identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C987C4B5408C4AFD81FD03FC34FF37.text	03C987C4B5408C4AFD81FD03FC34FF37.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chthonos Coddington 1986	<div><p>Chthonos Coddington, 1986</p><p>Chthonos Coddington, 1986: 33 .</p><p>Type species Tecmessa pectosa O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1882 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males and females of Chthonos can be distinguished from those of other theridiosomatid genera by having prolateral rows of strong macrosetae on the curved (i.e., sinuate) first and second tibiae-metatarsitarsi (Figs 8A–C, 9A–C, 10C, 11B, 12A–C, 13B; see also Coddington 1986 and Dupérré &amp; Tapia 2017) (absent in other genera), protruding sternum (Figs 8B, 9B, 10B, 11B, 12B, 13B; see also Coddington 1986) (in contrast with not protuding sternum in the other genera), and opisthosomal setae on sclerotized pits (“flecks” in Coddington 1986) (Figs 8A–C, 9A–C, 10A–C, 11A–C, 12A–C, 13A–C; see also Coddington 1986 and Dupérré &amp; Tapia 2017) (absent in other genera).</p><p>Description</p><p>Females of Chthonos have irregular membranous copulatory ducts (Figs 5A–C, 9D, 11D, 13D) with a dorsal patch of gland ducts near the sides of the spermathecae (Fig. 5A–C). For further genus description details, see Coddington (1986) and Labarque &amp; Griswold (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B5408C4AFD81FD03FC34FF37	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5408C74FD7DFAB4FB11FC65.text	03C987C4B5408C74FD7DFAB4FB11FC65.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chthonos dobo Labarque & Piacentini & Pons & Hormiga & Arnedo & Ramírez 2025	<div><p>Chthonos dobo sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6A1057E3-5B3A-4194-B447-78510F828729</p><p>Figs 1, 5A–C, 8–9</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males and females of Chthonos dobo sp. nov. resemble those of Chthonos peruana (Keyserling, 1886) by the opisthosoma with two pairs of proximally fused lateral tubercles (Figs 8A, 9A; Keyserling 1886: pl. XI figs 144, 144A), but C. dobo can be distinguished by the tubercles wider than long, relatively short, that slightly exceed the dorsum of the opisthosoma (Figs 8A–B, 9A–B), whereas in C. peruana those tubercles are as wide as long, extending dorsolaterally beyond the opisthosomal border (Keyserling 1886: pl. XI fig. 144).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific name is derived from ‘dobo’ which means ‘Earth’ in the Ngäbere language, currently spoken by the Ngäbe native people of Panama, and refers to the soil, one of the habitats where the species was found.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Reserva Forestal Fortuna</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Quebrada Honda</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.750083° N, 82.239083° W; 1135 m a.s.l.; 7–12 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SFU1 NAA029; MIUP.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFB1DAL021; preparation codes FML-00691, LNP-00271; DNA code chts1123; GenBank code PX096990; MACNAr 29320 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU1N7D015; preparation codes FML-00755, FML-01146; DNA code chts1241; GenBank code PX096997; MACN-Ar 29324 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU2NAA035; preparation code LNP-00269; DNA code chts1059; GenBank code PX096989; MACN-Ar 29321 • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.618774&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.8905" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.618774/lat 8.8905)">Parque Internacional La Amistad</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.618774&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.8905" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.618774/lat 8.8905)">Cerro Picacho</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.890500° N, 82.618778° W; 2299 m a.s.l.; 12–17 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque, L. Piacentini and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SAB1DEL024; DNA barcode SPIPA410-10; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAD1NGL021; DNA barcode SPIPA411-10; MACN-Ar 29319 .</p><p>Other material</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU2NAD028; DNA code chts1244; GenBank code PX096998; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU1NBD019; DNA code chts1242; GenBank code PX096991; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU1N7L018; DNA barcode SPIPA409-10; MACN-Ar 29322 • 4 ♂♂; same data as for holotype; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29323 • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; CRBA • 2 ♀♀; same locality as for holotype; 21 Jun. 2008; L. Piacentini and F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 23 Jun. 2008; MACN-Ar • 1 ♂, 4 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Parque Internacional La Amistad</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Cerro Picacho</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.890500° N, 82.618778° W; 2299 m a.s.l.; 12–17 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque, L. Piacentini and M. Ramírez leg.; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAD1NHH012; DNA code chts1245; GenBank code PX096995; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAU1NHB013; DNA barcode SPIPA412-10; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAD1NGB019; DNA code chts1247; GenBank code PX096996; MACN-Ar 29316 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAU1NFB025; DNA code chts1243; GenBank code PX096993; MACN-Ar 29315 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAU1NHP003; DNA barcode SPIPA413-10; MACN-Ar 29317 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAU1NGA027; DNA code chts1246; GenBank code PX096994; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAB1DEA003; DNA code chts1248; GenBank code PX096992; CRBA • 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MIUP • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29314 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29311 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29313 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29312 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29318 • 5 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; CRBA.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (paratype MACN-Ar 29320)</p><p>Total length 1.42. Prosoma: length 0.76, width 0.61, height 0.61. Sternum: length 0.40, width 0.42. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.11, PME 0.08, AME–PME 0.10. Opisthosoma: length 1.14, width 1.14, height 0.93. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma reddish-brown with darker middle and lateral lines (Fig. 8A). Sternum yellowish-orange (Fig. 8B–C). Opisthosoma color overall yellowish-white with numerous setal sclerotized pits, and dorsal reddish-brown scutum (Fig. 8A–B). Epiandrum, booklung cover, and tracheal spiracle reddish-brown (Fig. 8B–C). Spinneret field orange surrounded by reddish-brown sclerotized ring (Fig. 8B–C). Legs I–II darker than III–IV, femora and tibiae brownish-orange, metatarsi brownish-orange but proximally lighter, patellae and tarsi orange (Fig. 8A–C). Palp: cymbium distally pointed, paracymbium proximally extended (“T-shaped paracymbium” in Coddington 1986), median apophysis retrolateral side with blunt projection extending ventrally, conductor apophysis hooked, embolus entire (i.e., lacking embolic division and apophysis) and covered by conductor (Fig. 8D–F).</p><p>Female (paratypes MACN-Ar 29321, MACN-Ar 29324)</p><p>Total length 1.73. Prosoma: length 0.82, width 0.65, height 0.66. Sternum: length 0.41, width 0.43. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.10, PME 0.08, AME–PME 0.11. Opisthosoma: length 1.48, width 1.64, height 1.18. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration lighter than male (Fig. 9A–C). Opisthosoma scutum absent (Fig. 9A–B). Epigynal plate reddish-brown (Fig. 9C), with transverse ridges, transverse groove deep, central pit toothed (Figs 5B, 9D). Vulva: copulatory ducts irregular and membranous, with patch of gland ducts dorsally, inserting ventrolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae round, sclerotized, and connate (i.e, fused along the midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Figs 5A–C, 9D).</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>Records are limited to collections made at 1135 m a.s.l. in premontane rainforest from Reserva Forestal Fortuna, and at 2299 m a.s.l. in lower montane rainforest from Parque Internacional La Amistad (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly at night by looking up, though few specimens have been collected during the day by beating and cryptic techniques.</p><p>Variation</p><p>Some males and females examined have the prosoma and opisthosoma darker than in the described specimens.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Males of C. dobo sp. nov. differ from those of other Panamanian species of Chthonos by the conductor apophysis as wide as long, relatively bulky (Fig. 8E), whereas C. kaibe sp. nov. have the apophysis relatively small (Fig. 10E) and C. kwati sp. nov. have it longer than wide (Fig. 12E).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B5408C74FD7DFAB4FB11FC65	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B57E8C73FD7AF966FEB7F917.text	03C987C4B57E8C73FD7AF966FEB7F917.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chthonos kaibe Labarque & Piacentini & Pons & Hormiga & Arnedo & Ramírez 2025	<div><p>Chthonos kaibe sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: C03F56CB-F9DD-4EDB-B635-50314EFC5F8E</p><p>Figs 1, 10–11</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males and females of Chthonos kaibe sp. nov. resemble the males of C. kuyllur Dupérré &amp; Tapia, 2017 by the presence of two pairs of proximally separated lateral tubercles, wider than long, relatively short, that slightly exceed the dorsum of the opisthosoma (Figs 10A–B, 11A–B; Dupérré &amp; Tapia 2017: fig. 1), but males of C. kaibe can be distinguished by having the conductor apophysis retrolaterally hooked, whereas it is hooked prolaterally in C. kuyllur (Fig. 10E; Dupérré &amp; Tapia 2017: fig. 2).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific name is derived from ‘kaibe’ which means ‘alone’ in the Ngäbere language, currently spoken by the Ngäbe native people of Panama, and refers to the separated lateral tubercles of the opisthosoma.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>PANAMA – Panama Province • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.92983&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.683444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.92983/lat 8.683444)">Parque Nacional Altos de Campana</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.683444° N, 79.929833° W; 895 m a.s.l.; 14–19 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SCB1DED007; DNA code chts3e12; GenBank code PX097002; MIUP.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>PANAMA – Panama Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCU2NDD007; preparation codes FML-00693, LNP-00283; DNA code chts3117; GenBank code PX097001; MACNAr 29000 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCU1NFH016; preparation code LNP-00289; DNA code chts3109; GenBank code PX097000; MACN-Ar 28999 • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCU2NDA009; DNA code chts 3g 12; GenBank code PX097003; MCZ. – Coclé Province • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59258&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59258/lat 8.668083)">Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59258&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59258/lat 8.668083)">El Cope</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.668083° N, 80.592583° W; 760 m a.s.l.; 4–9 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code STU1N7H024; DNA barcode SPIPA406-10; MCZ.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (paratype MACN-Ar 29000)</p><p>Total length 1.50. Prosoma: length 0.80, width 0.62, height 0.61. Sternum: length 0.37, width 0.44. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.10, PME 0.08, AME–PME 0.10. Opisthosoma: length 1.24, width 1.14, height 0.95. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma reddish-brown (Fig. 10A). Sternum reddish-brown (Fig. 10B–C). Opisthosoma color overall yellowish-white with numerous setal sclerotized pits, and dorsal reddish-brown scutum with symmetric lighter pattern (Fig. 10A–B). Epiandrum, booklung cover, and tracheal spiracle reddish-brown (Fig. 10B–C). Spinneret field orange surrounded by reddish-brown sclerotized ring (Fig. 10B–C). Legs I–II darker than III–IV, femora and tibiae brownish-orange with lighter middle band, metatarsi brownish-orange but proximally lighter, patellae and tarsi orange (Fig. 10A–C). Palp: cymbium distally pointed, paracymbium proximally extended, median apophysis retrolateral side with blunt projection extending ventrally, conductor apophysis hooked, embolus entire and covered by conductor (Fig. 10D–F).</p><p>Female (paratype MACN-Ar 28999)</p><p>Total length 1.65. Prosoma: length 0.87, width 0.67, height 0.67. Sternum: length 0.41, width 0.46. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09, PME 0.08, AME–PME 0.10. Opisthosoma: length 1.26, width 1.42, height 1.04. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration lighter and greenish-browner than male (Fig. 11A–C). Opisthosoma scutum absent (Fig. 11A–B). Epigynal plate reddish-brown (Fig. 10C), with transverse ridges, transverse groove deep, central pit toothed (Fig. 11D). Vulva: copulatory ducts irregular and membranous, with patch of gland ducts dorsally, inserting ventrolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae round, sclerotized, and connate (i.e., fused along the midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 11D).</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>Records are limited to collections made at 760 m a.s.l. and 895 m a.s.l. in premontane rainforest from Parque Nacional Altos de Campana and Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera, respectively (Fig. 1). Males and a single female have been collected mostly at night by looking up; one male specimen was collected during the day by beating.</p><p>Variation</p><p>Some males examined have the prosoma and opisthosoma darker than the described specimen.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Males of C. kaibe sp. nov. differ from those of other Panamanian species of Chthonos by the conductor apophysis wider than long, less sclerotized, relatively small (Fig. 10E), whereas C. dobo sp. nov. have the apophysis heavily sclerotized (i.e., dark; Fig. 8E) and C. kwati sp. nov. have it longer than wide (Fig. 12E).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B57E8C73FD7AF966FEB7F917	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B57A8C7EFD7AFEDDFEC9F8C3.text	03C987C4B57A8C7EFD7AFEDDFEC9F8C3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chthonos kwati Labarque & Piacentini & Pons & Hormiga & Arnedo & Ramírez 2025	<div><p>Chthonos kwati sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: D5C63226-E53A-4A2D-98D3-918F61AD3AB3</p><p>Figs 1, 12–13</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males and females of Chthonos kwati sp. nov. resemble the females of Chthonos tuberosa (Keyserling, 1886) by the presence of five dorsal opisthosoamal tubercles, including two lateral pairs, each pair separated by their diameter, wider than long and relatively short, and one anterior central tubercle as wide as long (Figs 12A–B, 13A–B; Keyserling 1886: pl. XX figs 303, 303A), but C. kwati can be distinguished by the presence of a posterior central tubercle, longer than wide, extending posteriorly.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific name is derived from ‘kwätí’ which means ‘six’ in the Ngäbere language, currently spoken by the Ngäbe native people of Panama, and refers to the six tubercles of the opisthosoma.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Reserva Forestal Fortuna</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Quebrada Honda</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory, 8.750083° N, 82.239083° W; 1135 m a.s.l.; 7–12 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SFD1NCR006; preparation codes FML-00706, FML-00707; DNA barcode SPIPA408-10; MIUP.</p><p>Paratype</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU1NAD034; preparation code LNP-00279; DNA code chts2061; GenBank code PX096999; MACN-Ar 29067.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (holotype MIUP SFD1NCR006)</p><p>Total length 1.64. Prosoma: length 0.81, width 0.65, height 0.64. Sternum: length 0.40, width 0.49. