternum yellowish-white with olive-green borders (Fig. 38 C). Dorsum of the opisthosoma white with six dark olive-green patches posteriorly and dispersed silver guanine blotches anteriorly (Fig. 38 A – B). Opisthosoma with two lateral transversal dark olive-green bands (Fig. 38 B). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, and behind anal tubercle dark olive-green, spinneret field olive-green (Fig. 38 C). Femora white but distally olive-green, patella greenish-brown, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi orange (Fig. 38 A – C). Palp: paracymbium hooked, paracymbial process with setae row, tegulum striated with tegular spur wide, rounded, median apophysis elongated with median groove, conductor covering embolic division, conductor posterior extension with small retrolateral projection, conductor apophysis relatively long, embolus laminated, multiple divided embolic apophysis, retrolateral branch filiform, sclerotized, elongated, protruding from beneath conductor (Fig. 38 D – F). Female (paratype MCZ STD 1 D 6 H 023) Total length 1.43. Prosoma: length 0.69, width 0.56, height 0.51. Sternum: length 0.33, width 0.34. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07, PME 0.07, AME – PME 0.07. Opisthosoma: length 1.01, width 0.92, height 0.72. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration as in male (Fig. 39 A – C). Epigynal plate whitish-orange (Fig. 39 B – C). Epigynal plate: domed, dorsal-lateral spurs extending to midline, dorsal epigynal plate exposed (Fig. 39 B – C). Vulva: convoluted copulatory ducts, proximal copulatory ducts with patch of gland ducts dorsally, distal copulatory ducts coiling dorso-ventrally and inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae round, sclerotized, and connate (i. e., fused along midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 39 D).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5058C0AFD80FEDCFB58F91D.taxon	biology_ecology	Records and biology Records are limited to collections made at 895 m a. s. l. in premontane rainforest from Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly during the night by looking down and looking up, although males and females were also collected during the day by cryptic technique.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5058C0AFD80FEDCFB58F91D.taxon	discussion	Variation Some males and females examined have lighter coloration than the described specimens.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5008C0BFD9EFC9EFEBFFDA1.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 365 DF 39 F- 7853 - 4 DFD- 902 A- 4 DC 8 E 972 D 4 BD Figs 1, 40 – 41	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5008C0BFD9EFC9EFEBFFDA1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males and females of Tantra ngabe gen. et sp. nov. resemble those of Tantra bribri gen. et sp. nov. by the white general coloration (Figs 38 A – C, 39 A – C, 40 A – C, 41 A – C), but T. ngabe can be distinguished by the two olive-green patches on the dorsum of the opisthosoma (Figs 40 A, 41 A), whereas T. bribri have six olive-green patches (Figs 38 A, 39 A). Males of T. ngabe also resemble those of T. bribri by the tegular pocket wide and rounded (Figs 38 D – F, 40 D – F), but T. ngabe can be distinguished by the pocket posteriorly side pointed (Fig. 40 D), whereas T. bribri have it smooth (i. e., not projecting) (Fig. 38 D).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5008C0BFD9EFC9EFEBFFDA1.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific name is a noun in apposition to honor the Ngäbe native people of Panama, which derived from the union of two words, ‘ ngä’ and ‘ be’, that mean ‘ person, people’ and ‘ born and see, feel or exist’, respectively, in the Ngäbere language.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5008C0BFD9EFC9EFEBFFDA1.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♂; Reserva Forestal Fortuna, Quebrada Honda, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.750083 ° N, 82.239083 ° W; 1135 m a. s. l.; 7 – 12 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SFB 1 DBA 017; DNA barcode SPIPA 347 - 10; MIUP. Paratypes PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD 1 DAR 027; preparation codes FML- 00708, LNP- 00259; DNA code thes 3114; GenBank code PX 096914; MACNAr 29079 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU 2 NAD 033; preparation codes FML- 00744, LNP- 00256; DNA code thes 3067; GenBank code PX 096913; MACN-Ar 29077 • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFC 1 DBD 015; DNA barcode SPIPA 346 - 10; MACN-Ar 29076 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFC 1 DCR 013; DNA barcode SPIPA 348 - 10; MIUP • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD 1 DAA 017; DNA barcode SPIPA 349 - 10; CRBA. Other material PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFC 1 DBH 007; DNA code thes 3212; GenBank code PX 096909; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU 1 NCR 044; DNA code thes 3210; GenBank code PX 096915; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD 1 NAD 013; DNA code thes 3249; GenBank code PX 096917; MACN-Ar 29082 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD 1 NCA 011; DNA barcode SPIPA 345 - 10; CRBA • 1 ♂, 5 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; MIUP • 2 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29083 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29080 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29078 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29081 • 1 ♂, 5 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; CRBA • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; same locality as for holotype; 21 – 22 Jun. 2008; L. Piacentini and F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5008C0BFD9EFC9EFEBFFDA1.taxon	description	Description Male (paratype MACN-Ar 29079) Total length 1.34. Prosoma: length 0.78, width 0.59, height 0.60. Sternum: length 0.33, width 0.34. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09, PME 0.08, AME – PME 0.08. Opisthosoma: length 0.96, width 0.83, height 0.70. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma white, cephalic area with soft olive-green speckled lines (Fig. 40 A – B). Dorsum of the ocular area white (Fig. 40 A – B). Sternum yellowish-white with olive-green borders (Fig. 40 C). Dorsum of opisthosoma white with two dark olive-green patches posteriorly (Fig. 40 A – B). Opisthosoma with two lateral transversal dark olive-green bands (Fig. 40 B). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, and behind anal tubercle dark olive-green, spinneret field olive-green (Fig. 40 C). Femora white but distally olive-green, patella greenish-brown, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi orange (Fig. 40 A – C). Palp: paracymbium hooked, paracymbial process with setae row, tegulum striated with tegular spur wide, rounded, median apophysis elongated with median groove, conductor covering embolic division, conductor posterior extension with small retrolateral projection, conductor apophysis relatively long, embolus laminated, multiple divided embolic apophysis, retrolateral branch filiform, sclerotized, elongated, protruding from beneath conductor (Fig. 40 D – F). Female (paratype MACN-Ar 29077) Total length 1.86. Prosoma: length 0.77, width 0.65, height 0.60. Sternum: length 0.36, width 0.36. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.08, PME 0.07, AME – PME 0.08. Opisthosoma: length 1.41, width 1.40, height 1.29. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration as in male but opisthosoma with dispersed silver guanine blotches anteriorly (Fig. 41 A – C). Epigynal plate whitish-orange (Fig. 41 B – C), domed, with dorsal-lateral spurs extending to the midline, dorsal epigynal plate exposed (Fig. 41 B – C). Vulva: convoluted copulatory ducts, proximal copulatory ducts with patch of gland ducts dorsally, distal copulatory ducts coiling dorso-ventrally and inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae round, sclerotized, and connate (i. e., fused along midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 41 D).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5008C0BFD9EFC9EFEBFFDA1.taxon	biology_ecology	Records and biology Records are limited to collections made at 1135 m a. s. l. in premontane rainforest from Reserva Forestal Fortuna (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected during the day by looking down and cryptic technique, and during the night by looking up and looking down.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5008C0BFD9EFC9EFEBFFDA1.taxon	discussion	Variation Some males examined have the dorsum of the opisthosoma with dispersed silver guanine blotches anteriorly.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5038C35FD95FA24FBCAFE47.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: E 46 AF 587 - D 9 A 6 - 46 A 3 - B 581 - 7 F 29 B 912 EE 55 Figs 1, 42 – 43	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5038C35FD95FA24FBCAFE47.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males and females of Tantra embera gen. et sp. nov. resemble those of Tantra naso gen. et sp. nov. and Tantra kuna gen. et sp. nov. by the wide guanine silver stripe centrally (i. e., above the second pair of opisthosomal apodemes), open posteriorly (Figs 42 A – B, 43 A – B, 44 A – B, 45 A – B, 46 A – B, 47 A – B), but T. embera and T. naso can be distinguished by the dispersed silver guanine blotches anteriorly (Figs 42 A – B, 43 A – B, 44 A – B, 45 A – B), whereas T. kuna have two thick silver guanine patches anteriorly, connected to the silver stripe (Figs 46 A – B, 47 A – B). Females of T. embera can be distinguished by the sternum yellowish-white with olive-green borders and olive-green thick patches anteriorly (Fig. 43 C), whereas T. naso have the borders thick (i. e., almost covering all the sternum) and dark olive-green (Fig. 45 C). Males of T. embera also resemble those of T. naso and T. kuna by the conductor extension lacking a retrolateral projection, and the conductor apophysis long, exceeding the conductor extension posteriorly (Figs 42 D – F, 44 D – F, 46 D – F), but T. embera and T. naso can be distinguished by the tegular pocket wide and rounded (Figs 42 E, 44 E), whereas T. kuna have it squared (Fig. 46 E). Males of T. embera can be distinguished by the conductor apophysis distally acute, sharpening gradually (Fig. 42 E – F), whereas T. naso have the apophysis sharpening abruptly (Fig. 44 D, F).