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.10, PME 0.09, AME–PME 0.10. Opisthosoma: length 1.4, width 1.14, height 1.06. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma reddish-brown (Fig. 12A). Sternum reddish-brown (Fig. 12B–C). Opisthosoma color overall yellowish-white with numerous setal sclerotized pits, and dorsal reddish-brown scutum with symmetric lighter pattern (Fig. 12A–B). Epiandrum, booklung cover, and tracheal spiracle reddish-brown (Fig. 12B–C). Spinneret field orange surrounded by reddish-brown sclerotized ring (Fig. 12B–C). Legs I–II darker than III–IV, femora and tibiae greenish-brown with lighter middle band, metatarsi greenish-brown but proximally lighter, patellae greenish-brown and tarsi orange (Fig. 12A–C). Palp: cymbium distally pointed, paracymbium proximally extended, median apophysis retrolateral side with blunt projection extending ventrally, conductor apophysis hooked, embolus entire and covered by conductor (Fig. 12D–F).</p><p>Female (paratype MACN-Ar 29067)</p><p>Total length 1.98. Prosoma: length 0.89, width 0.69, height 0.71. Sternum: length 0.41, width 0.48. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.10, PME 0.09, AME–PME 0.11. Opisthosoma: length 1.59, width 1.55, height 1.35. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration lighter than male (Fig. 13A–C). Opisthosoma scutum absent (Fig. 13A–B). Epigynal plate reddish-brown (Fig. 13C), with transverse ridges, transverse groove deep, central pit toothed (Fig. 13D). Vulva: copulatory ducts irregular and membranous, with patch of gland ducts dorsally, inserting ventrolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae round, sclerotized, and connate (i.e, fused along midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 13D).</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>Records are limited to collections made at 1135 m a.s.l. in premontane rainforest from Reserva Forestal Fortuna (Fig. 1). The male and female have been collected at night by looking down and looking up, respectively.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Males of C. kwati sp. nov. differ from those of other Panamanian species of Chthonos by having the conductor apophysis longer than wide, forming a straight angle hook (Fig. 12E), whereas C. dobo sp. nov. and C. kaibe sp. nov. have the apophysis wider than long (Figs 8E, 10E).</p><p>The type specimen of Chthonos tuberosa was examined. Tecmessa tuberosa Keyserling, 1886: 252, pl. 20 fig. 303 [♀] [type ♀ from Brazil, Santa Catarina, Blumenau (British Museum of Natural History), examined].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B57A8C7EFD7AFEDDFEC9F8C3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5758C7FFDD4FEDCFE01FE22.text	03C987C4B5758C7FFDD4FEDCFE01FE22.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epeirotypus O. Pickard-Cambridge 1894	<div><p>Epeirotypus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894</p><p>Epeirotypus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894: 134 .</p><p>Type species Epeirotypus brevipes O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males of Epeirotypus can be distinguished from those of other theridiosomatid genera by the long, bulky embolus distally acute (Figs 14E, 16E, 18E; see also Coddington 1986) (in contrast with entire, thin laminated, or distally lobed embolus in the other genera). Females of Epeirotypus can be distinguished from those of other genera by the domed (i.e., elevated ventrally) epigynal plate (Miller et al. 2009: fig. 3b) (absent in other genera except for Naatlo), a vulval bifid sclerotized septum (i.e., see BS in figures) formed by posterior projections extending behind the spermathecae and fusing along the midline (absent in other genera), and the distal section of the copulatory ducts heavily sclerotized in connection with the spermathecae (Figs 5D, 15C–D, 17C–D, 19C–D, 20C–D, 21C–D, 22C–D, 23C–D; see also Coddington 1986) (in contrast with irregular and membranous or completely sclerotized copulatory ducts).</p><p>Description</p><p>Females of Epeirotypus have massive proximal copulatory ducts (i.e., more than three times diameter of distal region of copulatory ducts) with dorsal patches of gland ducts, and distal copulatory ducts heavily sclerotized (i.e., dark) inserting dorsolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae (Figs 5D–E, 15D, 17D, 19D, 20D, 21D, 22D, 23D). For further genus description details, see Coddington (1986) and Labarque &amp; Griswold (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B5758C7FFDD4FEDCFE01FE22	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5758C7AFD9CFBBAFE04FFC4.text	03C987C4B5758C7AFD9CFBBAFE04FFC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epeirotypus kwakwa Labarque & Piacentini & Pons & Hormiga & Arnedo & Ramírez 2025	<div><p>Epeirotypus kwakwa sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 0258B6F6-96F3-46B5-B866-E1D33917F3D6</p><p>Figs 1, 14–15</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males and females of Epeirotypus kwakwa sp. nov. resemble those of Epeirotypus chavarria by the ovoid opisthosoma lacking lateral posterior tubercles (Figs 14A–C, 15A–C; Coddington 1986: figs 56– 57), common in the other species of the genus, but E. kwakwa can be distinguished by an olive-green pattern on the dorsum of the opisthosoma that resembles the number eight (Figs 14A, 15A), whereas E. chavarria have the opisthosoma off-white (Coddington 1986: figs 56–57). Females of E. kwakwa can also be distinguished by the vulval bifid sclerotized septum forming a squared angle posteriorly (Fig. 15D), whereas E. chavarria have the bifid septum forming a rectangle (Coddington 1986: fig. 60).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific name is derived from ‘kwä, kwä’ which means ‘eight’ in the Ngäbere language, currently spoken by the Ngäbe native people of Panama, and refers to the dorsal coloration pattern of the opisthosoma forming the number eight.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Reserva Forestal Fortuna</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Quebrada Honda</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.750083° N, 82.239083° W; 1135 m a.s.l.; 7–12 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SFU2NCH029; DNA barcode SPIPA403-10; MIUP.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD1D8R010; preparation codes FML-00687, LNP-00270; DNA code epes1120; GenBank code PX096942; MACNAr 28996 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD1NBL015; preparation codes FML-00697, LNP-00267; DNA code epes1058; GenBank code PX096940; MACN-Ar 28995 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD1DAR018; DNA code epes1166; GenBank code PX096941; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFC1N8H018; DNA barcode SPIPA404-10; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFC1NCD018; DNA barcode SPIPA400-10; MCZ.</p><p>Other material</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD1NCD016; DNA barcode SPIPA402-10; MACN-Ar 28993 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU1N7H029; DNA barcode SPIPA401-10; MACN-Ar 28994 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFC1NAR016; DNA code epes1168; GenBank code PX096944; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU1NCD030; DNA code epes1167; GenBank code PX096943; CRBA • 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MCZ • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; MIUP • 1 ♂, 4 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 28992 • 1 ♂, 4 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; CRBA.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (paratype MACN-Ar 28996)</p><p>Total length 1.53. Prosoma: length 1.19, width 0.76, height 0.78. Sternum: length 0.43, width 0.37. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.08, PME 0.09, AME–PME 0.10. Opisthosoma: length 1.25, width 0.85, height 0.94; without tubercles. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma dark olive-green laterally, yellowish-white centrally forming irregular band (Fig. 14A–B). Dorsum of ocular area yellowish-white (Fig. 14A). Thoracic area of prosoma laterally higher (Fig. 14B; see “shoulders” in Coddington 1986). Sternum greenish-yellow with olive-green borders (Fig. 14C). Dorsum of opisthosoma olive-green with three pairs of whitish-gray patches laterally, all fused, and two middle whitish-gray patches (Fig. 14A–B). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, spinneret field and behind anal tubercle olive-green, surrounded by whitish-gray area (Fig. 14C). Legs I–II darker than III–IV, femora yellowish-white, patella, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi orange (Fig. 14A–C). Palp: paracymbium wider than long, tegulum retrolaterally massive, tegular spur rounded, median apophysis rounded, distally notched, with projection extending distally, conductor reduced, partially covering embolus, embolus long, bulky and distally acute (Fig. 14D–F).</p><p>Female (paratype MACN-Ar 28995)</p><p>Total length 2.59. Prosoma: length 1.01, width 0.72, height 0.59. Sternum: length 0.46, width 0.39. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.08, PME 0.10, AME–PME 0.09. Opisthosoma: length 1.74, width 1.55, height 1.37. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration olive-greener than male (Fig. 15A–C). Sternum with two olive-green patches close to sternal pits (Fig. 15C). Spinneret field surrounded by olive-green line (Fig. 15B–C). Epigynal plate olive-green (Fig. 15C), domed, with transverse groove, central pit deep (Fig. 15C). Vulva: copulatory ducts massive, proximally with patch of gland ducts dorsally, heavily sclerotized distally inserting dorsolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae anteriorly sharp, sclerotized, and connate (i.e., fused one above the other), fertilization ducts sclerotized, relative small, emerging dorsally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 15D).</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>Records are limited to collections made at 1135 m a.s.l. in premontane rainforest from Reserva Forestal Fortuna (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly at night by looking down, although some specimens were also collected at night by looking up and cryptic techniques, and others during the day by looking down.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B5758C7AFD9CFBBAFE04FFC4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5708C79FD78F9C3FB29F8E0.text	03C987C4B5708C79FD78F9C3FB29F8E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epeirotypus kra Labarque & Piacentini & Pons & Hormiga & Arnedo & Ramírez 2025	<div><p>Epeirotypus kra sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 2F5F5100-B6C2-43B0-91FF-9260961A0906</p><p>Figs 1, 5D–E, 16–17</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males and females of Epeirotypus kra sp. nov. resemble those of E. kote sp. nov. by the whitish-yellow body coloration (Figs 16A–C, 17A–C, 18A–C, 19A–C), but males of E. kra can be distinguished by the median apophysis distal projection relatively acute (Fig. 16E), whereas E. kote have the projection wider (Fig. 18E). Females of E. kra can be distinguished by the vulval bifid sclerotized septum forming a rectangle posteriorly (Fig. 17D), whereas in E. kote the bifid septum resembles an inverted trapezoid (Fig. 19D).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific name is derived from ‘krä’ which means ‘thin’ in the Ngäbere language, currently spoken by the Ngäbe native people of Panama, and refers to the relatively low prosoma.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Reserva Forestal Fortuna</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Quebrada Honda</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.750083° N, 82.239083° W; 1135 m a.s.l.; 7–12 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SFB1DAH019; DNA code epes2183; GenBank code PX096947; MIUP.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU1N8L020; preparation codes FML-00688, LNP-00255; DNA code epes3111; GenBank code PX096951; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU2NBD029; preparation codes FML-00695, LNP-00277; DNA code epes2063; GenBank code PX096946; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU1NAA009; DNA code epes2053; GenBank code PX096945; MACN-Ar 29218 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU1N7H026; DNA barcode SPIPA391-10; MACN-Ar 29217 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU1NBH019; DNA barcode SPIPA390-10; MACN-Ar 29221.</p><p>Other material</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD1DAA016; DNA code epes2184 GenBank code PX096948; MIUP • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU1N8A024; DNA code epes2203; GenBank code PX096949; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU1NCA029; DNA code epes3208; GenBank code PX096953; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU2NBA026; DNA code epes3209; GenBank code PX096954; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU2NBH023; preparation code FML-01149; DNA code epes3054; GenBank code PX096950; MACN-Ar 29220 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU2NCH031; DNA code epes3207; GenBank code PX096952; MACN-Ar 29219 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD1DAL018; DNA code epes5062; GenBank code PX096955; MACNAr 29216 • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; CRBA • 3 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; same locality as for holotype; 21–24 Jun. 2008; L. Piacentini and F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (paratype MCZ SFU1N8L020)</p><p>Total length 2.21. Prosoma: length 1.25, width 0.98, height 0.71. Sternum: length 0.53, width 0.45. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.11, PME 0.08, AME–PME 0.14. Opisthosoma: length 1.38, width 1.36, height 1.11; with posterior lateral tubercles. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma dark olive-green laterally, yellowish-white centrally forming irregular band (Fig. 16A–B). Dorsum of ocular area yellowish-white (Fig. 16A). Thoracic area of prosoma laterally higher (Fig. 16B). Sternum yellow (Fig. 16C). Dorsum of opisthosoma olive-green with five whitish-gray patches, anterior and middle ones fused, covered by sparsely thin olive-green flecks (Fig. 16A–B). Opisthosoma with two lateral posterior tubercles connected ventrally by guanine silver stripe (Fig. 16C). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, and spinneret field yellow, olive-green thick patch behind anal tubercle (Fig. 16C). Legs I–II lighter than III–IV, femora and patella yellowish-white, tibiae and metatarsi yellow but distally dark, tarsi yellow (Fig. 16A–C). Palp: paracymbium wider than long, tegulum retrolaterally massive (i.e., almost half the size of bulb), tegular spur rounded, median apophysis rounded, distally notched (see “dorsal notch” in Coddington 1986), with projection extending distally, conductor reduced (i.e., relatively smaller than embolus) partially covering embolus, embolus long, bulky and distally acute (Fig. 16D–F).</p><p>Female (paratypes MCZ SFU2NBD029, MACN-Ar 29220)</p><p>Total length 2.95. Prosoma: length 1.42, width 1.06, height 0.72. Sternum: length 0.64, width 0.51. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.11, PME 0.10, AME–PME 0.12. Opisthosoma: length 1.82, width 1.80, height 1.62. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration as in male (Fig. 17A–C). Epigynal plate olive-green (Fig. 17C). Epigynal plate: domed, with transverse groove, central pit deep (Fig. 17B–C). Vulva: copulatory ducts massive, proximally with patch of gland ducts dorsally, heavily sclerotized distally inserting dorsolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae anteriorly sharp, sclerotized, and connate (i.e., fused one above the other), fertilization ducts sclerotized, relative small, emerging dorsally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Figs 5D–E, 17D).</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>Records are limited to collections made at 1135 m a.s.l. in premontane rainforest from Reserva Forestal Fortuna (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly at night by looking up; two males and one female were collected during the day by looking down and beating, respectively.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B5708C79FD78F9C3FB29F8E0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B56C8C65FD74FEDCFC90FBF7.text	03C987C4B56C8C65FD74FEDCFC90FBF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epeirotypus kote Labarque & Piacentini & Pons & Hormiga & Arnedo & Ramírez 2025	<div><p>Epeirotypus kote sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 0CBB4431-14A8-49C9-9742-70B3A4075027</p><p>Figs 1, 18–19</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males and females of Epeirotypus kote sp. nov. resemble those of E. kra sp. nov. by the whitish-yellow body coloration (Figs 16A–C, 17A–C, 18A–C, 19A–C), but males of E. kote can be distinguished by the median apophysis distal projection relatively wide (Fig. 18E), whereas E. kra have the projection acuter (Fig. 16E). Females of E. kra can be distinguished by the vulval bifid sclerotized septum forming an inverted trapezoid (Fig. 19D), whereas in E. kote the bifid septum resembles a rectangle (Fig. 17D).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific name is derived from ‘köte’ which means ‘fat’ in the Ngäbere language, currently spoken by the Ngäbe native people of Panama, and refers to the relatively high prosoma.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.618774&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.8905" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.618774/lat 8.8905)">Parque Internacional La Amistad</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.618774&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.8905" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.618774/lat 8.8905)">Cerro Picacho</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.890500° N, 82.618778° W; 2299 m a.s.l.; 12–17 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque, L. Piacentini and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SAU1NGA024; preparation codes FML-00686, FML-00909; DNA code epes2205; GenBank code PX096958; MIUP.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAD1NFP007; preparation codes FML-00696, FML-00847; DNA code epes2176; GenBank code PX096956; MACNAr 29069 • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU1NGH021; DNA code epes2204; GenBank code PX096957; MACN-Ar 29068 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU1NHA026; DNA code epes2206; GenBank code PX096959; MCZ.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (holotype MIUP SAU1NGA024)</p><p>Total length 1.97. Prosoma: length 1.16, width 0.94, height 0.71. Sternum: length 0.52, width 0.43. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09, PME 0.08, AME–PME 0.11. Opisthosoma: length 1.31, width 1.11, height 0.83; with posterior lateral tubercles. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma dark olive-green laterally, yellowish-white centrally forming smooth uniform band (Fig. 18A–B). Dorsum of ocular area yellowish-white (Fig. 18A). Thoracic area of prosoma laterally higher (Fig. 18B). Sternum yellow (Fig. 18C). Dorsum of opisthosoma olive-green with five whitish-gray patches, anterior and middle ones fused, covered by sparsely thin olive-green flecks (Fig. 18A–B). Opisthosoma with two lateral posterior tubercles connected ventrally by guanine silver stripe (Fig. 18C). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, and spinneret field yellow, epiandrum with olive-green borders, olive-green thick patch behind anal tubercle (Fig. 18C). Palp: paracymbium wider than long, tegulum retrolaterally massive, tegular spur rounded, median apophysis rounded, distally notched, with projection extending distally, conductor reduced, partially covering embolus, embolus long, bulky and distally acute (Fig. 18D–F).</p><p>Female (paratype MACN-Ar 29069)</p><p>Total length 2.80. Prosoma: length 1.28, width 0.99, height 0.77. Sternum: length 0.63, width 0.50. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.11, PME 0.10, AME–PME 0.13. Opisthosoma: length 1.85, width 1.91, height 0.98. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration as in male (Fig. 19A–C). Epigynal plate olive-green, domed, with transverse groove, central pit deep. Vulva: copulatory ducts massive, proximally with patch of gland ducts dorsally, heavily sclerotized distally inserting dorsolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae anteriorly sharp, sclerotized, and connate (i.e., fused one above the other), fertilization ducts sclerotized, relative small, emerging dorsally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 19D).</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>Records are limited to collections made at 2299 m a.s.l. in lower montane rainforest from Parque Internacional La Amistad (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly at night by looking up.</p><p>Variation</p><p>One female with evident lateral posterior tubercles.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B56C8C65FD74FEDCFC90FBF7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B56F8C62FD73FDF7FE19F897.text	03C987C4B56F8C62FD73FDF7FE19F897.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epeirotypus jane Labarque & Piacentini & Pons & Hormiga & Arnedo & Ramírez 2025	<div><p>Epeirotypus jane sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 31E9B000-A41E-4BC2-A9A2-75746FF9F8F0</p><p>Figs 1, 20</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Females of Epeirotypus jane sp. nov. resemble those of E. kote sp. nov. by the vulval bifid sclerotized septum forming an inverted trapezoid posteriorly (Figs 19D, 20D), but E. jane can be distinguished by a relatively narrow bifid septum and a darker body coloration (Fig. 20A–D), whereas E. kote have the bifid septum relatively wide and the body coloration lighter (i.e., whitish-yellow) (Fig. 19A–D).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific name is derived from ‘jane’ which means ‘different’ in the Ngäbere language, currently spoken by the Ngäbe native people of Panama, and refers to the notable differences (i.e., number of pair bases) on the cox 1 nucleotide sequence.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>PANAMA – Coclé Province • ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59258&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59258/lat 8.668083)">Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59258&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59258/lat 8.668083)">El Cope</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.668083° N, 80.592583° W; 760 m a.s.l.; 4–9 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code STC1D5H021; MIUP.</p><p>Paratype</p><p>PANAMA – Coclé Province • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code STC1D5H013; preparation codes FML-00831, FML-00910; DNA barcode SPIPA395-10; MACN-Ar.</p><p>Description</p><p>Female (paratype MACN-Ar STC1D5H013)</p><p>Total length 2.82. Prosoma: length 1.30, width 1.02, height 0.75. Sternum: length 0.59, width 0.54. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.12, PME 0.10, AME–PME 0.12. Opisthosoma: length 1.94, width 1.66, height 1.71; with posterior lateral tubercles. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma dark olive-green laterally, yellowish-white centrally forming smooth uniform band (Fig. 20A–B). Dorsum of ocular area dark (Fig. 20A–B). Thoracic area of prosoma laterally higher (Fig. 20C). Sternum yellowish-orange with dark borders anteriorly (Fig. 20C). Opisthosoma color overall olive-green with five dorsal whitish-gray patches, anterior and middle ones fused, covered by sparsely thick olive-green flecks (Fig. 20A–B). Opisthosoma with two lateral posterior tubercles connected ventrally by guanine silver stripe (Fig. 20C). Epigynal plate, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, spinneret field and behind anal tubercle olive-green, surrounded by whitish-gray area (Fig. 20C). Femora, tibiae and metatarsi brownish-orange but distally dark, patella greenish-brown, tarsi brownish-orange (Fig. 20A–C). Epigynal plate: domed, with transverse groove, central pit deep. Vulva: copulatory ducts massive, proximally with patch of gland ducts dorsally, heavily sclerotized distally inserting dorsolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae anteriorly sharp, sclerotized, and connate (i.e., fused one above the other), fertilization ducts sclerotized, relative small, emerging dorsally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 20D).</p><p>Male</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>Records are limited to collections made at 895 m a.s.l. in premontane rainforest from Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera (Fig. 1). Females have been collected during the day by cryptic technique.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B56F8C62FD73FDF7FE19F897	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5698C60FD89FEDCFBC4F87F.text	03C987C4B5698C60FD89FEDCFBC4F87F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epeirotypus drune Labarque & Piacentini & Pons & Hormiga & Arnedo & Ramírez 2025	<div><p>Epeirotypus drune sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 619E7010-6456-4B4D-85B8-3797A33FD4D2</p><p>Figs 1, 21</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Females of Epeirotypus drune sp. nov. resemble those of E. bule sp. nov. by the body coloration overall dark gray (Figs 21A–C, 22A–C), but E. drune can be distinguished by the opisthosoma with three pairs of dorsal whitish-gray patches covered by sparsely thick dark gray flecks (Fig. 21A) and the vulval bifid sclerotized septum forming a wide, rounded, posterior curve (Fig. 21D), whereas E. bule have the opisthosoma with whitish-gray patches forming a ‘happy face’ in dorsal view (Fig. 22A) and have the bifid septum narrow (Fig. 22D).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific name is derived from ‘drune’ which means ‘black’ in the Ngäbere language, currently spoken by the Ngäbe native people of Panama, and refers to the dark general coloration.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.618774&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.8905" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.618774/lat 8.8905)">Parque Internacional La Amistad</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.618774&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.8905" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.618774/lat 8.8905)">Cerro Picacho</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.890500° N, 82.618778° W; 2299 m a.s.l.; 12–17 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque, L. Piacentini and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SAU1NCL062; DNA barcode SPIPA385-10; MIUP.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAC1DHH012; preparation codes FML-00699, LNP-00545; DNA code epes7100; GenBank code PX096960; MACNAr 29084 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU1NCL035; DNA code epes7240; GenBank code PX096962; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU1NCR048; DNA code epes7237; GenBank code PX096961; CRBA.</p><p>Description</p><p>Female (paratype MACN-Ar 29084)</p><p>Total length 3.24. Prosoma: length 1.43, width 1.12, height 0.82. Sternum: length 0.70, width 0.55. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.14, PME 0.14, AME–PME 0.15. Opisthosoma: length 2.28, wide 2.47, high 2.10; with posterior lateral tubercles. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma dark laterally, yellowish-white centrally (Fig. 21A). Dorsum of ocular area dark (Fig. 21A–B). Thoracic area of prosoma laterally higher (Fig. 21B). Sternum yellowish-orange with dark borders (Fig. 21C). Opisthosoma color overall dark gray with three pairs of dorsal whitish-gray patches laterally covered by sparsely thick dark gray flecks (Fig. 21A–B). Opisthosoma with two lateral posterior tubercles connected ventrally by guanine silver stripe (Fig. 21C). Epigynal plate, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, spinneret field and behind anal tubercle dark gray, surrounded by whitish-gray area (Fig. 21C). Legs I–II darker than III–IV, femora and patella greenish-brown, tibiae and metatarsi brownish-orange but distally dark, tarsi brownish-orange (Fig. 21A–C). Epigynal plate: domed, with transverse groove, central pit deep (Fig. 21B–C). Vulva: copulatory ducts massive, proximally with patch of gland ducts dorsally, heavily sclerotized distally inserting dorsolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae anteriorly sharp, sclerotized, and connate (i.e., fused one above the other), fertilization ducts sclerotized, relative small, emerging dorsally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 21D).</p><p>Male</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>Records are limited to collections made at 2299 m a.s.l. in lower montane rainforest from Parque Internacional La Amistad (Fig. 1). Females have been collected mostly at night by looking up, although a specimen was collected during the day by cryptic technique.</p><p>Variation</p><p>Some females examined have the prosoma and opisthosoma completely dark.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B5698C60FD89FEDCFBC4F87F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B56B8C6EFD73FEDCFBEAF87F.text	03C987C4B56B8C6EFD73FEDCFBEAF87F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epeirotypus bule Labarque & Piacentini & Pons & Hormiga & Arnedo & Ramírez 2025	<div><p>Epeirotypus bule sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 66510266-1FD6-407A-80D8-4EA7DDF338B1</p><p>Figs 1, 22</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Females of Epeirotypus bule sp. nov. resemble those of E. drune sp. nov. by the body coloration overall dark gray (Figs 21A–C, 22A–C), but E. bule can be distinguished by the opisthosoma with whitish-gray patches forming a ‘happy face’ in dorsal view (Fig. 22A) and the vulval bifid sclerotized septum forming a narrow, rounded, posterior curve (Fig. 22D), whereas E. drune have the opisthosoma with three pairs of dorsal whitish-gray patches covered by sparsely thick dark gray flecks (Fig. 21A) and have the bifid septum wide (Fig. 21D).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific name is derived from 'bule' which means 'head' in the Ngäbere language, currently spoken by the Ngäbe native people of Panama, and refers to the coloration pattern on the opisthosoma, which resembles a 'happy face' with the anterior procurved patches forming the smile and the rounded median patches suggesting eyes..</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.618774&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.8905" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.618774/lat 8.8905)">Parque Internacional La Amistad</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.618774&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.8905" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.618774/lat 8.8905)">Cerro Picacho</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.890500° N, 82.618778° W; 2299 m a.s.l.; 12–17 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque, L. Piacentini and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SAU2NCL028; preparation code FML-00944; DNA code epes7238; GenBank code PX096964; MIUP.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU2NCL033; preparation code FML-00968; DNA GenBank code PX096963; MIUP • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU1NCR002; DNA barcode SPIPA387-10; MACN-Ar 29326 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAC1DHH007; DNA barcode SPIPA389-10; MACN-Ar 29327 • 5 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MCZ.</p><p>Description</p><p>Female (holotype MIUP SAU2NCL028, paratype MIUP SAU2NCL033)</p><p>Total length 2.99. Prosoma: length 1.38, width 0.99, height 0.90. Sternum: length 0.62, width 0.55. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.13, PME 0.16, AME–PME 0.13. Opisthosoma: length 2.09, width 1.97, height 1.84; with posterior lateral tubercles. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma dark, fovea yellowish-white (Fig. 2A). Dorsum of ocular area dark (Fig. 22A). Thoracic area of prosoma laterally higher (Fig. 22B). Sternum dark brownish-orange (Fig. 22C). Opisthosoma color overall dark gray with three pairs of dorsal whitish-gray patches laterally, anterior and middle ones fused forming ‘happy face’ (Fig. 22A). Opisthosoma with two lateral posterior tubercles connected ventrally by guanine silver stripe (Fig. 22C). Epigynal plate, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, spinneret field and behind anal tubercle dark gray, surrounded by whitish-gray area (Fig. 22C). Legs I–II darker than III–IV, femora and patella greenish-brown, tibiae and metatarsi brownish-orange but distally dark, tarsi brownish-orange (Fig. 22A–C). Epigynal plate: domed, with transverse groove, central pit deep (Fig. 22B–C). Vulva: copulatory ducts massive, proximally with patch of gland ducts dorsally, heavily sclerotized distally inserting dorsolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae anteriorly sharp (i.e., angular), sclerotized, and connate (i.e., fused one above the other), fertilization ducts sclerotized, relative small, emerging dorsally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 22D).