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5038C35FD95FA24FBCAFE47.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific name is a noun in apposition to honor the Emberá native people of Panama, which derived from the union of two words, ‘ embe’ and ‘ ra’, that mean ‘ man’ and ‘ up’, respectively, in the Emberá language.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5038C35FD95FA24FBCAFE47.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype PANAMA – Panama Province • ♂; Parque Nacional Altos de Campana, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.683444 ° N, 79.929833 ° W; 895 m a. s. l.; 14 – 19 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SCC 1 DHL 012; MIUP. Paratypes PANAMA – Coclé Province • 1 ♂; Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera, El Cope, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.668083 ° N, 80.592583 ° W; 760 m a. s. l.; 4 – 9 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code STB 1 D 5 L 027; DNA barcode SPIPA 333 - 10; MACN-Ar 29207 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code STD 1 D 6 B 017; DNA barcode SPIPA 332 - 10; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code STU 1 N 4 R 024; DNA barcode SPIPA 334 - 10; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code STU 2 N 8 R 022; DNA code thes 6236; GenBank code PX 096901; CRBA • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code STD 1 N 4 R 020; DNA code thes 6235; GenBank code PX 096898; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code STD 1 N 6 R 022; DNA code thes 6234; GenBank code PX 096897; CRBA • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code STD 1 N 7 L 011; DNA code thes 6227; GenBank code PX 096900; CRBA • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code STD 1 N 7 R 030; DNA code thes 6232; GenBank code PX 096902; CRBA. – Panama Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCU 2 NDA 017; preparation codes FML- 00712, LNP- 00290; DNA code thes 6106; GenBank code PX 096893; MACN-Ar 29200 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCU 2 NHH 021; preparation codes FML- 00727, LNP- 00288; DNA code thes 6107; GenBank code PX 096899; MACN-Ar 29203 • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCC 2 NGR 018; DNA code thes 6233; GenBank code PX 096896; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCD 2 NFA 020; DNA barcode SPIPA 335 - 10; MACN-Ar 29201 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCD 1 DEL 018; DNA barcode SPIPA 336 - 10; CRBA. Other material PANAMA – Coclé Province • 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera, El Cope, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.668083 ° N, 80.592583 ° W; 760 m a. s. l.; 4 – 9 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; MCZ • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MIUP • 5 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar • 3 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; CRBA. – Panama Province • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCD 1 DFL 016; DNA code thes 6230; GenBank code PX 096894; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCC 1 NHA 009; DNA code thes 6231; GenBank code PX 096895; CRBA • 6 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MCZ • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MIUP • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar • 4 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; CRBA.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5038C35FD95FA24FBCAFE47.taxon	description	Description Male (paratype MACN-Ar 29200) Total length 1.18. Prosoma: length 0.67, width 0.54, height 0.56. Sternum: length 0.31, width 0.33. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.08, PME 0.06, AME – PME 0.08. Opisthosoma: length 0.80, width 0.72, height 0.55. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma yellowish-white laterally, dark olive-green centrally (Fig. 42 A – B). Dorsum of ocular area dark olive-green (Fig. 42 A – B). Sternum yellowish-white with dark olive-green borders and olive-green thick patches anteriorly (Fig. 42 C). Opisthosoma olive-green posteriorly, lighter anteriorly, with wide guanine silver stripe centrally, open posteriorly (Fig. 42 A – B). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, anterior lateral spinnerets field and behind anal tubercle dark olive-green; other spinnerets orange (Fig. 42 C). Legs I – II darker than III – IV, femora yellowish-white but I – II with proximal dark olive-green patch ventrally, patella yellow, tibiae and metatarsi orange but proximally and distally darker, and tarsi orange (Fig. 42 A – C). Palp: paracymbium hooked, paracymbial process with setae row, tegulum striated with tegular spur wide, rounded, median apophysis elongated with a median groove, conductor covering embolic division, conductor posterior extension lacking retrolateral projection, conductor apophysis relatively long, embolus laminated, multiple divided embolic apophysis, retrolateral branch filiform, sclerotized, elongated, protruding from beneath conductor (Fig. 42 D – F). Female (paratype MACN-Ar 29203) Total length 1.59. Prosoma: length 0.80, width 0.65, height 0.52. Sternum: length 0.37, width 0.37. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.08, PME 0.08, AME – PME 0.10. Opisthosoma: length 1.26, width 1.17, height 0.97. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration as in male but dorsum of opisthosoma with dispersed silver guanine blotches anteriorly (Fig. 43 A – C). Epigynal plate whitish-orange (Fig. 43 B – C). Epigynal plate: domed, dorsal-lateral spurs extending to midline, dorsal epigynal plate exposed (Fig. 43 B – C). Vulva: convoluted copulatory ducts, proximal copulatory ducts with patch of gland ducts dorsally, distal copulatory ducts coiling dorso-ventrally and inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae round, sclerotized, and connate (i. e., fused along the midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 43 C).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5038C35FD95FA24FBCAFE47.taxon	biology_ecology	Records and biology Records are limited to collections made at 760 m a. s. l. and 895 m a. s. l. in premontane rainforest from Parque Nacional Altos de Campana and Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera, respectively (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected during the day and night mostly by looking down, and less frequently also by beating, looking up and cryptic techniques.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5038C35FD95FA24FBCAFE47.taxon	discussion	Variation Some females examined have darker coloration than the described specimens, and some males have the dorsum of the opisthosoma with dispersed silver guanine blotches anteriorly.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B53F8C30FD86FB46FBEFF8C5.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: FC 52 FC 41 - 90 D 2 - 4 ED 9 - B 3 DB-CB 6814 C 4366 C Figs 1, 44 – 45	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B53F8C30FD86FB46FBEFF8C5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males and females of Tantra naso gen. et sp. nov. resemble those of Tantra embera gen. et sp. nov. and Tantra kuna gen. et sp. nov. by the wide guanine silver stripe centrally (i. e., above the second pair of opisthosomal apodemes), open posteriorly (Figs 42 A – B, 43 A – B, 44 A – B, 45 A – B, 46 A – B, 47 A – B), but T. naso and T. embera can be distinguished by dispersed silver guanine blotches anteriorly (Figs 42 A – B, 43 A – B, 44 A – B, 45 A – B), whereas T. kuna have two thick silver guanine patches anteriorly, connected to the silver stripe (Figs 46 A – B, 47 A – B). Females of T. naso can be distinguished by the sternum with thick, olive-green borders? (i. e., almost covering all the sternum) (Fig. 45 C), whereas T. embera have the sternum yellowish-white with olive-green thick patches anteriorly (Fig. 43 C). Males of T. naso also resemble those of T. embera and T. kuna by the conductor extension lacking a retrolateral projection, and the conductor apophysis long, exceeding the conductor extension posteriorly (Figs 42 D – F, 44 DF, 46 D – F), but T. naso and T. embera can be distinguished by the tegular pocket wide and rounded (Figs 42 E, 44 E), whereas T. kuna have it squared (Fig. 46 E). Males of T. naso can be distinguished by the conductor apophysis distally acute, sharpening abruptly (Fig. 44 D, F), whereas T. embera have the apophysis sharpening gradually (Fig. 42 E – F).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B53F8C30FD86FB46FBEFF8C5.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific name is a noun in apposition to honor the Naso native people of Panama, which derived from the union of two words, ‘ na’ and ‘ so’, that mean ‘ life or water’ and ‘ to be or to believe’, respectively, in the Naso Tjerdi language.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B53F8C30FD86FB46FBEFF8C5.