</p><p>Male</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>Records are limited to collections made at 2299 m a.s.l. in lower montane rainforest from Parque Internacional La Amistad (Fig. 1). Females have been collected mostly during the day by cryptic technique, though some specimens have been collected at night by looking up.</p><p>Variation</p><p>Some females examined have the opisthosomal whitish-gray patches separated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B56B8C6EFD73FEDCFBEAF87F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5658C6FFD75FEDCFC0FFDA8.text	03C987C4B5658C6FFD75FEDCFC0FFDA8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epeirotypus tain Labarque & Piacentini & Pons & Hormiga & Arnedo & Ramírez 2025	<div><p>Epeirotypus tain sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 03B82D0C-2162-45CD-835C-E54EC9D83ECE</p><p>Figs 1, 23</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Females of Epeirotypus tain sp. nov. can be distinguished from those of other species of Epeirotypus by the opisthosoma coloration overall reddish-brown with a white transversal central stripe (Fig. 23A).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific name is derived from ‘tain’ which means ‘red’ in the Ngäbere language, currently spoken by the Ngäbe native people of Panama, in reference to the overall reddish-brown coloration.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Reserva Forestal Fortuna</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Quebrada Honda</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.750083° N, 82.239083° W; 1135 m a.s.l.; 7–12 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SFU2NBH025; preparation codes FML-00897, LNP-00281; DNA code epes4070; GenBank code PX096965; MIUP.</p><p>Description</p><p>Female (holotype MIUP SFU2NBH025)</p><p>Total length 2.66. Prosoma: length 1.20, width 0.92, height 0.72. Sternum: length 0.54, width 0.47. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.12, PME 0.12, AME–PME 0.13. Opisthosoma: length 1.81, width 2.09, height 1.74; with posterior lateral tubercles. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma dark, fovea brownish-orange (Fig. 23A–B). Dorsum of ocular area dark (Fig. 23A). Thoracic area of prosoma laterally higher (Fig. 23B). Sternum brownish-orange with reddish-brown borders (Fig. 23C). Opisthosoma color overall reddish-brown with three pairs of dorsal whitish-gray patches laterally, middle ones fused forming transversal central stripe (Fig. 23A–B), covered by sparsely thick dark flecks (Fig. 23C). Opisthosoma with two lateral posterior tubercles (Fig. 23C). Epigynal plate, tracheal spiracle and behind anal tubercle reddish-brown, covered by sparsely thin whitish-gray flecks; booklung cover whitish-gray, spinneret field orange (Fig. 23C). Legs I–II darker than III–IV, femora and patella greenish-brown, tibiae and metatarsi brownish-orange but distally dark, tarsi brownish-orange (Fig. 23A–C). Epigynal plate: domed, with transverse groove, central pit deep (Fig. 23C). Vulva: copulatory ducts massive proximally, with patch of gland ducts dorsally, and heavily sclerotized distally inserting dorsolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae anteriorly sharp, sclerotized, and connate (i.e., fused one above the other), fertilization ducts sclerotized, relative small, emerging dorsally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 23D).</p><p>Male</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>Records are limited to collections made at 1135 m a.s.l. in premontane rainforest from Reserva Forestal Fortuna (Fig. 1). The only female has been collected at night by looking up.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Females of E. tain sp. nov. resemble those of E. bule sp. nov. by the vulval bifid sclerotized septum forming a narrow, rounded, posterior curve (Figs 22D, 23D).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B5658C6FFD75FEDCFC0FFDA8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5668C6DFD73F9CCFADCF87E.text	03C987C4B5668C6DFD73F9CCFADCF87E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Naatlo Coddington 1986	<div><p>Naatlo Coddington, 1986</p><p>Naatlo Coddington, 1986: 44 .</p><p>Type species Naatlo sutila Coddington, 1986 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males of Naatlo can be distinguished from those of other theridiosomatid genera by the distally lobed embolus (Fig. 26E; see also Coddington 1986; Dupérré &amp; Tapia 2017) (in contrast with the entire, thin laminated, or distally acute embolus in the other genera). Females of Naatlo can be distinguished from those of other genera by the domed (i.e., elevated ventrally) epigynal plate (absent in other genera except for Epeirotypus) with an epigynal flap hinged anteriorly (i.e., as an inverted ‘T’) (Figs 25C, 27C; see also Coddington 1986).</p><p>Description</p><p>Females of Naatlo have massive proximal copulatory ducts (i.e., more than three times the diameter of the duct’s distal region) with a dorsal patch of gland ducts, and distal copulatory ducts heavily sclerotized (i.e., dark), inserting dorsolaterally posteriorly into the spermathecae (Figs 25D, 27D). For further genus description details, see Coddington (1986) and Labarque &amp; Griswold (2014).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Dupérré &amp; Tapia (2017) suggested that a conductor relatively smaller than the embolus (see “reduced conductor” in Coddington 1986; Dupérré &amp; Tapia 2017) and a broad paracymbium were diagnostic for Naatlo, but those characters are present in all the members of Epeirotypinae (see Coddington 1986).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B5668C6DFD73F9CCFADCF87E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5678C6BFD5AFD7FFCECFDD7.text	03C987C4B5678C6BFD5AFD7FFCECFDD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Naatlo chi Labarque & Piacentini & Pons & Hormiga & Arnedo & Ramírez 2025	<div><p>Naatlo chi sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 1442E261-0B32-4A8B-819D-F8D0D916E174</p><p>Figs 1, 24–25</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males and females of Naatlo chi sp. nov. resemble the males of Naatlo mayzana Dupérré &amp; Tapia, 2017 by a continuous opisthosomal silver stripe, open posteriorly, that encircles most of the opisthosoma (Figs 24A–C, 25A–C; Dupérré &amp; Tapia 2017: fig. 40), but males of N. chi can be distinguished by the median apophysis proximally serrated (Fig. 24E–F), whereas N. mayzana have the apophysis smooth (Dupérré &amp; Tapia 2017: fig. 6). Males of N. chi can also be distinguished from the other species of the genus by the tegulum relatively small (i.e., less than half the size of the bulb), and a conductor with a heavily sclerotized (i.e., dark) posterior extension (Fig. 24D–F).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific name is derived from ‘chí’ which means ‘small’ or ‘child’ in the Ngäbere language, currently spoken by the Ngäbe native people of Panama, and refers to the relatively small tegulum.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>PANAMA – Coclé Province • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59258&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59258/lat 8.668083)">Parque Nacional General de División</a> <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59258&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59258/lat 8.668083)">Omar Torrijos Herrera</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59258&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59258/lat 8.668083)">El Cope</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.668083° N, 80.592583° W; 760 m a.s.l.; 4–9 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code STB1D9B019; MIUP.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Reserva Forestal Fortuna</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Quebrada Honda</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.750083° N, 82.239083° W; 1135 m a.s.l.; 7–12 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SFB1D9H035; preparation codes FML-00723, LNP-00275; DNA code naas1112; GenBank code PX096971; MACN-Ar 29008 • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 21–24 Jun. 2008; L. Piacentini and F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; voucher code SFNQL8P043; preparation codes FML-00969, FML-00970; MACN-Ar. – Coclé Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code STB1D9A009; preparation codes FML-00722, FML-00928; DNA barcode SPIPA368-10; CRBA. – Panama Province • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.92983&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.683444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.92983/lat 8.683444)">Parque Nacional Altos de Campana</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.683444° N, 79.929833° W; 895 m a.s.l.; 14–19 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SCU1NDH021; preparation codes FML-00721, LNP-00282; DNA code naas1115; GenBank code PX096976; MACN-Ar 29027 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SCC2NFH008; preparation code FML-00929; DNA barcode SPIPA369-10; MACN-Ar 29020 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SCD1NFD017; preparation code FML-00724; DNA code naas1185; GenBank code PX096979; CRBA.</p><p>Other material</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 6 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Reserva Forestal Fortuna</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Quebrada Honda</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.750083° N, 82.239083° W; 1135 m a.s.l.; 7–12 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFC1DAH012; DNA code naas1271; GenBank code PX096972; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU1N8H023; DNA barcode SPIPA366-10; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU1NCR045; DNA barcode SPIPA367-10; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU1NBR036; DNA barcode SPIPA363-10; MACN-Ar 29010 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU2NBH044; DNA code naas1268; GenBank code PX096973; MACN-Ar 29007 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFB1D8L018; DNA barcode SPIPA364-10; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU1N7R038; DNA code naas1273; GenBank code PX096974; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU2NCH028; DNA barcode SPIPA365-10; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU1NCR036; DNA code naas1269; GenBank code PX096975; CRBA • 3 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29014 • 3 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29009 • 2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29011 • 4 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; CRBA • 1 ♂, 31 ♀♀; same locality as for preceding; 21–24 Jun. 2008; L. Piacentini and F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.28467&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.732861" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.28467/lat 8.732861)">Reserva Forestal Fortuna</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.28467&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.732861" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.28467/lat 8.732861)">Sendero Zamudio</a>; 8.732861° N, 82.284667° W; 1360 m a.s.l.; 20 Jun. 2008; L. Piacentini and F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar. – Coclé Province • 2 ♂♂, 39 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59258&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59258/lat 8.668083)">Parque Nacional General de División</a> <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59258&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59258/lat 8.668083)">Omar Torrijos Herrera</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59258&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59258/lat 8.668083)">El Cope</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.668083° N, 80.592583° W, 760 m a.s.l.; 4–9 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code STB1D9R019; DNA code naas1270; GenBank code PX096984; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code STD1N7B029; DNA code naas1186; GenBank code PX096981; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code STC1D5A014; DNA code naas1188; GenBank code PX096982; MACN-Ar 29046 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code STD1N7R022; DNA code naas1267; GenBank code PX096985; MACN-Ar 29044 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code STD1N7H025; DNA code naas1266; GenBank code PX096983; CRBA • 4 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MIUP • 1 ♂, 8 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29040 • 7 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29036 • 5 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29033 • 5 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29049 • 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29050 • 1 ♂, 4 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29043 • 4 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29047 • 4 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29048 • 3 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29034 • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29045 • 2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29042 • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29035 • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29041 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29039 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29037 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACNAr 29038 • 4 ♂♂, 53 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; F. Labarque, M. Ramírez leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59267&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59267/lat 8.668139)">Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59267&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59267/lat 8.668139)">El Cope</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59267&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59267/lat 8.668139)">Corredor Los Helechos</a>; 8.668139° N, 80.592667° W; 790 m a.s.l.; 4 Jun. 2008; F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar • 3 ♀♀, same locality as for preceding; Sendero Las Ranas; 3 Jun. 2008 F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar. – Panama Province • 6 ♂♂, 158 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.92983&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.683444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.92983/lat 8.683444)">Parque Nacional Altos de Campana</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.683444° N, 79.929833° W; 895 m a.s.l.; 14–19 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SCB1DFR042; DNA code naas1187; GenBank code PX096980; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SCB1DGD011; DNA code naas1192; GenBank code PX096977; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SCC1NHD013; DNA barcode SPIPA372-10; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SCU1NGH027; DNA code naas1272; GenBank code PX096978; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SCC1NER014; DNA barcode SPIPA370-10; MACNAr 29022 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SCB1DIA010; DNA barcode SPIPA371-10; CRBA • 1 ♂, 55 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MIUP • 22 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACNAr 29029 • 17 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29032 • 15 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29006 • 12 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29017 • 12 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29023 • 10 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29031 • 10 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29026 • 9 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29030 • 6 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29001 • 5 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29025 • 4 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29002 • 4 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29024 • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29021 • 3 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACNAr 29015 • 3 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29018 • 2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29019 • 2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29005 • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29004 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29016 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29028 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29003 • 4 ♂♂, 144 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; CRBA.