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♂; Parque Internacional La Amistad, Cerro Picacho, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.890500 ° N, 82.618778 ° W; 2299 m a. s. l.; 12 – 17 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque, L. Piacentini and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SAU 1 NDH 032; DNA code thes 6179; GenBank code PX 096888; MIUP. Paratypes PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAD 1 NGP 019; preparation codes FML- 00941, FML- 00942; DNA barcode SPIPA 322 - 10; MACN-Ar 29246 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAB 1 DER 005; preparation code FML- 00939; DNA barcode SPIPA 326 - 10; MACN-Ar 29247 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAD 1 NGB 029; preparation code FML- 00728; DNA code thes 6225; GenBank code PX 096889; MACN-Ar 29248 • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAD 1 DHP 002; preparation code FML- 00729; DNA code thes 6226; GenBank code PX 096892; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAC 1 DGB 022; DNA barcode SPIPA 325 - 10; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU 2 NFA 018; DNA barcode SPIPA 323 - 10; MCZ. Other material PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAD 1 NCR 003; DNA barcode SPIPA 324 - 10; MACN-Ar 29307 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU 1 NDB 029; DNA code thes 6229; GenBank code PX 096891; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAB 1 DDL 017; DNA code thes 6228; GenBank code PX 096890; CRBA • 1 ♂, 10 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MCZ • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MIUP • 3 ♂♂, 13 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar • 1 ♂, 10 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; CRBA.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B53F8C30FD86FB46FBEFF8C5.taxon	description	Description Male (paratypes MACN-Ar 29246, CRBA SAD 1 DHP 002) Total length 1.22. Prosoma: length 0.71, width 0.61, height 0.56. Sternum: length 0.35, width 0.35. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09, PME 0.07, AME – PME 0.10. Opisthosoma: length 0.83, width 0.72, height 0.56. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma yellowish-white laterally, dark olive-green centrally (Fig. 44 A – B). Dorsum of ocular area dark olive-green (Fig. 44 A – B). Sternum yellowish-white with dark olive-green borders and olive-green thick patches anteriorly (Fig. 44 C). Opisthosoma olive-green posteriorly, lighter anteriorly, with wide guanine silver stripe centrally, open posteriorly, and dispersed silver guanine blotches anteriorly (Fig. 44 A – B). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, anterior lateral spinnerets field and behind anal tubercle dark olive-green; other spinnerets orange (Fig. 44 C). Legs I – II darker than III – IV, femora yellowish-white but I – II distally darker and II with proximal dark olive-green patch ventrally, patella yellow, tibiae and metatarsi orange but proximally and distally darker, and tarsi orange (Fig. 44 A – C). Palp: paracymbium hooked, paracymbial process with setae row, tegulum striated with tegular spur wide, rounded, median apophysis elongated with median groove, conductor covering embolic division, conductor posterior extension lacking retrolateral projection, conductor apophysis relatively long, embolus laminated, multiple divided embolic apophysis, retrolateral branch filiform, sclerotized, elongated, protruding from beneath the conductor (Fig. 44 D – F). Female (paratype MACN-Ar 29247) Total length 1.79. Prosoma: length 0.73, width 0.66, height 0.60. Sternum: length 0.37, width 0.38. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.08, PME 0.07, AME – PME 0.10. Opisthosoma: length 1.47, width 1.42, height 1.15. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration darker than males (Fig. 45 A – C). Epigynal plate olive-green (Fig. 45 B – C). Epigynal plate: domed, dorsal-lateral spurs extending to midline, dorsal epigynal plate exposed (Fig. 45 B – C). Vulva: convoluted copulatory ducts, proximal copulatory ducts with patch of gland ducts dorsally, distal copulatory ducts coiling dorso-ventrally and inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae round, sclerotized, and connate (i. e., fused along midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet the uterus externus (Fig. 45 D).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B53F8C30FD86FB46FBEFF8C5.taxon	biology_ecology	Records and biology Records are limited to collections made at 2299 m a. s. l. in lower montane rainforest from Parque Internacional La Amistad (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly during the night by looking down and looking up, and less frequently also by beating and cryptic techniques.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B53F8C30FD86FB46FBEFF8C5.taxon	discussion	Variation Some females examined have a lighter coloration than the described specimens.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B53B8C3CFD83FEDCFBD9F90F.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: B 978 B 050 - 5 D 60 - 4564 - B 6 E 0 - 56 F 84 C 03 AAF 8 Figs 1, 46 – 47	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B53B8C3CFD83FEDCFBD9F90F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males and females of Tantra kuna gen. et sp. nov. resemble those of Tantra embera gen. et sp. nov. and Tantra naso gen. et sp. nov. by the wide guanine silver stripe centrally (i. e., above the second pair of opisthosomal apodemes), open posteriorly (Figs 42 A – B, 43 A – B, 44 A – B, 45 A – B, 46 A – B, 47 A – B), but T. kuna can be distinguished by the two thick silver guanine patches anteriorly, connected to the silver stripe (Figs 46 A – B, 47 A – B), whereas T. embera and T. naso have dispersed silver guanine blotches anteriorly, not forming discrete patches (Figs 42 A – B, 43 A – B, 44 A – B, 45 A – B). Males of T. kuna also resemble those of T. embera and T. naso and by the tegular pocket wide and rounded, the conductor extension lacking a retrolateral projection, and the conductor apophysis long, exceeding the conductor extension posteriorly (Figs 42 D – F, 44 D – F, 46 D – F), but T. kuna can be distinguished by the tegular pocket squared (Fig. 46 E), whereas T. embera and T. naso have it wide and rounded (Figs 42 E, 44 E).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B53B8C3CFD83FEDCFBD9F90F.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific name is a noun in apposition to honor the Kuna native people of Panama, which derived from ‘ dule’ or ‘ tule’ that means ‘ person’ in the Kuna language.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B53B8C3CFD83FEDCFBD9F90F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♂; Reserva Forestal Fortuna, Quebrada Honda, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.750083 ° N, 82.239083 ° W; 1135 m a. s. l.; 7 – 12 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SFD 1 NAH 037; DNA barcode SPIPA 121 - 10; MIUP. Paratypes PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFC 2 DCD 016; preparation codes FML- 00711, LNP- 00257; DNA code thes 5122; GenBank code PX 096904; MACNAr 29075 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFC 1 DBD 011; preparation codes FML- 00742, LNP- 00265; DNA code thes 5066; GenBank code PX 096903; MACN-Ar 29073 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD 1 NBH 019; preparation code FML- 00894; DNA barcode SPIPA 339 - 10; MIUP • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD 1 NBH 034; preparation code FML- 00965; DNA barcode SPIPA 122 - 10; MACN-Ar 29074. Other material PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD 1 D 8 H 025; DNA barcode SPIPA 337 - 10; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD 1 DAL 020; DNA code thes 5262; GenBank code PX 096907; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD 1 NAH 022; DNA barcode SPIPA 338 - 10; MACN-Ar 29072 • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU 2 NAA 014; DNA code thes 5261; GenBank code PX 096906; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU 2 NAH 042; DNA code thes 5260; GenBank code PX 096905; CRBA.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B53B8C3CFD83FEDCFBD9F90F.taxon	description	Description Male (paratype MACN-Ar 29075) Total length 1.03. Prosoma: length 0.65, width 0.48, height 0.50. Sternum: length 0.32, width 0.35. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09, PME 0.07, AME – PME 0.07. Opisthosoma: length 0.71, width 0.59, height 0.48. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma white, cephalic area with olive-green speckled lines (Fig. 46 A – B). Dorsum of ocular area dark olive-green (Fig. 46 A – B). Sternum yellow (Fig. 46 C). Opisthosoma color overall dark olive-green, with wide guanine silver stripe centrally, open posteriorly, connected to two thick silver guanine patches anteriorly (Fig. 46 A – B). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, spinneret field and behind anal tubercle dark olive-green (Fig. 46 C). Femora white but olive-green distally, patella olive-green, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi orange (Fig. 46 A – C). Palp: paracymbium hooked, paracymbial process with setae row, tegulum striated with tegular spur elongated, acute, median apophysis elongated with median groove, conductor covering embolic division, conductor posterior extension lacking retrolateral projection, conductor apophysis relatively long, embolus laminated, multiple divided embolic apophysis, retrolateral branch filiform, sclerotized, elongated, protruding from beneath conductor (Fig. 46 D – F). Female (paratypes MACN-Ar 29074, MACN-Ar 29073, MIUP SFD 1 NBH 019) Total length 1.62. Prosoma: length 0.71, width 0.59, height 0.55. Sternum: length 0.33, width 0.35. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09, PME 0.07, AME – PME 0.08. Opisthosoma: length 1.23, width 1.14, height 0.92. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration as in male but cephalic area of the prosoma olive-green and sternum white with olive-green borders (Fig. 47 A – C). Epigynal plate whitish-orange (Fig. 47 C). Epigynal plate: domed, dorsal-lateral spurs extending to midline, dorsal epigynal plate exposed (Fig. 47 C). Vulva: convoluted copulatory ducts, proximal copulatory ducts with patch of gland ducts dorsally, distal copulatory ducts coiling dorso-ventrally and inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae round, sclerotized, and connate (i. e., fused along the midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 47 D).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B53B8C3CFD83FEDCFBD9F90F.taxon	biology_ecology	Records and biology Records are limited to collections made at 1135 m a. s. l. in premontane rainforest from Reserva Forestal Fortuna (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected during the day and night mostly by looking down, and less frequently also by looking up and cryptic techniques.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B53B8C3CFD83FEDCFBD9F90F.taxon	discussion	Variation Some females examined have darker coloration than the described specimens.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5368C3DFD9EFC8EFDC7F872.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 943 B 599 C- 7045 - 4 D 4 C-B 61 F-F 94 A 2184221 F Figs 1, 48	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5368C3DFD9EFC8EFDC7F872.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Females of Tantra sichid gen. et sp. nov. can be distinguished from those of other species of Tantra by the opisthosoma coloration overall dark olive-green, posteriorly lighter, with two round silver guanine patches ventrally (Fig. 48 A – C).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5368C3DFD9EFC8EFDC7F872.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific name is derived from ‘ sichid’ which means ‘ black’ in the Kuna language, currently spoken by the Kuna native people of Panama, and refers to the overall dark coloration of this species.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5368C3DFD9EFC8EFDC7F872.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♀; Parque Internacional La Amistad, Sendero Retoño; 8.893833 ° N, 82.615083 ° W; 2240 m a. s. l.; 10 – 11 Jun. 2008; F. Labarque and M. Ramirez leg.; non-quantitative sample; voucher code SANQB 8 L 020; preparation code FML- 00960, FML- 00961; MIUP.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5368C3DFD9EFC8EFDC7F872.taxon	description	Description Female (holotype MIUP SANQB 8 L 020) Total length 2.33. Prosoma: length 0.98, width 0.69, height 0.71. Sternum: length 0.37, width 0.41. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07, PME 0.07, AME – PME 0.08. Opisthosoma: length 1.62, width 1.58, height 1.44. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma yellowish-white laterally, dark centrally, covering almost all of thoracic area (Fig. 48 A – B). Dorsum of ocular area dark (Fig. 48 A – B). Sternum olive-green with dark borders (Fig. 48 C). Opisthosoma dark gray anteriorly, lighter posteriorly, with two round silver guanine patches ventrally (Fig. 48 A – C). Epigynal plate, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, and behind anal tubercle dark gray; spinneret field olive-green (Fig. 48 B – C). Femora olive-green but distally darker, patella yellowish-orange, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi orange (Fig. 48 A – C). Epigynal plate: domed, dorsal-lateral spurs extending to midline, dorsal epigynal plate exposed (Fig. 48 B – C). Vulva: convoluted copulatory ducts, proximal copulatory ducts with patch of gland ducts dorsally, distal copulatory ducts coiling dorso-ventrally and inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae round, sclerotized, and connate (i. e., fused along the midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet the uterus externus (Fig. 48 D). Male Unknown.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5368C3DFD9EFC8EFDC7F872.taxon	biology_ecology	Records and biology Records are limited to collections made at 2240 m a. s. l. in the lower montane rainforest of Parque Internacional La Amistad (Fig. 1).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5308C3AFD9DFEDDFE0FFE1D.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Baalzebub baubo Coddington, 1986: 72.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5308C3AFD9DFEDDFE0FFE1D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males of Baalzebub can be distinguished from those of other theridiosomatid genera by the massive retrolateral tegulum (i. e., almost half the size of the bulb) extending posteriorly (Figs 49 E, 51 E, 53 E, 55 E, 58 E; see also Coddington 1986) (in contrast with extending retrolateraly in Epeirotypinae, and no massive tegulum in most genera), and a deep trough (i. e., cleft) in the median apophysis (absent in other genera), forming a posterior serrated border and an anterior acute border (Figs 49 E, 51 E, 53 E, 55 E, 58 E; see also Coddington 1986). Females of Baalzebub can be distinguished from those of other genera by the backward-pointed triangular epigynal plate (i. e., not a scape) with a deep central pit (Figs 50 D, 52 D, 54 D, 56 D, 57 D; see also Coddington 1986) (absent in other genera), and the distally connated spermathecae (Figs 50 D, 52 D, 54 D, 56 D, 57 D; see also Coddington 1986) (in contrast with separated or fully connated spermathecae in other genera).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5308C3AFD9DFEDDFE0FFE1D.taxon	description	Description Males and females of Baalzebub may have the first tibiae curved (i. e., sinuated) and prolateral rows of strong macrosetae on the first metatarsi (Figs 50 B, 52 B, 55 C). Females of Baalzebub have irregular membranous copulatory ducts that insert ventromedially posteriorly into the spermathecae (Figs 50 D, 52 D, 54 D, 56 D, 57 D). For genus description and further details, see Coddington (1986) and Labarque & Griswold (2014).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5308C3BFD98FB99FA91FCDE.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: F 96 D 4 B 68 - 591 E- 4 C 1 E-B 4 F 1 - D 9131 A 74804 C Figs 1, 49 – 50	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5308C3BFD98FB99FA91FCDE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males and females of Baalzebub innatuledi sp. nov. also resemble those of Baalzebub sukia sp. nov. by the overall dark coloration (Figs 49 A – C, 50 A – C, 51 A – C, 52 A – C), but B. innatuledi can be distinguished by three pairs of round guanine silver patches centrally on the dorsum of the opisthosoma (Figs 49 A – C, 50 A – C), whereas B. sukia have one pair (i. e., above the second pair of opisthosomal apodemes) (Figs 51 A – C, 52 A – C). Females of B. innatuledi resemble those of B. sukia by the subtriangular spermathecae (i. e., forming a square angle laterally), connated distally, forming a straight line anteriorly (Figs 50 D, 52 D), but B. innatuledi can be distinguished by the backward-pointed triangular epigynal plate posteriorly wide (Fig. 50 C – D), whereas B. sukia have it acuter (Fig. 52 C – D).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5308C3BFD98FB99FA91FCDE.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific name is derived from ‘ innatuledi’ which indicates the person specialized in the study of plants and rocks in the Kuna language, currently spoken by the Kuna native people of Panama.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5308C3BFD98FB99FA91FCDE.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♂; Parque Internacional La Amistad, Cerro Picacho, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.890500 ° N, 82.618778 ° W; 2299 m a. s. l.; 12 – 17 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque, L. Piacentini and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SAD 1 NGB 023; DNA code baaba 258; GenBank code PX 096881; MIUP. Paratypes PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAD 1 NGA 015; preparation codes FML- 00718, LNP- 00541; DNA code baaba 104; GenBank code PX 096878; MACNAr 28998 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAC 1 NDA 004; preparation code FML- 00738; DNA code baaba 257; GenBank code PX 096880; MACN-Ar 28997 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAD 1 NFL 017; preparation code FML- 00898; MCZ. Other material PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAD 1 NHL 025; DNA code baaba 256; GenBank code PX 096879; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAC 1 DER 002; DNA barcode SPIPA 422 - 10; MIUP • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAC 2 NDB 010; DNA barcode SPIPA 423 - 10; CRBA • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype CRBA.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5308C3BFD98FB99FA91FCDE.taxon	description	Description Male (paratype MACN-Ar 28998) Total length 1.25. Prosoma: length 0.68, width 0.61, height 0.55. Sternum: length 0.33, width 0.35. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09, PME 0.07, AME – PME 0.07. Opisthosoma: length 0.90, width 0.81, height 0.67. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma dark (Fig. 49 A – B). Dorsum of the ocular area dark (Fig. 49 A – B). Sternum dark olive-green (Fig. 49 C). Opisthosoma color overall dark gray, with three dorsal pairs of round guanine silver patches laterally, first pair above the second pair of opisthosomal apodemes, second pair smaller (Fig. 49 A – B). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, and behind the anal tubercle dark gray; anterior lateral spinnerets field olive-green, other spinnerets orange (Fig. 49 C). Femora and patella greenish-yellow with olive-green speckles, tibiae orange but distally olive-green, metatarsi and tarsi orange (Fig. 49 A – C). Palp: paracymbium hooked, paracymbial process with setae row, median apophysis with a deep trough, conductor covering the embolic division, embolus laminated, multiple divided embolic apophysis (Fig. 49 D – F). Female (paratype MACN-Ar 28997) Total length 1.33. Prosoma: length 0.60, width 0.53, height 0.49. Sternum: length 0.31, width 0.32. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.08, PME 0.07, AME – PME 0.08. Opisthosoma: length 0.89, width 0.80, height 0.77. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration as in male, but sternum with dark borders (Fig. 50 A – C). Epigynal plate whitish-orange (Fig. 50 B – C), triangular, backward-pointed, central pit deep (Fig. 50 C – D). Vulva: copulatory ducts irregular and membranous, inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae, subtriangular spermathecae, sclerotized, and connated distally, forming straight line anteriorly, fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 50 D).