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (paratype MACN-Ar SFNQL8P043)</p><p>Total length 1.26. Prosoma: length 0.65, width 0.54, height 0.42. Sternum: length 0.35, width 0.31. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07, PME 0.07, AME–PME 0.07. Opisthosoma: length 0.79, width 0.68, height 0.62. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma yellowish-white laterally, olive-green centrally (Fig. 24A–B). Dorsum of the ocular area olive-green (Fig. 24A). Thoracic area of prosoma laterally higher (Fig. 24B). Sternum olive-green (Fig. 24C). Dorsum of the opisthosoma light olive-green (Fig. 24A) with wide guanine silver stripe, open posteriorly, encircling most of opisthosoma (Fig. 24B– C). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, and behind anal tubercle olive-green, surrounded by light olive-green area; spinneret field light olive-green (Fig. 24C). Legs I–II darker than III–IV, femora yellowish-white, patella, tibiae and metatarsi greenish-brown, tarsi darker greenish-brown (Fig. 24A–C). Palp: paracymbium wider than long, tegulum retrolaterally narrow, tegular spur rounded, wide, median apophysis rounded, distally notched (see “dorsal notch” in Coddington 1986), with projection extending distally, conductor reduced, partially covering embolus, with acute posterior extension, embolus distally lobed (Fig. 24D–F).</p><p>Female (paratype MACN-Ar 29020)</p><p>Total length 1.77. Prosoma: length 0.85, width 0.65, height 0.49. Sternum: length 0.41, width 0.38. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07, PME 0.10, AME–PME 0.07. Opisthosoma: length 1.25, width 1.05, height 0.97. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration darker than in male (Fig. 25A–C). Epigynal plate orange (Fig. 25C), domed, with transverse groove, epigynal flap hinged anteriorly (Fig. 25C). Vulva: copulatory ducts massive, proximally with patch of gland ducts dorsally, heavily sclerotized distally inserting dorsolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae ovoid, anteriorly sharp (i.e., angular), sclerotized, and connate (i.e., fused along midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging dorsally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 25D).</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>Records are limited to collections made at 760 m a.s.l., 895 m a.s.l. and 1135 m a.s.l. in premontane rainforests from Parque Nacional Altos de Campana, Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera and Reserva Forestal Fortuna, respectively (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly at night by looking up, although some specimens were also collected at night by looking down and others during the day by all the collection techniques.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B5678C6BFD5AFD7FFCECFDD7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5638C14FD81FA0CFD24FBCD.text	03C987C4B5638C14FD81FA0CFD24FBCD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Naatlo fauna (Simon 1897)	<div><p>Naatlo fauna (Simon, 1897)</p><p>Figs 1, 26–27</p><p>Theridiosoma fauna Simon, 1897: 483, figs 1–2, 7–8</p><p>[ ♀ lectotype, one ♂ and 18 ♀♀ paralectotypes from Venezuela, Carabobo, San Esteban (Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris), designated by Coddington 1989, not examined].</p><p>Naatlo fauna – Coddington 1986: 50, figs 69, 91–98</p><p>[♂, ♀] [from Colombia, Valle] [transferred from Theridiosoma].</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Females of Naatlo fauna resemble those of Naatlo splendida (Taczanowski, 1879) by the elongated opisthosoma (i.e., projecting behind the spinnerets) and by the epigynal flap narrowly hinged anteriorly and wider than the sternum (Fig. 27A–D; Coddington 1986: figs 84–86, 88, 91–93; Wienskoski 2010: figs 1a–c, 4d), but N. fauna can be distinguished by the three pairs of dorsal whitish-gray patches laterally on the opisthosoma (Fig. 27A–B; Coddington 1986: figs 91–92; Wienskoski 2010: fig. 1a–b), whereas N. splendida have two lateral silver stripes (Coddington 1986: figs 84, 86; Wienskoski 2010: fig. 4a–b). Males of N. fauna can be distinguished from those of N. splendida by the embolus with four lobes distally (Fig. 26E; Coddington 1986: fig. 83), whereas N. splendida have three lobes (Coddington 1986: fig. 73).</p><p>Material examined</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Reserva Forestal Fortuna</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Quebrada Honda</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.750083° N, 82.239083° W; 1135 m a.s.l.; 7–12 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SFB1DAR028; preparation codes FML-00720, LNP-00258; DNA code naafa056; GenBank code PX096967; MACN-Ar 29057 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFC1DBR019; preparation codes FML-00725, LNP-00263; DNA code naafa118; GenBank code PX096966; MACN-Ar 29056 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFB1D9R032; DNA code naafa191; GenBank code PX096968; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFB2D9R026; DNA barcode SPIPA373-10; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFD1NBR033; DNA barcode SPIPA374-10; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU1N8A036; DNA barcode SPIPA376-10; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU1N8R028; DNA barcode SPIPA375-10; CRBA • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU1NBR037; DNA code naafa189; GenBank code PX096969; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU1NCD031; DNA barcode SPIPA377-10; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU1NCL016; DNA code naaga190; GenBank code PX096970; MCZ • 2 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MCZ • 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MIUP • 2 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29054 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29058 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29055 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29053 • 5 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; CRBA • 6 ♀♀; same locality as for preceding; 21–24 Jun. 2008; L. Piacentini and F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar.</p><p>Redescription</p><p>Male (MACN-Ar 29057)</p><p>Total length 1.53. Prosoma: length 0.69, width 0.67, height 0.56. Sternum: length 0.37, width 0.35. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.06, PME 0.06, AME–PME 0.08. Opisthosoma: length 0.92, width 0.83, height 0.94. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma yellowish-white laterally, olive-green centrally (Fig. 26A–B). Dorsum of ocular area olive-green (Fig. 26A). Sternum light olive-green (Fig. 26C). Dorsum of opisthosoma olive-green with three pairs of dorsal whitish-gray patches laterally (Fig. 26A). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, and behind anal tubercle olive-green, surrounded by whitish-gray area; spinneret field light olive-green (Fig. 26C). Legs I–II darker than III– IV, femora yellowish-white but distally orange, patella, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi orange (Fig. 26A–C). Palp: paracymbium wider than long, tegulum retrolaterally narrow, tegular spur rounded, wide, median apophysis rounded, distally notched, with projection extending distally, conductor reduced, partially covering embolus, embolus distally lobed (Fig. 26D–F).</p><p>Female (MACN-Ar 29056)</p><p>Total length 1.88. Prosoma: length 0.63, width 0.53, height 0.46. Sternum: length 0.41, width 0.38. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07, PME 0.06, AME–PME 0.06. Opisthosoma: length 1.36, width 1.10, height 0.94. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration olive-greener than in male (Fig. 27A–C). Epigynal plate brownish-orange (Fig. 27C), domed, with transverse groove, epigynal flap hinged anteriorly (Fig. 27C). Vulva: copulatory ducts massive, proximally with patch of gland ducts dorsally, heavily sclerotized distally inserting dorsolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae ovoid, sclerotized, and connate (i.e., fused along the midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging dorsally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 27D). For further species description details, see Coddington (1986).</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>Naatlo fauna is distributed from Costa Rica to Brazil including Trinidad and Tobago (World Spider Catalog 2025). Records in this study are limited to collections made at 1135 m a.s.l. in the premontane rainforest from Reserva Forestal Fortuna (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly at night by looking up, although some specimens were also collected at night by looking down and others during the day by beating and cryptic techniques.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B5638C14FD81FA0CFD24FBCD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B51F8C15FDC4FEDDFC96FF51.text	03C987C4B51F8C15FDC4FEDDFC96FF51.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ogulnius O. Pickard-Cambridge 1882	<div><p>Ogulnius O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1882</p><p>Ogulnius O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1882: 432 .</p><p>Type species Ogulnius obtectus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1882 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males and females of Ogulnius can be distinguished from those of other theridiosomatid genera by the opisthosoma overhanging the prosoma (i.e., eclipsing the thoracic area) (absent in other genera), and the first tibiae with a retrolateral membranous patch (Figs 28B, 29B, 30B, 31B) (absent in other genera). Males of Ogulnius are also distinguished by a bifurcated mesal embolic apophysis (in contrast with non-divided or multiple times divided embolic apophysis in other genera), and its elongated prolateral branch (next to the embolus) that encircles the bulb counter-clockwise (Figs 28C–E, 30C–D; see also Coddington 1986 and Dupérré &amp; Tapia 2017). Females of Ogulnius are also distinguished by having completely sclerotized copulatory ducts (in contrast with irregular and membranous or distally sclerotized copulatory ducts in other genera), with the copulatory openings exposed, protruding from beneath the transverse groove posteriorly (Figs 29D, 31D) (misinterpreted as “interrupted transverse groove” by Coddington 1986 and Dupérré &amp; Tapia 2017; also compare “groove pockets” in Dupérré &amp; Tapia 2017: figs 11–14, with Coddington 1986: figs 124–125) (absent in other genera).</p><p>Description</p><p>Females of Ogulnius have convoluted copulatory ducts that insert dorsolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae (Figs 5F–G, 29C–D, 31C–D; see also Coddington 1986 and Dupérré &amp; Tapia 2017). For further genus description details, see Coddington (1986) and Labarque &amp; Griswold (2014).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Coddington (1986) suggested that a sternum truncated posteriorly was diagnostic for Ogulnius, but this character is also present in other theridiomatid genera (i.e., Chthonos, Theridiosoma, Epilineutes, Wendilgarda). We confirm the presence of a membranous patch on the retrolateral face of the first tibia in the two species of Ogulnius here examined (see also Ogulnius obtectus Keyserling, 1886; Coddington 1986: 57), seemingly a synapomorphy of the genus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B51F8C15FDC4FEDDFC96FF51	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B51F8C10FD74FA55FBDDF8A0.text	03C987C4B51F8C10FD74FA55FBDDF8A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ogulnius zbodro Labarque & Piacentini & Pons & Hormiga & Arnedo & Ramírez 2025	<div><p>Ogulnius zbodro sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8F9F5A14-A073-445F-9509-E32FC35D5C6E</p><p>Figs 1, 5F–G, 28–29</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Females of Ogulnius zbodro sp. nov. resemble those of Ogulnius laranka Dupérré &amp; Tapia, 2017 and Ogulnius puku Dupérré &amp; Tapia, 2017 by the exposed and separated copulatory openings (Fig. 29C– D; Dupérré &amp; Tapia 2017: figs 11, 13), but O. zbodro can be distinguished by the copulatory ducts convoluting four times directly above the spermathecae (Figs 5F–G, 29D), whereas O. laranka and O. puku have the copulatory ducts convoluting separated from the spermathecae (Dupérré &amp; Tapia 2017: figs 12, 14). Males of O. zbodro can be distinguished from those of O. laranka by the embolic apophysis prolateral branch encircling the bulb one-time counter-clockwise (Fig. 28D), whereas O. laranka have the prolateral branch longer, encircling the bulb about 1.75 times counter-clockwise (Dupérré &amp; Tapia 2017: fig. 9).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific name is derived from the union of two words, ‘zbö’ and ‘dro’, which mean ‘God’ and ‘Sun’ or ‘bright’, respectively, in the Naso language, currently spoken by the Naso Tjerdi native people of Panama, and refers to the elongated prolateral branch of the embolic apophysis that encircles the bulb one-time counter-clockwise, forming the end of a cycle, the end of day.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>PANAMA – Panama Province • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.92983&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.683444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.92983/lat 8.683444)">Parque Nacional Altos de Campana</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.683444° N, 79.929833° W; 895 m a.s.l.; 14–19 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SCD1NGR012; DNA barcode SPIPA362-10; MIUP.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>PANAMA – Panama Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCC1DER017; preparation codes FML-00714, LNP-00285; DNA code ogus1119; GenBank code PX097021; MACN-Ar 29310 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCD1DFR015; preparation codes FML-00733, FML-01148, LNP-00286; DNA code ogus1110; GenBank code PX097020; MACN-Ar 29309 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCD1DFR031; DNA barcode SPIPA120-10; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCD1DHR010; DNA barcode SPIPA361-10; MIUP • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCD1DFH007; DNA code oguoc195; GenBank code PX097019; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCD1DFR014; DNA barcode SPIPA119-10; CRBA.</p><p>Other material</p><p>PANAMA – Panama Province • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCD1DFD013; DNA barcode SPIPA360-10; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCD1NER013; DNA code oguoc193; GenBank code PX097018; MACN-Ar 29308.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (paratype MACN-Ar 29310)</p><p>Total length 0.79. Prosoma: length 0.49, width 0.41, height 0.41; cephalic area elevated. Sternum: length 0.22, width 0.26. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.06, PME 0.04, AME–PME 0.07. Opisthosoma: length 0.63, width 0.57, height 0.44; overhanging prosoma. Leg formula: 4123. Dorsal shield of prosoma orange laterally, reddish-brown centrally (Fig. 28A–B). Dorsum of the ocular area orange (Fig. 28A). Sternum reddish-brown (Fig. 28C). Opisthosoma color overall reddish-brown, dorsally lighter; smooth (i.e., no pattern) (Fig. 28A–B). Spinneret field orange (Fig. 28C). Legs orange, tibia I with retrolateral membranous patch (Fig. 28A–C). Palp: paracymbium ovoid, covering the embolic division, median apophysis anterior projection blunt, bifurcated mesal embolic apophysis, elongated retrolateral branch protruding from beneath conductor and encircling the bulb one-time counter-clockwise, embolus laminated (Fig. 28D–F).</p><p>Female (paratype MACN-Ar 29309)</p><p>Total length 0.95. Prosoma: length 0.51, width 0.42, height 0.42; cephalic area elevated. Sternum: length 0.24, width 0.28. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.06, PME 0.04, AME–PME 0.06. Opisthosoma: length 0.76, width 0.67, height 0.57; overhanging prosoma. Leg formula: 4123. Coloration as in male (Fig. 29A–C). Tibia I with retrolateral membranous patch (Fig. 29B). Epigynal plate reddish-brown (Fig. 29C), with transverse groove anterior to copulatory ducts openings (Fig. 29C–D). Vulva: copulatory ducts totally sclerotized, convoluting four times and inserting dorsolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae anteriorly sharp (i.e., angular), sclerotized, and connate (i.e., fused along the midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet the uterus externus (Figs 5F–G, 29D).</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>Records are limited to collections made at 895 m a.s.l. in premontane rainforest from Parque Nacional Altos de Campana (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly during the day by looking down, although a male was also collected during the day by cryptic technique and a couple at night by looking down.