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5308C3BFD98FB99FA91FCDE.taxon	biology_ecology	Records and biology Records are limited to collections made at 2299 m a. s. l. in lower montane rainforest from Parque Internacional La Amistad (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly during the night by looking down, and less frequently females were also collected at daytime by cryptic technique.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5338C26FD75F9C6FADFFDCB.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: A 30 E 74 E 7 - A 9 B 7 - 4 F 33 - B 7 B 2 - 30 AD 228 CCBE 6 Figs 1, 51 – 52	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5338C26FD75F9C6FADFFDCB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males and females of Baalzebub sukia sp. nov. also resemble those of Baalzebub innatuledi sp. nov. by the overall dark coloration (Figs 49 A – C, 50 A – C, 51 A – C, 52 A – C), but B. sukia can be distinguished by one pair of round guanine silver patches centrally on the dorsum of the opisthosoma (i. e., above the second pair of opisthosomal apodemes) (Figs 51 A – B, 52 A – B), whereas B. innatuledi have three pairs (Figs 49 A – B, 50 A – B). Females of B. sukia resemble those of B. innatuledi by the subtriangular spermathecae (i. e., forming a square angle laterally), connated distally, forming a straight line anteriorly (Figs 50 D, 52 D), but B. sukia can be distinguished by the backward-pointed triangular epigynal plate posteriorly acute (Fig. 52 C – D), whereas B. innatuledi have it wider (Fig. 50 C – D).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5338C26FD75F9C6FADFFDCB.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific name is derived from the word ‘ sukia’ which means ‘ shaman’ in the Naso, Ngäbe and Buglé languages.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5338C26FD75F9C6FADFFDCB.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♂; Parque Internacional La Amistad, Cerro Picacho, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.890500 ° N, 82.618778 ° W; 2299 m a. s. l.; 12 – 17 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque, L. Piacentini and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SAD 1 NHL 020; DNA barcode SPIPA 421 - 10; MIUP. Paratypes PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU 1 NCH 032; preparation codes FML- 00839, FML- 00899; DNA barcode SPIPA 425 - 10; MACN-Ar 29071 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAC 1 DGH 006; preparation code FML- 00900; MACN-Ar 29070 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAC 1 DFB 011; preparation code FML- 00736; DNA code baaba 254; GenBank code PX 096882; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU 1 NGH 020; DNA barcode SPIPA 424 - 10; MCZ. Other material PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; MCZ • 2 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; CRBA.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5338C26FD75F9C6FADFFDCB.taxon	description	Description Male (paratypes MACN-Ar 29071, MCZ SAC 1 DFB 011) Total length 1.53. Prosoma: length 0.86, width 0.72, height 0.72. Sternum: length 0.40, width 0.43. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07, PME 0.07, AME – PME 0.08. Opisthosoma: length 1.20, width 0.99, height 0.89. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma dark (Fig. 51 A – B). Dorsum of the ocular area dark (Fig. 51 A – B). Sternum dark olive-green (Fig. 51 C). Opisthosoma color overall dark gray with three dorsal whitish-gray patches centrally, and second patch with one pair of round guanine silver patches laterally (Fig. 51 A – B). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, spinneret field and behind anal tubercle dark gray (Fig. 51 C). Femora greenish-yellow but distally olive-green, patella olive-green, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi brownish-orange (Fig. 51 A – C). Palp: paracymbium hooked, paracymbial process with setae row, median apophysis with deep trough, conductor covering embolic division, embolus laminated, multiple divided embolic apophysis (Fig. 51 D – F). Female (paratype MACN-Ar 29070) Total length 1.98. Prosoma: length 0.77, width 0.64, height 0.54. Sternum: length 0.35, width 0.37. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07, PME 0.07, AME – PME 0.06. Opisthosoma: length 1.49, width 1.29, height 1.39. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration as in male (Fig. 52 A – C). Epigynal plate: triangular, backward-pointed, central pit deep (Fig. 52 C – D). Vulva: copulatory ducts irregular and membranous, inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae, subtriangular spermathecae, sclerotized, and connated distally, forming straight line anteriorly, fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 52 D).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5338C26FD75F9C6FADFFDCB.taxon	biology_ecology	Records and biology Records are limited to collections made at 2299 m a. s. l. in lower montane rainforest from Parque Internacional La Amistad (Fig. 1). Females have been collected mostly during the day by looking down and cryptic techniques; males have been collected during the night by looking down and looking up.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B52E8C23FD88FA21FAE0F8C4.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 6 ED 8 C 145 - 687 E- 4976 - 9 BD 7 - F 21397 F 63188 Figs 1, 53 – 54	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B52E8C23FD88FA21FAE0F8C4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males and females of Baalzebub jaibana sp. nov. resemble the males of Baalzebub antomia sp. nov. by the overall light coloration (Figs 53 A – C, 54 A – C, 55 A – C), but B. jaibana can be distinguished by one dorsal pair of round guanine silver patches centrally on the opisthosoma (Figs 53 A – B, 54 A – B), whereas B. antomia have it smooth (i. e., no pattern) (Fig. 55 A – B). Males of B. jaibana can be distinguished by the retrolateral massive tegulum smooth (i. e., no spicules) and the base of the posterior serrated border of the median apophysis longer than wide (Fig. 53 D – E), whereas B. antomia have several rows of spicules on the tegulum (i. e., see arrows in figure) and a wider than long posterior border of the median apophysis (Fig. 55 D – E). Despite the overall coloration, females of B. jaibana resemble those of Baalzebub absoguedi sp. nov. by the suboval spermathecae (i. e., rounded laterally), connated distally, forming a curved line anteriorly, and by the backward-pointed triangular epigynal plate anteriorly wide (i. e., wider than the sclerotized vulva) (Figs 54 D, 56 D). Females of B. jaibana can be distinguished by backward-pointed plate not projecting posteriorly (i. e., not exceeding the triangular shape) (Fig. 54 D), whereas B. absoguedi have it projected (i. e., exceeding the triangular shape) (Fig. 56 D).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B52E8C23FD88FA21FAE0F8C4.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific name is derived from ‘ jaibana’ which means ‘ shaman’, the one that contacts the spirits in the Emberá language, currently spoken by the Emberá native people of Panama.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B52E8C23FD88FA21FAE0F8C4.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype PANAMA – Panama Province • ♂; Parque Nacional Altos de Campana, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.683444 ° N, 79.929833 ° W; 895 m a. s. l.; 14 – 19 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SCD 2 NGL 023; DNA barcode SPIPA 417 - 10; MIUP. Paratypes PANAMA – Panama Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCU 1 NEH 011; preparation codes FML- 00716, LNP- 00287; DNA code baas 1108; GenBank code PX 096987; MACNAr 29059 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCD 2 NGL 022; preparation code FML- 00737; DNA code baaba 253; GenBank code PX 096986; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCU 1 NHR 026; preparation code LNP- 00284; DNA code baas 1116; GenBank code PX 096988; MACNAr 29061. Other material PANAMA – Panama Province • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCU 1 DHL 016; DNA barcode SPIPA 419 - 10; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCD 1 DFR 022; DNA barcode SPIPA 420 - 10; MACN-Ar 29060 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCD 1 DHR 006; DNA barcode SPIPA 416 - 10; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCD 1 DFR 025; DNA barcode SPIPA 418 - 10; CRBA.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B52E8C23FD88FA21FAE0F8C4.taxon	description	Description Male (paratype MACN-Ar 29059) Total length 1.26. Prosoma: length 0.62, width 0.50, height 0.48. Sternum: length 0.28, width 0.29. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.06, PME 0.05, AME – PME 0.07. Opisthosoma: length 0.84, width 0.81, height 0.74. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma white, thoracic area with olive-green speckled lines (Fig. 53 A – B). Dorsum of ocular area olive-green (Fig. 53 A – B). Sternum light yellow, olive-green speckled anteriorly (Fig. 53 C). Dorsum of opisthosoma olive-green, with one dorsal whitish-gray patch centrally (i. e., above first pair of opisthosomal apodemes), and one dorsal pair of round guanine silver patches centrally (i. e., above third pair of opisthosomal apodemes) (Fig. 53 A – B). Epiandrium and booklung cover olive-green, tracheal spiracle, spinneret field, and behind anal tubercle light olive-green (Fig. 53 C). Legs I – II darker than III – IV, femora white but distally olive-green, patella olive-green, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi yellow (Fig. 53 A – C). Palp: paracymbium hooked, paracymbial process with setae row, median apophysis with deep trough, conductor covering the embolic division, embolus laminated, multiple divided embolic apophysis (Fig. 53 D – F). Female (paratypes MCZ SCD 2 NGL 022, MACN-Ar 29061) Total length 1.12. Prosoma: length 0.53, width 0.50, height 0.42. Sternum: length 0.28, width 0.30. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07, PME 0.05, AME – PME 0.05. Opisthosoma: length 0.90, width 0.78, height 0.68. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration as in male, but opisthosoma olive-green ventrally (Fig. 54 A – C). Epigynal plate whitish-orange (Fig. 54 C), triangular, wide proximally, backward-pointed, central pit deep (Fig. 54 C – D). Vulva: copulatory ducts irregular and membranous, inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae, suboval spermathecae, sclerotized, and connated distally, forming a curved line anteriorly, fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet the uterus externus (Fig. 54 D).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B52E8C23FD88FA21FAE0F8C4.taxon	biology_ecology	Records and biology Records are limited to collections made at 760 m a. s. l. in premontane rainforest at Parque Nacional Altos de Campana (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected during the day and night by looking down and cryptic techniques.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B52E8C23FD88FA21FAE0F8C4.taxon	discussion	Variation Some females have the thoracic area of the prosoma fully covered by an olive-green speckled pattern.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B52A8C20FD84FEDDFC97FD32.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 79 F 3 BC 9 B-B 2 DF- 4 DDE- 854 E- 68 F 88 DDD 11 EB Figs 1, 55	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B52A8C20FD84FEDDFC97FD32.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males of Baalzebub antomia sp. nov. resemble those of Baalzebub jaibana sp. nov. by the overall light coloration (Figs 53 A – C, 54 A – C, 55 A – C), but B. antomia can be distinguished by the opisthosoma smooth (i. e., no pattern) (Fig. 55 A – B), whereas B. jaibana have one dorsal pair of round guanine silver patches centrally on it (Fig. 53 A – B). Males of B. antomia can be distinguished by the retrolateral massive tegulum with several rows of spicules (i. e., see arrows in figure) and the base of the posterior serrated border of the median apophysis wider than long (Fig. 55 D – E), whereas B. jaibana have the tegulum smooth (i. e., no spicules) and a longer than wide posterior border of the median apophysis (Fig. 53 D – E).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B52A8C20FD84FEDDFC97FD32.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific name is a noun in apposition to honor Antomia, a mythological being of the folklore of the Emberá native people of Panama, which lives underwater and is responsible for causing people to shudder. Antomia is also known as ‘ Madre del agua’ (Mother of the water).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B52A8C20FD84FEDDFC97FD32.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype PANAMA – Coclé Province • ♂; Parque Nacional G. D. Omar Torrijos Herrera, El Cope, Sendero Las Ranas; 8.668139 ° N, 80.592667 ° W; 790 m a. s. l.; 3 Jun. 2008; F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; voucher code STNQ 38 L 013; preparation codes FML- 00974, FML- 00975; MIUP.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B52A8C20FD84FEDDFC97FD32.taxon	description	Description Male (holotype MIUP STNQ 38 L 013) Total length 1.06. Prosoma: length 0.55, width 0.50, height 0.50. Sternum: length 0.27, width 0.30. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07, PME 0.06, AME – PME 0.06. Opisthosoma: length 0.79, width 0.63, height 0.61. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma white (Fig. 55 A – B). Dorsum of the ocular area white (Fig. 55 A – B). Sternum light olive-green (Fig. 55 C). Opisthosoma color overall light olive-green, smooth (i. e., no pattern) (Fig. 55 A – C). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, spinneret field, and behind the anal tubercle light olive-green (Fig. 55 C). Femora and patella white, tibiae greenish-yellow, metatarsi and tarsi brownish-orange; metatarsus I with strong prolateral macrosetae (Fig. 55 A – C). Palp: paracymbium hooked, paracymbial process with setae row, median apophysis with a deep trough, conductor covering the embolic division, embolus laminated, multiple divided embolic apophysis (Fig. 55 D – F). Female Unknown.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B52A8C20FD84FEDDFC97FD32.taxon	biology_ecology	Records and biology Record is limited to collections made at 895 m a. s. l. in the premontane rainforest at Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera (Fig. 1).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5248C2EFD99FEDDFC18FD7D.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 2 BE 5 DE 98 - 634 F- 4869 - 849 B-CA 3 EC 4 CE 1 BAD Figs 1, 56	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5248C2EFD99FEDDFC18FD7D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Females of Baalzebub absoguedi sp. nov. resemble those of Baalzebub jaibana sp. nov. by the suboval spermathecae (i. e., rounded laterally), connated distally, forming a curved line anteriorly, and by the backward-pointed triangular epigynal plate anteriorly wide (i. e., wider than the sclerotized vulva) (Figs 54 D, 56 D). Females of B. absoguedi can be distinguished by the backward-pointed plate projecting posteriorly (i. e., exceeding the triangular shape) (Fig. 56 D) and the overall dark coloration (Fig. 56 A – C), whereas B. jaibana. have the plate not projecting posteriorly (i. e., not exceeding the triangular shape) (Fig. 54 D) and an overall light coloration (Fig. 54 A – C).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5248C2EFD99FEDDFC18FD7D.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific name is derived from ‘ absoguedi’ which indicates the person specialized in the chants that chases away the bad spirits in the Kuna language, currently spoken by the Kuna native people of Panama.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5248C2EFD99FEDDFC18FD7D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype PANAMA – Coclé Province • ♀; Parque Nacional G. D. Omar Torrijos Herrera, El Cope, Sendero Las Ranas; 8.668139 ° N, 80.592667 ° W; 790 m a. s. l.; 3 Jun. 2008; F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; voucher code STNQ 38 L 016; preparation codes FML- 00972, FML- 00973; MIUP.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5248C2EFD99FEDDFC18FD7D.taxon	description	Description Female (holotype MIUP STNQ 38 L 016) Total length 1.40. Prosoma: length 0.70, width 0.60, height 0.56. Sternum: length 0.35, width 0.34. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.08, PME 0.07, AME – PME 0.07. Opisthosoma: length 1.09, width 0.9, height 0.85. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma dark (Fig. 56 A). Dorsum of ocular area dark (Fig. 56 A). Sternum yellowish-orange with dark olive-green borders (Fig. 56 C). Opisthosoma color overall dark gray, anteriorly lighter, with three dorsal pairs of round guanine silver patches laterally, first pair above second pair of opisthosomal apodemes, second pair smaller (Fig. 56 A – B). Booklungs cover white, tracheal spiracle, and behind anal tubercle dark gray, spinneret field orange with one pair of round guanine silver patches laterally (Fig. 56 C). Femora yellowish-white but distally olive-green, patella olive-green, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi orange (Fig. 56 A – C). Epigynal plate brownish-orange (Fig. 56 C), triangular, wide proximally, backward-pointed, central pit deep (Fig. 56 C – D). Vulva: copulatory ducts irregular and membranous, inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae, suboval spermathecae, sclerotized, and connated distally, forming curved line anteriorly, fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 56 D). Male Unknown.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5248C2EFD99FEDDFC18FD7D.taxon	biology_ecology	Records and biology The single record is limited to a collection made at 895 m a. s. l. in premontane rainforest from Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera (Fig. 1).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5258C2DFD7CF9D6FC44FEDA.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 3 C 1 E 0 BD 7 - 8300 - 4 C 0 E-BA 78 - 2 B 0 CC 4 C 40626 Figs 1, 57	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5258C2DFD7CF9D6FC44FEDA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Females of Baalzebub nele sp. nov. resemble those of Baalzebub baubo Coddington, 1986 by the suboval spermathecae (i. e., rounded laterally), distally connated, forming a curved line anteriorly, and by the backward-pointed triangular epigynal plate anteriorly narrow (i. e., as wide as the sclerotized vulva) (Fig. 57 D; Coddington 1986: fig. 184). Females of B. nele can be distinguished from those of B. baubo by the opisthosoma dark laterally and the spinneret field with one pair of round guanine silver patches laterally (Fig. 57 B – C), whereas B. baubo have light patches laterally on the opisthosoma and no silver patches next to the spinnerets (Coddington 1986: fig. 180).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5258C2DFD7CF9D6FC44FEDA.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific name is derived from ‘ nele’ which indicates the person that has visions, dreams and revelations to diagnose diseases in the Kuna language, currently spoken by the Kuna native people of Panama.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5258C2DFD7CF9D6FC44FEDA.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♀; Reserva Forestal Fortuna, Quebrada Honda, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.750083 ° N, 82.239083 ° W; 1135 m a. s. l.; 7 – 12 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SFD 1 D 8 R 013; preparation codes FML- 00735, LNP- 00261; DNA code baaba 060; GenBank code PX 096875; MIUP. Paratypes PANAMA – Panama Province • 1 ♀; Parque Nacional Altos de Campana, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.683444 ° N, 79.929833 ° W; 895 m a. s. l.; 14 – 19 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SCD 1 DEL 017; DNA code baaba 255; GenBank code PX 096877; MACN-Ar 29062 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SCD 1 DFR 013; DNA code baaba 252; GenBank code PX 096876; MACN-Ar 29063.