</p><p>Variation</p><p>Some males and females have darker coloration than the described specimens.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B51F8C10FD74FA55FBDDF8A0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B51B8C1CFD86FEDDFB47FBA5.text	03C987C4B51B8C1CFD86FEDDFB47FBA5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ogulnius debonaja Labarque & Piacentini & Pons & Hormiga & Arnedo & Ramírez 2025	<div><p>Ogulnius debonaja sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 35A21BA4-9E6E-42B4-95EC-35A72FCACB74</p><p>Figs 1, 30–31</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Females of Ogulnius debonaja sp. nov. resemble those of Ogulnius gloriae (Petrunkevitch, 1930) by the exposed and attached copulatory openings forming a backward-pointed triangle (Fig. 31C–D; Coddington 1986: fig. 124), but O. debonaja can be distinguished by the copulatory ducts convoluted multiple times (Fig. 31D) and by the opisthosoma smooth (i.e., no pattern) (Fig. 31A–B), whereas O. gloriae have the ducts convolute three times (Coddington 1986: fig. 125) and have dorsal tubercles on the opisthosoma (Coddington 1986: figs 120–121). Males of O. debonaja can be distinguished from those of O. gloriae by the embolic apophysis prolateral branch encircling the bulb 1.25 times counter-clockwise (Fig. 30D) and a hooked anterior projection of the median apophysis (Fig. 30F), whereas O. gloriae have the prolateral branch smaller, encircling the bulb about 0.75 times counter-clockwise (Coddington 1986: figs 100–101), and have the projection straight (Coddington 1986: fig. 99).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific name is derived from the union of two words, ‘debo’ and ‘nã’ja’, which mean ‘big’ and ‘head’, respectively, in the Naso language, currently spoken by the Naso Tjerdi native people of Panama, and refers to the elevated and bulky cephalic area of the males’ prossoma.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.618774&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.8905" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.618774/lat 8.8905)">Parque Internacional La Amistad</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.618774&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.8905" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.618774/lat 8.8905)">Cerro Picacho</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.890500° N, 82.618778° W; 2299 m a.s.l.; 12–17 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque, L. Piacentini and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SAC1DEH003; DNA code ogus2199; GenBank code PX097009; MIUP.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU1NDB035; preparation codes FML-00715, LNP-00543; DNA code ogus2102; GenBank code PX097017; MACNAr 29329 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAD1NHB024; preparation codes FML-00739, LNP-00544; DNA code ogus2101; GenBank code PX097014; MACN-Ar 29346 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU1NCB026; DNA code oguoc196; GenBank code PX097012; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU2NCA003; DNA barcode SPIPA358-10; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAB1DDA002; DNA barcode SPIPA356-10; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU1NDL029; DNA barcode SPIPA355-10; MACN-Ar 29325 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAC1DDB013; DNA code oguoc103; GenBank code PX097010; MACN-Ar 29349 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU2NCL030; DNA code oguoc198; GenBank code PX097013; MACN-Ar 29345 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU2NCL034; DNA code oguoc194; GenBank code PX097011; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAB1DHL021; DNA code ogus2197; GenBank code PX097015; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAD1NGL022; DNA code ogus2200; GenBank code PX097016; CRBA • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU1NCL037; DNA barcode SPIPA359-10; CRBA.</p><p>Other material</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 23 ♂♂, 35 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MCZ • 7 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; IMFUP • 12 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29335 • 1 ♂, 6 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29332 • 6 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29339 • 1 ♂, 4 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29334 • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29344 • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29328 • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29333 • 3 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29348 • 3 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29338 • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29340 • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29342 • 2 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29341 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29330 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29347 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29343 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29331 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29337 • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29336 • 19 ♂♂, 48 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; CRBA • 2 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.61508&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.893833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.61508/lat 8.893833)">Parque Internacional La Amistad</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.61508&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.893833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.61508/lat 8.893833)">Sendero Retoño</a>; 8.893833° N, 82.615083° W; 2240 m a.s.l.; 10–11 Jun. 2008; F. Labarque and M. Ramirez leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar • 2 ♂♂; same locality as for holotype; 17–18 Jun.2008; F. Labarque and L. Piacentini leg.; MACN-Ar • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Reserva Forestal Fortuna</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Quebrada Honda</a>; 8.750083° N, 82.239083° W; 1135 m a.s.l. 21–24 Jun. 2008; L. Piacentini and F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar. – Coclé Province • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59258&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59258/lat 8.668083)">Parque Nacional G.D. Omar Torrijos Herrera</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59258&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59258/lat 8.668083)">El Cope</a>; 8.668083° N, 80.592583° W; 760 m a.s.l.; 4–9 Jun. 2008; F. Labarque, M. Ramírez leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar • 3 ♂♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59267&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668138" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59267/lat 8.668138)">Parque Nacional G.D. Omar Torrijos Herrera</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59267&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668138" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59267/lat 8.668138)">El Cope</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59267&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668138" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59267/lat 8.668138)">Sendero Las Ranas</a>,; 8.668138° N, 80.592667° W; 790 m a.s.l.; 3 Jun. 2008; F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (paratype MACN-Ar 29329)</p><p>Total length 0.87. Prosoma: length 0.57, width 0.46, height 0.46; cephalic area elevated. Sternum: length 0.24, width 0.28. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.06, PME 0.06, AME–PME 0.06. Opisthosoma: length 0.66, width 0.58, height 0.42; overhanging prosoma. Leg formula: 4123. Dorsal shield of prosoma orange (Fig. 30A–B). Dorsum of ocular area orange (Fig. 30A–B). Sternum brownish-orange (Fig. 30C). Opisthosoma color overall orangish-white, smooth (Fig. 30A–C). Epiandrium and spinneret field orange, gray patch surrounding tracheal spiracle, spinnerets and anal tubercle (Fig. 30C). Legs orange, tibia I with retrolateral membranous patch (Fig. 30A–C). Palp: paracymbium ovoid, covering embolic division, median apophysis anterior projection hooked, bifurcated mesal embolic apophysis, elongated retrolateral branch protruding from beneath conductor and encircling bulb 1.25 times counter-clockwise, embolus laminated (Fig. 30D–F).</p><p>Female (paratype MACN-Ar 29346)</p><p>Total length 1.14. Prosoma: length 0.60, width 0.44, height 0.45; cephalic area elevated. Sternum: length 0.26, width 0.29. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.06, PME 0.06, AME–PME 0.07. Opisthosoma: length 0.95, width 0.92, height 0.81; overhanging prosoma. Leg formula: 4123. Coloration darker than male (Fig. 31A–C). Tibia I with retrolateral membranous patch (Fig. 31C). Epigynal plate reddish-brown (Fig. 31C), with transverse groove anterior to copulatory ducts openings (Fig. 31C–D). Vulva: copulatory ducts totally sclerotized, convoluting multiple times and inserting dorsolaterally posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae anteriorly sharp (i.e., angular), sclerotized, and connate (i.e., fused along midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 31D).</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>Records are limited to collections made at 895 m a.s.l. and 1135 m a.s.l. in premontane rainforest from Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera and Reserva Forestal Fortuna, respectively, and at 2299 m a.s.l. in lower montane rainforest from Parque Internacional La Amistad (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly at night by looking up, although some specimens were also collected at night by looking down and others during the day by cryptic, beating and looking down.</p><p>Variation</p><p>Some males and females examined have darker coloration than the described specimens.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B51B8C1CFD86FEDDFB47FBA5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5178C1DFDE9FEDDFDC1FD4D.text	03C987C4B5178C1DFDE9FEDDFDC1FD4D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Theridiosoma O. Pickard-Cambridge 1879	<div><p>Theridiosoma O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1879</p><p>Theridiosoma O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1879: 193 .</p><p>Type species: Theridiosoma argenteolum O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1879 (= Theridiosoma gemmosum (L. Koch, 1877)) .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males of Theridiosoma resemble those of Andasta Simon, 1895, Tantra gen. nov. and Zoma Saaristo, 1996 by the embolic apophysis divided multiple times (more than three times, see “fragmented” in Coddington 1986 and Labarque &amp; Griswold 2014), forming branches prolaterally and retrolaterally to the embolus (e.g., Zhao &amp; Li 2012: fig. 27d), but Theridiosoma can be distinguished by having more than one prolateral branch (see “bristle-like parts” in Coddington 1986), protruding from beneath the conductor (Fig. 32D–F; see also Coddington 1986; Rodrigues &amp; Ott 2005; Miller et al. 2009; Zhao &amp; Li 2012; Dupérré &amp; Tapia 2017; Suzuki et al. 2020), whereas Andasta have all branches covered by the conductor (Saaristo 2010: fig. 38 6–7), Tantra gen. nov. have one retrolateral branch (Figs 34E, 38E, 42E) and Zoma have one prolateral branch (Miller et al. 2009: fig. 10F; Zhao &amp; Li 2012: fig. 28d; Ballarin et al. 2021: fig. 5c), projecting from beneath the conductor. Females of Theridiosoma can be distinguished from those of other genera by the distal copulatory ducts convoluting antero-posteriorly (Figs 6A, 33D; see also Coddington 1986; Rodrigues &amp; Ott 2005; Miller et al. 2009; Zhao &amp; Li 2012; Dupérré &amp; Tapia 2017; Suzuki et al. 2020).</p><p>Description</p><p>Males of Theridiosoma have the conductor with heavily sclerotized (i.e., dark) posterior extension (Fig. 32D–F; see also Coddington 1986; Rodrigues &amp; Ott 2005; Miller et al. 2009; Zhao &amp; Li 2012; Dupérré &amp; Tapia 2017; Suzuki et al. 2020) that may have prolateral (e.g., Coddington 1986: figs 154– 156) or retrolateral (e.g., Suzuki et al. 2020: fig. 7e–g) heavily sclerotized projections. In addition, the conductor may have a prolateral, acute and posteriorly elongated apophysis that articulates with it through a membrane (e.g., Suzuki et al. 2020: fig. 7e–g). The embolic apophysis prolateral branches may be filiform, flexible and elongated, with a wide (Fig. 32D–F; e.g., Zhao &amp; Li 2012: fig. 28a–d) or an acute and heavily sclerotized tip (e.g., Suzuki et al. 2020: fig. 7e–g). Females of Theridiosoma have the epigynal plate protruding ventrally, which may be flat (i.e., straight in lateral view; Figs 6B, 33B; e.g., Suzuki et al. 2020: fig. 7d) or domed (i.e., curved in posterior view; e.g., Coddington 1986: figs 138, 143) and may be entire (e.g., Rodrigues &amp; Ott 2005: fig. 6) or divided (e.g., Suzuki et al. 2020: fig. 5a–d), the dorsal epigynal plate exposed protruding from beneath the copulatory opening posteriorly (Fig. 33B–D; e.g., Coddington 1986: fig. 143; Dupérré &amp; Tapia 2017: figs 28–29; Suzuki et al. 2020: fig. 5a, c), massive proximal copulatory ducts (i.e., more than three times the diameter of the distal region), that may be fused (e.g., Lopardo &amp; Hormiga 2015: fig. 123a) or separated (Figs 6A, 33D), with a dorsal patch of gland ducts, and distal copulatory ducts inserting ventromedially posteriorly into the spermathecae (Fig. 6A–B; see also Coddington 1986; Rodrigues &amp; Ott 2005; Miller et al. 2009; Zhao &amp; Li 2012; Dupérré &amp; Tapia 2017; Suzuki et al. 2020). For further genus description details, see Coddington (1986) and Labarque &amp; Griswold (2014).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Dupérré &amp; Tapia (2017) suggested that a median apophysis distally acute with an anterior median groove was diagnostic for Theridiosoma, but this character is present in all the members of Theridiosomatinae (see Labarque &amp; Griswold 2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B5178C1DFDE9FEDDFDC1FD4D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5108C19FDE4FEDDFACEF90F.text	03C987C4B5108C19FDE4FEDDFACEF90F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Theridiosoma goodnightorum Archer 1953	<div><p>Theridiosoma goodnightorum Archer, 1953</p><p>Figs 1, 6A–B, 32–33</p><p>Theridiosoma goodnightorum Archer, 1953: 11, fig. 19 [♀] [</p><p>holotype ♀ from Mexico, Chiapas, Monte Libano (American Museum of Natural History, New York), not examined] .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males of Theridiosoma goodnightorum resemble those of Theridiosoma chiripa Rodrigues &amp; Ott, 2005 and Theridiosoma sancristobalensis Baert, 2014 by a prolateral branch of the embolic apophysis filiform, flexible, elongated and with an acute, heavily sclerotized tip protruding retrolateraly from beneath the conductor (Fig. 32D–F; see Rodrigues &amp; Ott 2005: fig. 4, “ae”), but T. goodnightorum can be distinguished by having another prolateral branch of the embolic apophysis filiform, flexible, elongated and with a wide tip protruding prolaterally from beneath the heavily sclerotized posterior extension of the conductor (Fig. 32D–F), whereas in T. chiripa, if present, the branch is not protruding (Rodrigues &amp; Ott 2005: fig. 4) and T. sancristobalensis have the protruding branch with an acute tip (misinterpreted as “embolus” in Baert 2014: figs 8–9). Females of T. goodnightorum resemble those of T. chiripa and T. sancristobalensis by the epigynal plate flat (Figs 6B, 33B; Rodrigues &amp; Ott 2005: fig. 6; Baert 2014: fig. 10), but T. goodnightorum can be distinguished by the proximal copulatory ducts forming a squared angle (Fig. 33F), whereas T. chiripa and T. sancristobalensis have them curved (Rodrigues &amp; Ott 2005: figs 8–9; Baert 2014: fig. 12).