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5258C2DFD7CF9D6FC44FEDA.taxon	description	Description Female (holotype MIUP SFD 1 D 8 R 013) Total length 2.16. Prosoma: length 0.89, width 0.87, height 0.61. Sternum: length 0.47, width 0.50. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.12, PME 0.09, AME – PME 0.08. Opisthosoma: length 1.32, width 1.39, height 1.04. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma dark (Fig. 57 A – B). Dorsum of ocular area dark (Fig. 57 A – B). Sternum dark olive-green with dark borders (Fig. 57 C). Opisthosoma color overall dark gray, with four dorsal pairs of round guanine silver patches laterally, first and second pairs above first pair of opisthosomal apodemes, fourth pair touching anteriorly (Fig. 57 A – B). Epigynal plate and booklung cover whitish-orange, tracheal spiracle, and behind anal tubercle dark gray; anterior lateral spinnerets field olive-green, other spinnerets orange (Fig. 57 C). Femora and patella greenish-yellow with olive-green speckles distally, tibiae orange but distally olive-green, metatarsi and tarsi orange (Fig. 57 A – C). Epigynal plate: triangular, narrow proximally, backward-pointed, central pit deep (Fig. 57 C – D). Vulva: copulatory ducts irregular and membranous, inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae, suboval spermathecae, sclerotized, and connated distally, forming curved line anteriorly, fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 57 D). Male Unknown.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5258C2DFD7CF9D6FC44FEDA.taxon	biology_ecology	Records and biology Records are limited to collections made at 760 m a. s. l. and 1135 m a. s. l. in premontane rainforest at Parque Nacional Altos de Campana and Reserva Forestal Fortuna, respectively (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected during the day by looking down and cryptic techniques.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5258C2DFD7CF9D6FC44FEDA.taxon	discussion	Variation Some females have darker coloration than the described specimen.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5278C2BFDFCFAD3FAFEFF46.taxon	description	Figs 1, 58	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5278C2BFDFCFAD3FAFEFF46.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males and females of B. albonotatus can be distinguished from the other congeneric species by the longitudinal guanine blotches silver band centrally on the dorsum of the opisthosoma (Fig. 58 A – C; Petrunkevitch 1930: fig. 178) (absent in other cogeneric species).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5278C2BFDFCFAD3FAFEFF46.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; Reserva Forestal Fortuna, Sendero Zamudio; 8.732861 ° N, 82.284667 ° W; 1360 m a. s. l.; 20 Jun. 2008; L. Piacentini and F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; voucher code SFNQK 8 L 001; preparation codes FML- 00835, FML- 00836; DNA barcode SPIPA 232 - 10; MACN-Ar.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5278C2BFDFCFAD3FAFEFF46.taxon	description	Description Male (MACN-Ar SFNQK 8 L 001) Total length 1.11. Prosoma: length 0.51, width 0.45, height 0.48. Sternum: length 0.27, width 0.31. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.06, PME 0.05, AME – PME 0.05. Opisthosoma: length 0.64, width 0.69, height 0.77. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma yellow, thoracic area olive-green centrally (Fig. 58 A – B). Dorsum of ocular area dark (Fig. 58 A – B). Sternum yellowish-orange (Fig. 58 C). Opisthosoma color overall olive-green, with dorsal longitudinal guanine blotches silver band centrally (Fig. 58 A – C). Epiandrium, tracheal spiracle, and spinneret field dark olive-green, and booklung cover whitish-gray (Fig. 58 C). Femora yellowish-white but distally olive-green, patella olive-green, tibiae and metatarsi orange, and tarsi brownish-orange (Fig. 58 A – C). Palp: paracymbium hooked, paracymbial process with setae row, median apophysis with deep trough, conductor covering embolic division, embolus laminated, multiple divided embolic apophysis (Fig. 58 D – F; Coddington 1986: figs 163 – 164). Female For female species description, see Petrunkevitch (1930). Records and biology Baalzebub albonotatus has been found in Puerto Rico (World Spider Catalog 2025) and Panama. Records in this study are limited to collections made at 1135 m a. s. l. in premontane rainforest from Reserva Forestal Fortuna (Fig. 1).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5278C2BFDFCFAD3FAFEFF46.taxon	discussion	Remarks Whereas we have not examined the type of this species, we believe that species attribution is unproblematic. Coddington (1986: 72 – 74) examined male and female specimens of Baalzebub albonotatus from Puerto Rico (misspelled as “ B. albinotatus ”), provided SEM images of the male palp of this species (Coddington 1986: figs 163 – 164), and distinguished it from Baalzebub baubo by “ a median dorsal white stripe on the abdomen ” (Coddington 1986: 74). Unfortunately, Coddington (1986) did not describe the male of B. albonotatus; however, we have done so here (see Description above). Our diagnosis aligns perfectly with the female description of B. albonotatus by Petrunkevitch (1930: 305) and the comparative diagnosis with B. baubo by Coddington (1986: 74). Additionally, our description of the male palp of B. albonotatus agrees in every way with the specimen illustrated by Coddington (1986).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5218C28FD98FA46FD2AFB7A.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Adrasta globosa O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896; by original designation.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5218C28FD98FA46FD2AFB7A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males of Epilineutes can be distinguished from those of other theridiosomatid genera by the thin, elongated, distally acute, median apophysis retrolateral projection extending anteriorly (Fig. 59 E; see also Coddington 1986) (absent in other genera). Females of Epilineutes can be distinguished from those of other genera by the notched epigynal posterior margin (Coddington 1986: fig. 173) (absent in other genera).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5218C28FD98FA46FD2AFB7A.taxon	description	Description Males of Epilineutes have tripartite embolic apophysis, retrolaterally finger-printed conductor, and sub-rectangular median apophysis with denticles (Fig. 59 D – F; Coddington 1986: figs 189 – 190). Females of Epilineutes have a dorsal scape protruding from beneath the notched epigynal plate transverse groove (Fig. 60 D; Coddington 1986: fig. 173), and irregular membranous copulatory ducts inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae (Fig. 60 D). For genus description details, see Coddington (1986) and Labarque & Griswold (2014).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5228CD7FE16FE72FE13FBCD.taxon	description	Figs 1, 6 C, F, 59 – 60	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5228CD7FE16FE72FE13FBCD.taxon	materials_examined	[a series of 3 ♂♂ and 5 ♀♀ syntypes from Mexico, Tabasco, Teapa (The Natural History Museum, London), not examined].	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5228CD7FE16FE72FE13FBCD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males and females of E. globosus can be distinguished from those of other theridiosomatid species following the genus diagnosis (see above). For species diagnosis details, see Coddington (1986).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5228CD7FE16FE72FE13FBCD.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; Reserva Forestal Fortuna, Quebrada Honda, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.750083 ° N, 82.239083 ° W; 1135 m a. s. l.; 7 – 12 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SFU 1 N 8 A 034; preparation codes FML- 00689, LNP- 00272; DNA code epigl 064; GenBank code PX 096886; MACN-Ar 29093 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFD 1 D 8 D 007; preparation codes FML- 00741, FML- 01144, LNP- 00278; DNA code epigl 055; GenBank code PX 096883; MACN-Ar 29090 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU 1 NAH 031; DNA barcode SPIPA 379 - 10; MACN-Ar 29092 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU 1 NAR 037; DNA barcode SPIPA 378 - 10; MACN-Ar 29088 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU 1 NBA 005; DNA barcode SPIPA 380 - 10; MACN-Ar 29094 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU 1 NBD 031; DNA barcode SPIPA 382 - 10; MACN-Ar 29085 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFD 1 DAL 017; DNA code epigl 165; GenBank code PX 096887; MACN-Ar 29087 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFB 1 D 9 H 034; DNA code epigl 202; GenBank code PX 096885; MACN-Ar 29091 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFB 1 DAL 022; DNA code epigl 201; GenBank code PX 096884; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFD 1 NBA 013; DNA barcode SPIPA 381 - 10; CRBA • 14 ♂♂, 12 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MCZ • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MIUP • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar • 4 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; CRBA • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; 21 – 24 Jun. 2008; L. Piacentini and F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5228CD7FE16FE72FE13FBCD.taxon	description	Redescription Male (MACN-Ar 29093) Total length 1.09. Prosoma: length 0.54, width 0.55, height 0.56. Sternum: length 0.31, width 0.34. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07, PME 0.08, AME – PME 0.07. Opisthosoma: length 0.68, width 0.72, height 0.80. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma dark olive-green laterally, olive-green centrally (Fig. 59 A – B). Dorsum of ocular area dark olive-green (Fig. 59 A – B). Sternum dark olive-green (Fig. 59 C). Dorsum of opisthosoma whitish-olive-green (Fig. 59 A). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, spinneret field and behind anal tubercle olive-green (Fig. 59 C). Legs I – II darker than III – IV, femora and patella light olive-green, tibiae and metatarsi, tarsi brownish-orange (Fig. 59 A – C). Palp: paracymbium hooked, paracymbial process with setae row, median apophysis sub-rectangular with median groove and retrolateral projection extending anteriorly, conductor retrolateral surface finger-printed covering embolic apophysis, embolus as thin lamina, tripartite embolic apophysis (Fig. 59 D – F; Coddington 1986: figs 176 – 178, 188 – 191). Female (MACN-Ar 29090) Total length 1.65. Prosoma: length 0.64, width 0.63, height 0.61. Sternum: length 0.36, width 0.38. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.08, PME 0.08, AME – PME 0.07. Opisthosoma: length 1.24, width 1.18, height 1.26. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration as in male but dorsum of opisthosoma covered sparsely by guanine silver patches (Fig. 60 A – C). Epigynal plate olive-green (Fig. 60 C), flat, with transverse groove notched, dorsal scape present (Fig. 60 C – D; Coddington 1986: fig. 173). Vulva: copulatory ducts irregular and membranous, inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae anteriorly sharp (i. e., angular), sclerotized, and connated distally, forming triangle, fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 60 D; Coddington 1986: fig. 174). For further species description details, see Coddington (1986).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5228CD7FE16FE72FE13FBCD.taxon	biology_ecology	Records and biology Epilineutes globosus is distributed from Mexico to Brazil (World Spider Catalog 2025). Records in this study are limited to collections made at 1135 m a. s. l. in premontane rainforest from Reserva Forestal Fortuna (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly at night by looking up, although some specimens were also collected at night by looking down and others during the day by looking down and cryptic techniques.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5DD8CD7FD94FDCEFD87FC0D.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Wendilgarda mexicana Keyserling, 1886.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5DD8CD7FD94FDCEFD87FC0D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males and females of Wendilgarda can be distinguished from those of other genera by the uniform orangish-yellow coloration on the prosoma and opisthosoma (Figs 61 A – C, 62 A – C; see also Coddington 1986) (absent in most genera, except in some species of Ogulnius) and by their unique web architecture with a dendritic pattern of not-sticky horizontal lines, which hold sticky vertical lines that attach to the water surface of a moving stream (Coddington & Valerio 1980; Coddington 1986; Cotoras et al. 2021). Males of Wendilgarda can also be distinguished from those of other genera by the mesal embolic apophysis branch elongated, protruding from beneath the conductor and lying along the prolateral side of the conductor itself (Fig. 61 E, see also Coddington 1986) (in contrast with embolic apophysis branches not lying on the conductor in other genera). Females of Wendilgarda can also be distinguished from those of other genera by the fluted (i. e., crumpled in cross-section), double-pointed eggsacs (Coddington 1986: figs 200 – 201) (in contrast with squared or rounded eggsacs in other genera).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5DD8CD7FD94FDCEFD87FC0D.taxon	description	Description Males of Wendilgarda have tripartite embolic apophysis, retrolaterally finger-printed conductor, and sub-rectangular median apophysis with denticles (Fig. 61 D – F; Coddington 1986: figs 196 – 197). Females of Wendilgarda have dorsal scape protruding from beneath epigynal plate posterior margin (Fig. 62 C – D; Coddington 1986: figs 206, 213, 219), irregular membranous proximal copulatory ducts, convoluted and heavily sclerotized distal copulatory ducts, inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae (Fig. 62 D). For genus description details, see Coddington (1986) and Labarque & Griswold (2014).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5DD8CD7FD94FDCEFD87FC0D.taxon	discussion	Remarks Females of the type species Wendilgarda mexicana Keyserling, 1886 present separated spermathecae (Coddington 1986: fig. 207).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5DD8CD2FDB1F98EFE03F89A.taxon	description	Figs 1, 7, 61 – 62	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5DD8CD2FDB1F98EFE03F89A.taxon	materials_examined	[holotype ♀ from Brazil, Amazonas Prov. (Department of Entomology, Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford), not examined].	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5DD8CD2FDB1F98EFE03F89A.taxon	materials_examined	[a series of 21 syntype ♂♂ and 18 ♀♀ from Venezuela, Carabobo Prov., San Esteban (Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris), not examined] [synonymized by Coddington 1986].	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5DD8CD2FDB1F98EFE03F89A.taxon	materials_examined	[holotype ♀ from Panama, Panama, Barro Colorado Island, Lake Gatun (American Museum of Natural History, New York), not examined] [synonymized by Coddington 1986].	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5DD8CD2FDB1F98EFE03F89A.taxon	materials_examined	[holotype ♂ from Guyana, upper Shudikar River (American Museum of Natural History, New York), not examined] [synonymized by Coddington 1986].	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5DD8CD2FDB1F98EFE03F89A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males of Wendilgarda clara can be distinguished from those of Wendilgarda galapagensis Archer, 1953, Wendilgarda mexicana Keyserling, 1886, and Wendilgarda mustelina Simon, 1898 by the mesal branch elongated lying along the prolateral side of the conductor (Fig. 61 D – F; Coddington 1986: figs 196 – 198, 217), whereas W. galapagensis, W. mexicana, and W. mustelina lack such branches (Coddington 1986: figs 199, 210; Lopez & Emerit 1986: fig. 13; Viquez 2020: fig. 7 a). Females of W. clara can be distinguished from those of W. galapagensis, W. mexicana, and W. mustelina by the thin epigynal dorsal scape (Figs 7 A – C, 62 C – D; Coddington 1986: figs 206 – 207), whereas W. galapagensis, W. mexicana, and W. mustelina have the dorsal scape wider (Coddington 1986: figs 213 – 215; Lopez & Emerit 1986: fig. 12; Víquez 2020: fig. 7 b).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5DD8CD2FDB1F98EFE03F89A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; Reserva Forestal Fortuna, Quebrada Honda, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.750083 ° N, 82.239083 ° W; 1135 m a. s. l.; 7 – 12 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SFD 2 NBL 020; preparation codes FML- 00717, LNP- 00274; DNA code wens 1057; GenBank code PX 0970; MACN-Ar 29222 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFD 1 NBL 018; preparation codes FML- 00734, FML- 01145, LNP- 00264; DNA code wens 1068; GenBank code PX 097005; MACN-Ar 29223 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFD 1 NBL 030; DNA code wenclf 11; GenBank code PX 097007; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU 1 N 7 H 040; DNA code wencle 11; GenBank code PX 097006; MIUP • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFD 1 NBL 036; DNA code wenclg 11; GenBank code PX 097008; CRBA • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 1135 m a. s. l.; 21 – 24 Jun. 2008; L. Piacentini and F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5DD8CD2FDB1F98EFE03F89A.taxon	description	Redescription Male (MACN-Ar 29222) Total length 1.61. Prosoma: length 0.80, width 0.82, height 0.73. Sternum: length 0.43, width 0.45. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09, PME 0.07, AME – PME 0.09. Opisthosoma: length 1.01, width 0.97, height 1.04. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma orangish-yellow (Fig. 61 A – B). Dorsum of ocular area orangish-yellow (Fig. 61 A – B). Sternum orangish-yellow (Fig. 61 C). Opisthosoma color overall orangish-yellow (Fig. 61 A). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, spinneret field and behind anal tubercle orangish-yellow (Fig. 61 C). Femora and patella orangish-yellow, tibiae, metatarsi, and tarsi orange (Fig. 61 A – C). Palp: paracymbium hooked, paracymbial process with setae row, median apophysis sub-rectangular with median groove, conductor retrolateral surface finger-printed covering embolic apophysis, embolus as thin lamina, tripartite embolic apophysis, mesal branch elongated lying along prolateral side of conductor (Fig. 61 D – F; Coddington 1986: figs 196 – 198, 217). Female (MACN-Ar 29223) Total length 1.60. Prosoma: length 0.78, width 0.82, height 0.78. Sternum: length 0.41, width 0.47. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09, PME 0.07, AME – PME 0.09. Opisthosoma: length 1.11, width 1.09, height 1.11. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration as in male (Fig. 62 A – C). Epigynal plate orangish-yellow (Fig. 62 C), flat, with dorsal scape (Fig. 62 C – D; Coddington 1986: figs 213 – 215). Vulva: proximal copulatory ducts irregular and membranous, distal copulatory ducts convoluted, inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae oval, sclerotized, and connated (i. e., fused along midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 62 D; Coddington 1986: fig. 215). For further species description details, see Coddington (1986).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5DD8CD2FDB1F98EFE03F89A.taxon	biology_ecology	Records and biology Wendilgarda clara is distributed from Guatemala to Brazil, including the West Indies (World Spider Catalog 2025). Records in this study are limited to collections made at 1135 m a. s. l. in premontane rainforest from Reserva Forestal Fortuna (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly at night by looking down.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