</p><p>Material examined</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Reserva Forestal Fortuna</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Quebrada Honda</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.750083° N, 82.239083° W; 1135 m a.s.l.; 7–12 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SFD1DAR028; preparation codes FML-00719, LNP-00262; DNA code thech069; GenBank code PX096928; MACN-Ar 29231 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFD1D9L004; preparation codes FML-00726, LNP-00268; DNA code thech121; GenBank code PX096929; MACN-Ar 29235 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFD1NCD023; DNA barcode SPIPA350-10; MACN-Ar 29233 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFD1NCL025; DNA code thech182; GenBank code PX096935; MACN-Ar 29238 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFD1NAH025; DNA barcode SPIPA354-10; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU1N8L031; DNA code thech173; GenBank code PX096938; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFC2NAR015; DNA code thech178; GenBank code PX096939; CRBA • 4 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MCZ • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; IMFUP • 3 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29234 • 3 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29232 • 2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29224 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29237 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29236 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29225 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29228 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29227 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29226 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29229 • 3 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29230 • 4 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; CRBA • 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.618774&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.8905" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.618774/lat 8.8905)">Parque Internacional La Amistad</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.618774&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.8905" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.618774/lat 8.8905)">Cerro Picacho</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.890500° N, 82.618778° W; 2299 m a.s.l.; 12–17 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque, L. Piacentini and M. Ramírez leg.; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAC1NGL018; DNA code thech180; GenBank code PX096934; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAD1NCA001; DNA barcode SPIPA352-10; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAD1NHL021; DNA code thech169; GenBank code PX096930; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAD1NCA004; DNA barcode SPIPA353-10; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAD1NCR031; DNA code thech170; GenBank code PX096931; MACN-Ar 29241 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAD1NGL024; DNA code thech174; GenBank code PX096932; MACN-Ar 29242 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAC1DDH014; DNA code thech175; GenBank code PX096933; MACN-Ar 29243 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SAC1NHL015; DNA barcode SPIPA351-10; CRBA • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MIUP • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29240 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29244 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 29239 • 5 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; CRBA. – Coclé Province • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59258&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59258/lat 8.668083)">Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos</a> <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59258&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59258/lat 8.668083)">Herrera</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59258&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59258/lat 8.668083)">El Cope</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.668083° N, 80.592583° W; 760 m a.s.l.; 4–9 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code STD1N6R021; DNA code thech171; GenBank code PX096936; MCZ • 1 ♀, same data as for preceding; voucher code STD1N6R027; preparation code FML-00991; DNA code thech172; GenBank code PX096937; CRBA • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; 21–24 Jun. 2008; L. Piacentini and F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (MACN-Ar 29231)</p><p>Total length 1.41. Prosoma: length 0.92, width 0.67, height 0.63. Sternum: length 0.36, width 0.36. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09, PME 0.08, AME–PME 0.09. Opisthosoma: length 1.03, width 0.85, height 0.73. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma dark brownish-orange laterally, yellowish-orange centrally forming an irregular band (Fig. 32A–B). Dorsum of ocular area orange (Fig. 32A–B). Sternum orange with dark borders (Fig. 32C). Opisthosoma color overall dark brownish-orange, dorsally lighter, with wide guanine silver stripe, open posteriorly, encircling half of opisthosoma (Fig. 32A–B). Epiandrium, tracheal spiracle and behind anal tubercle reddish-brown, covered by sparsely thin whitish-gray flecks; booklung cover whitish-gray, spinneret field dark brownish-orange (Fig. 32C). Femora yellowish-white but distally dark, patella, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi orange (Fig. 32A–C). Palp: paracymbium hooked, paracymbial process (from Lopardo &amp; Hormiga 2015, but see “cymbial lamella” in Coddington 1986 and Labarque &amp; Griswold 2014) with a row of setae, tegulum striated (i.e., with spicules), tegular spur rounded, small, median apophysis elongated with a median groove, conductor retrolateral surface finger-printed (see “stripes” in Coddington 1986 and Labarque &amp; Griswold 2014) covering the embolic apophysis, embolus as thin lamina, multiple divided embolic apophysis with two filiform, flexible and elongated branches protruding from beneath conductor, retrolateral distally acute and heavily sclerotized, prolateral distally wide (Fig. 32D–F; Coddington 1986: figs 130–131).</p><p>Redescription</p><p>Female (MACN-Ar 29235, CRBA STD1N6R027)</p><p>Total length 1.81. Prosoma: length 0.85, width 0.70, height 0.67. Sternum: length 0.38, width 0.38. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09, PME 0.09, AME–PME 0.08. Opisthosoma: length 1.29, width 1.20, height 1.10. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration darker than male (Fig. 33A–C). Sternum with two dark brownish-orange patches close to sternal pits (Fig. 33C). Epigynal plate brownish-orange (Fig. 33C). Epigynal plate: flat, dorsal epigynal plate exposed (Fig. 33B–C). Vulva: copulatory ducts massive proximally, and heavily sclerotized distally, proximal copulatory ducts with patch of gland ducts dorsally, distal copulatory ducts convoluting antero-posteriorly, inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae ovoid, sclerotized, and connate (i.e., fused along midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Figs 6A–B, 33D).</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>Theridiosoma goodnightorum has been previously recorded in Mexico and Costa Rica (World Spider Catalog 2025). Records in this study are limited to collections made at 895 m a.s.l. and 1135 m a.s.l. in premontane rainforest from Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera and Reserva Forestal Fortuna, respectively, and at 2299 m a.s.l. in lower montane rainforest from Parque Internacional La Amistad (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly at night by looking down, though some specimens were also collected at night by looking up and cryptic techniques, and others during the day by cryptic, and looking down.</p><p>Variation</p><p>Some males and females have a darker coloration than the described specimens.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Whereas we have not examined the type of this species, we believe that species attribution is unproblematic. Coddington (1986: 64) examined the female type of Theridiosoma goodnightorum from Mexico and attributed SEM images of the male palp to this species from a specimen in Costa Rica (Coddington 1986: figs 130–131). Unfortunately, Coddington (1986) did not describe the male of T. goodnightorum; however, we have done so here (see Description above). Our description of the male palp of T. goodnightorum agrees in every way with the specimen illustrated by Coddington (1986).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B5108C19FDE4FEDDFACEF90F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B50C8C07FD49FEDCFEF4FEC3.text	03C987C4B50C8C07FD49FEDCFEF4FEC3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tantra Labarque & Piacentini & Pons & Hormiga & Arnedo & Ramírez 2025	<div><p>Tantra gen. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B6FDE0A4-873F-4730-AAE6-3F0398973A18</p><p>Type species</p><p>Tantra bugle gen. et sp. nov. by original designation.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males of Tantra gen. nov. resemble those of Andasta, Theridiosoma and Zoma by having the embolic apophysis divided multiple times (more than three times) forming branches prolaterally and retrolaterally to the embolus (e.g., Zhao &amp; Li 2012: fig. 27d), but Tantra can be distinguished by having one retrolateral branch protruding from beneath the conductor (Figs 34E, 38E, 42E), whereas males of Andasta lack such branches (Saaristo 2010: fig. 38 6–7), and Theridiosoma and Zoma have at least one prolateral branch (Fig. 32D–F; Miller et al. 2009: fig. 10f; Zhao &amp; Li 2012: fig. 28d; Ballarin et al. 2021: fig. 5c) protruding from beneath the conductor. Males of Tantra can also be distinguished from those of other genera by a tegular spur folding on itself anteriorly, forming a pocket (i.e., resembling a sclerotized wrench tool head in ventral view) (Figs 34E, 38E, 46E; Dupérré &amp; Tapia 2017: fig. 25). Females of Tantra can be distinguished from those of other genera by dorsal sclerotized spurs extending from the lateral margins of the epigynal plate (Figs 6D–E, 35D–F, 39C; Dupérré &amp; Tapia 2017: fig. 27), proximal copulatory ducts convoluting multiple times (Figs 35D–F, 37D, 48D; Dupérré &amp; Tapia 2017: fig. 27), and distal copulatory ducts coiling dorso-ventrally and inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae (Figs 6D, 35E).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The generic name is a noun in apposition derived from the word ‘tantra’ which means ‘net, web or weave’ (among other meanings) in Sanskrit, a historical and extinct Indo-Aryan language. Gender is masculine.</p><p>Description</p><p>Males total length between 1.03–1.43, and females 1.43–2.33. Prosoma light, dark or cephalic area dark and laterals light. Ocular area light or dark. Eyes nearly subequal, AME separated by about ½ a diameter, PME juxtaposed or separated by about ½ a diameter. Sternum smooth and flat, light, dark, or light circled by a dark line. Legs short or long, femora and patella light, olive-green or tan, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi tan; metatarsi shorter than tibiae (except legs III); tibiae III–IV with three to four rows of trichobothria longer than tibia diameter; leg formula: 1243. Opisthosoma ovoid, light, dark or with several colors, with or without silver patches, forming transversal or longitudinal stripes or other patterns. Spinnerets light, dark or mixed. Palp with setae row on the paracymbial process (Figs 38D, 44A–D, 46A; Dupérré &amp; Tapia 2017: fig. 24). Tegulum striated (i.e., with spicules) with tegular spur forming pocket that may be wide and rounded (Figs 38E, 40E, 44E; Dupérré &amp; Tapia 2017: fig. 25) or elongated and acute (Figs 34E, 36E, 46E) in ventral view. Median apophysis elongated with median groove (i.e., sclerotized darker midline) (Figs 34E–F, 38E–F, 44E–F). Conductor protruded ventrally covering embolic division retrolaterally, that can be seen by transparency (Figs 34D–E, 42D–E, 44D–E), with heavily sclerotized (i.e., dark) posterior extension, that may have retrolateral heavily sclerotized projection (Figs 34E, 36E, 40E; Dupérré &amp; Tapia 2017: fig. 25), and prolateral, acute and posteriorly elongated apophysis that articulates with conductor through membrane, which may (i.e., long; Figs 38E, 42E, 44E; Dupérré &amp; Tapia 2017: fig. 23) or may not exceed (i.e., short; Fig. 34E) conductor extension posteriorly. Embolus as thin lamina (Figs 38E, 44E, 46E), multiple divided embolic apophysis forming branches prolaterally and retrolaterally to embolus (Figs 34C–D, 38C, 44C–D; ED), with one filiform, sclerotized (i.e., orange) and elongated retrolateral branch protruding from beneath conductor (Figs 34A, D–E, 38D–E, 40D–E, 42D–E; misinterpreted as “embolus” in Dupérré &amp; Tapia 2017: fig. 25). Epigynal plate protruding ventrally forming dome (i.e., curved in posterior view; Figs 35B, 39B, 45B), with small lateral pits (Fig. 6D), dorsally heavily sclerotized (i.e., reddish-brown) spurs extending from their lateral margins (Figs 6D–E, 35D–F, 39C, 48D; misinterpreted as “copulatory duct” in Dupérré &amp; Tapia 2017: figs 27), and dorsal epigynal plate exposed, membranous, protruding from beneath copulatory opening posteriorly (Figs 6D–E, 35B–D, 39B–D, 45B–D, 48C–D; Dupérré &amp; Tapia 2017: fig. 26). Convoluted copulatory ducts (Figs 35D–F, 37D, 48D; Dupérré &amp; Tapia 2017: fig. 27), distal copulatory ducts coiling dorso-ventrally, inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae (Figs 6D, 35E).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Costa Rica to Ecuador.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Coddington (1986: 63–64) suggested that the epigynal plate of Theridiosoma argenteolunulatum Simon, 1897, Theridiosoma davisi Archer, 1953, Theridiosoma nechodomae Petrunkevitch, 1930, and Theridiosoma savannum Chamberlin &amp; Ivie, 1944 have “lateral sclerotized spurs projecting towards the median”, but he did not provide illustrations of those characters. In addition, the original male and female illustrations are not detailed enough to provide conclusive evidence for the genital characters, and thus we kept the above species as Theridiosoma until more detailed studies are done.</p><p>Composition</p><p>Eight new species here described, and Tantra kullki (Dupérré &amp; Tapia, 2017) comb. nov., here transferred from Theridiosoma .</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The male and female of Theridiosoma kullki, and the male palp of a Theridiosoma sp. from Costa Rica (Coddington 1986: figs 132–133) agree in every way with the diagnostic characters here proposed for Tantra gen. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B50C8C07FD49FEDCFEF4FEC3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B50D8C03FD81FADBFBA2F953.text	03C987C4B50D8C03FD81FADBFBA2F953.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tantra bugle Labarque & Piacentini & Pons & Hormiga & Arnedo & Ramírez 2025	<div><p>Tantra bugle gen. et sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 0161DF51-4758-451A-9C9B-6700C84F39B6</p><p>Figs 1, 6D–E, 34–35</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Females of Tantra bugle gen. et sp. nov. resemble those of Tantra wounaan gen. et sp. nov. by the wide guanine silver stripe, open posteriorly, encircling most of the opisthosoma (Figs 35A–C, 37A–C), but T. bugle can be distinguished by the smooth (i.e., no pattern) light olive-green dorsum of the opisthosoma (Fig. 35A), whereas T. wounaan have the dorsum of the opisthosoma with dark olive-green irregular lines (i.e., zigzag; Fig. 37A). Males of T. bugle resemble those of T. wounaan by the tegular pocket elongated and acute, and the conductor extension with a retrolateral projection (Figs 34D–F, 36D–F), but T. bugle can be distinguished by the conductor apophysis short, not exceeding the conductor extension posteriorly, and the tegular pocket anterior side forming a rectangle (Fig. 34E–F), whereas T. wounaan have the apophysis long and the anterior side of the pocket pointed (Fig. 36E–F).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific name is a noun in apposition to honor the Buglé native people of Panama, which derived from the union of two words, ‘bu’ and ‘gle’, that mean ‘people, to live’, or ‘to be present’ and ‘Earth’ or ‘resources’, respectively, in the Buglere language.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Reserva Forestal Fortuna</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Quebrada Honda</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.750083° N, 82.239083° W; 1135 m a.s.l.; 7–12 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SFB1D8H019; MIUP.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU2NAD032; preparation codes FML-00690, LNP-00260; DNA code thes4113; GenBank PX096919; MACN-Ar 29366 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU2NBH034; preparation codes FML-00694, FML-00746, LNP-00276; DNA de thes4065; GenBank PX096918; MACN-Ar 29359 • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD1NAL019; DNA barcode SPIPA343-10; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD1NCH021; DNA barcode SPIPA342-10; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU1D9A009; preparation code FML-00982; DNA barcode SPIPA344-10; CRBA.</p><p>Other material</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU1NCR034; DNA code thes4177; GenBank PX096920; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU1NBA029; DNA code thes4259; GenBank PX096922; MACN-Ar 29358 • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFB1DAR031; DNA code thes4181; GenBank PX096921; CRBA • 13 ♂♂, 12 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MCZ • 4 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MIUP • 13 ♂♂, 12 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar • 13 ♂♂, 12 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; CRBA • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same locality as for holotype; 21–24 Jun. 2008; L. Piacentini and F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFNQP8L012; DNA barcode SPIPA222-10; MACN-Ar.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (paratypes MACN-Ar 29366, CRBA SFU1D9A009)</p><p>Total length 1.43. Prosoma: length 0.84, width 0.68, height 0.59. Sternum: length 0.38, width 0.38. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09, PME 0.07, AME–PME 0.09. Opisthosoma: length 0.98, width 0.78, height 0.66. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma yellowish-white laterally, greenish-yellow centrally (Fig. 34A–B). Dorsum of the ocular area greenish-yellow (Fig. 34A–B). Sternum greenish-yellow (Fig. 34C). Opisthosoma color overall yellowish-white, dorsally lighter, with dispersed silver guanine blotches anteriorly (Fig. 34A–B). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, spinneret field and behind anal tubercle olive-green (Fig. 34C). Femora and patella yellowish-white, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi orange (Fig. 34A–C). Palp: paracymbium hooked, paracymbial process with setae row, tegulum striated with tegular spur elongated, acute, median apophysis elongated with median groove, conductor covering embolic division, conductor posterior extension with retrolateral projection, conductor apophysis relatively short, embolus laminated, multiple divided embolic apophysis, retrolateral branch filiform, sclerotized, elongated, protruding from beneath conductor (Fig. 34D–F).</p><p>Female (paratype MACN-Ar 29359)</p><p>Total length 1.95. Prosoma: length 0.97, width 0.81, height 0.71. Sternum: length 0.43, width 0.44. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09, PME 0.08, AME–PME 0.10. Opisthosoma: length 1.65, width 1.40, height 1.09. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration olive-greener than male (Fig. 35A–C). Dorsal shield of prosoma olive-green centrally (Fig. 35A–B). Dorsum of ocular area olive-green (Fig. 35A–B). Sternum olive-green (Fig. 35C). Dorsum of opisthosoma light olive-green (Fig. 35A) with wide guanine silver stripe, open posteriorly, encircling most of opisthosoma (Fig. 35B–C). Booklungs cover, tracheal spiracle, and behind anal tubercle dark olive-green, spinneret field olive-green (Fig. 35C). Epigynal plate whitish-orange (Fig. 35B–C). Epigynal plate: domed, dorsal-lateral spurs extending to midline, dorsal epigynal plate exposed (Fig. 35B–C). Vulva: convoluted copulatory ducts, proximal copulatory ducts with patch of gland ducts dorsally, distal copulatory ducts coiling dorso-ventrally and inserting ventromedially posteriorly into the spermathecae, spermathecae round, sclerotized, and connate (i.e., fused along midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 35C).</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>Records are limited to collections made at 1135 m a.s.l. in premontane rainforest from Reserva Forestal Fortuna (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly during the night by looking up, and less frequently also during the day by beating, looking down and cryptic techniques.</p><p>Variation</p><p>Some females examined have a darker coloration than the described specimens, and some males have dispersed silver guanine blotches covering the dorsum of the opisthosoma.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B50D8C03FD81FADBFBA2F953	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5098C0EFDAAFCABFB75FBA5.text	03C987C4B5098C0EFDAAFCABFB75FBA5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tantra wounaan Labarque & Piacentini & Pons & Hormiga & Arnedo & Ramírez 2025	<div><p>Tantra wounaan gen. et sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 46988A87-9EF5-479A-8D85-99BE1A67ECC4</p><p>Figs 1, 36–37</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Females of Tantra wounaan gen. et sp. nov. resemble those of Tantra bugle gen. et sp. nov. by the wide guanine silver stripe, open posteriorly, encircling most of the opisthosoma (Figs 35A–C, 37A–C), but T. wounaan can be distinguished by the dark olive-green irregular lines (i.e., zigzag) on the dorsum of the opisthosoma (Fig. 37A), whereas T. bugle have the dorsum of the opisthosoma uniform olive-green (Fig. 35A). Males of T. wounaan resemble those of T. bugle by the tegular pocket elongated and acute, the conductor extension with a retrolateral projection (Figs 34D–F, 36D–F), but T. wounaan can be distinguished by the conductor apophysis long, exceeding the conductor extension posteriorly, and the tegular pocket anterior side pointed (Fig. 36E–F), whereas T. bugle have the apophysis short and the anterior side of the pocket forming a rectangle (Fig. 34E–F).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific name is a noun in apposition to honor the Wounaan native people of Panama.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.618774&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.8905" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.618774/lat 8.8905)">Parque Internacional La Amistad</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.618774&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.8905" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.618774/lat 8.8905)">Cerro Picacho</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.890500° N, 82.618778° W; 2299 m a.s.l.; 12–17 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque, L. Piacentini and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SAB2DEB029; MIUP.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAD1DGH013; preparation codes FML-00710, LNP-00547; DNA code thes7099; GenBank code PX096926; MACNAr 29380 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAD1NFP008; preparation codes FML-00743, LNP-00546; DNA code thes7105; GenBank code PX096923; MACN-Ar 29372 • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU1NFB026; DNA barcode SPIPA330-10; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAD1DHP001; DNA barcode SPIPA327-10; MACN-Ar 29381 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAC1DHA012; DNA barcode SPIPA328-10; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAB1DHP002; DNA barcode SPIPA329-10; CRBA .</p><p>Other material</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAD1DHL009; DNA code thes7264; GenBank code PX096924; MACN-Ar 29382 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU1NHH023; DNA code thes7265; GenBank code PX096925; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAC1DFH010; DNA code thes7263; GenBank code PX096927; CRBA • 31 ♂♂, 73 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MCZ • 7 ♂♂, 22 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MIUP • 33 ♂♂, 64 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar • 34 ♂♂, 60 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; CRBA • 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.61508&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.893833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.61508/lat 8.893833)">Parque Internacional La Amistad</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.61508&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.893833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.61508/lat 8.893833)">Sendero Retoño</a>; 8.893833° N, 82.615083° W; 2240 m a.s.l.; 10–11 Jun. 2008; F. Labarque and M. Ramirez leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar • 1 ♀; Parque Internacional La Amistad, Sendero Panamá; 17–18 Jun. 2008; F. Labarque and L. Piacentini leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (paratype MACN-Ar 29380)</p><p>Total length 1.50. Prosoma: length 0.90, width 0.70, height 0.69. Sternum: length 0.40, width 0.41. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.08, PME 0.06, AME–PME 0.08. Opisthosoma: length 0.99, width 0.79, height 0.71. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma yellowish-white laterally, dark olive-green centrally (Fig. 36A–B). Dorsum of the ocular area yellowish-white (Fig. 36A–B). Sternum yellow with dark olive-green borders (Fig. 36C). Dorsum of the opisthosoma yellowish-white with light olive-green irregular lines (i.e., zigzag) (Fig. 36A–B). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, spinneret field and behind anal tubercle dark olive-green (Fig. 36C). Femora and patella yellowish-white, tibiae orange, metatarsi dark orange but distally brownish-orange, tarsi brownish-orange (Fig. 36A–C). Palp: paracymbial process with setae row, tegulum striated with tegular spur elongated, acute, median apophysis elongated with median groove, conductor covering embolic division, conductor posterior extension with retrolateral projection, conductor apophysis relatively long, embolus laminated, multiple divided embolic apophysis, retrolateral branch filiform, sclerotized, elongated, protruding from beneath conductor (Fig. 36D–F).</p><p>Female (paratype MACN-Ar 29372)</p><p>Total length 2.27. Prosoma: length 0.93, width 0.76, height 0.75. Sternum: length 0.43, width 0.42. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.08, PME 0.07, AME–PME 0.11. Opisthosoma: length 1.95, width 1.68, height 1.51. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration whiter than male (Fig. 37A–C). Dorsal shield of prosoma white laterally (Fig. 37A–B). Dorsum of ocular area dark olive-green (Fig. 37A–B). Sternum white with dark olive-green borders (Fig. 37C). Dorsum of opisthosoma with wide guanine silver stripe, open posteriorly, encircling most of opisthosoma (Fig. 37B–C). Epigynal plate, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, spinneret field, and behind anal tubercle dark olive-green (Fig. 37B–C). Femora, patella, and tibiae white, metatarsi white but distally brownish-orange, tarsi brownish-orange (Fig. 37A–C). Epigynal plate: domed, dorsal-lateral spurs extending to midline, dorsal epigynal plate exposed (Fig. 37B–C). Vulva: convoluted copulatory ducts, proximal copulatory ducts with patch of gland ducts dorsally, distal copulatory ducts coiling dorso-ventrally and inserting ventromedially posteriorly into the spermathecae (Fig. 37D).</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>Records are limited to collections made at 2299 m a.s.l. in lower montane rainforest from Parque Internacional La Amistad (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly at night by looking up and looking down, and less frequently also during the day by beating, looking down and cryptic techniques.</p><p>Variation</p><p>Some males have dispersed silver guanine blotches covering the dorsum of the opisthosoma.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B5098C0EFDAAFCABFB75FBA5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5058C0AFD80FEDCFB58F91D.text	03C987C4B5058C0AFD80FEDCFB58F91D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tantra bribri Labarque & Piacentini & Pons & Hormiga & Arnedo & Ramírez 2025	<div><p>Tantra bribri gen. et sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 1DE5398F-CBFC-4CED-AEBD-DB95395CE9FF</p><p>Figs 1, 38–39</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males and females of Tantra bribri gen. et sp. nov. resemble those of Tantra ngabe gen. et sp. nov. by the white general coloration (Figs 38A–C, 39A–C, 40A–C, 41A–C), but T. bribri can be distinguished by the six olive-green patches on the dorsum of the opisthosoma (Figs 38A, 39A), whereas T. ngabe have two olive-green patches (Figs 40A, 41A). Males of T. bribri also resemble those of T. ngabe by the tegular pocket wide and rounded (Figs 38E, 40E), but T. bribri can be distinguished by the pocket posterior side smooth (i.e., not projecting; Fig. 38D), whereas T. ngabe have it pointed (Fig. 40D).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific name is a noun in apposition to honors the Bribri native people of Panama, which derived from ‘bri-bri’ that literally means ‘hard-hard’ (= strong) in the Naso language, currently spoken by the Naso Tjerdi native people of Panama, but it can also be interpreted as ‘brave’.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>PANAMA – Coclé Province • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59258&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59258/lat 8.668083)">Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59258&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59258/lat 8.668083)">El Cope</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.668083° N, 80.592583° W; 760 m a.s.l.; 4–9 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code STD1D7R018; MIUP.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>PANAMA – Coclé Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code STC2D6R014; preparation codes FML-00962, FML-009623; DNA barcode SPIPA318-10; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code STD1D6H023; preparation codes FML-00745, FML-00882, FML-00964; DNA barcode SPIPA317-10; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code STD1D7B026; DNA code thes3250; GenBank code PX096911; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code STD1N7B028; DNA code thes3214; GenBank code PX096916; MACN-Ar 29351 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code STU1N5L020; DNA barcode SPIPA319-10; MACN-Ar 29353 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code STU1N7A019; DNA barcode SPIPA320-10; CRBA.</p><p>Other material</p><p>PANAMA – Coclé Province • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code STU1N6H023; DNA code thes3211; GenBank code PX096908; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code STU1N7L028; DNA barcode SPIPA321-10; MACN-Ar 29352 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code STC1D8H011; DNA code thes3251; GenBank code PX096912; MACN-Ar 29350 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code STD1N7R021; DNA code thes3213; GenBank code PX096910; CRBA • 2 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; MIUP • 6 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; CRBA.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (paratype CRBA STC2D6R014)</p><p>Total length 1.34. Prosoma: length 0.71, width 0.56, height 0.53. Sternum: length 0.33, width 0.34. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09, PME 0.06, AME–PME 0.08. Opisthosoma: length 1.01, width 0.88, height 0.76. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma white, cephalic area with olive-green speckled lines (Fig. 38A–B). Dorsum of the ocular area white (Fig. 38A–B). Sternum yellowish-white with olive-green borders (Fig. 38C). Dorsum of the opisthosoma white with six dark olive-green patches posteriorly and dispersed silver guanine blotches anteriorly (Fig. 38A–B). Opisthosoma with two lateral transversal dark olive-green bands (Fig. 38B). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, and behind anal tubercle dark olive-green, spinneret field olive-green (Fig. 38C). Femora white but distally olive-green, patella greenish-brown, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi orange (Fig. 38A–C). Palp: paracymbium hooked, paracymbial process with setae row, tegulum striated with tegular spur wide, rounded, median apophysis elongated with median groove, conductor covering embolic division, conductor posterior extension with small retrolateral projection, conductor apophysis relatively long, embolus laminated, multiple divided embolic apophysis, retrolateral branch filiform, sclerotized, elongated, protruding from beneath conductor (Fig. 38D–F).</p><p>Female (paratype MCZ STD1D6H023)</p><p>Total length 1.43. Prosoma: length 0.69, width 0.56, height 0.51. Sternum: length 0.33, width 0.34. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07, PME 0.07, AME–PME 0.07. Opisthosoma: length 1.01, width 0.92, height 0.72. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration as in male (Fig. 39A–C). Epigynal plate whitish-orange (Fig. 39B–C). Epigynal plate: domed, dorsal-lateral spurs extending to midline, dorsal epigynal plate exposed (Fig. 39B–C). Vulva: convoluted copulatory ducts, proximal copulatory ducts with patch of gland ducts dorsally, distal copulatory ducts coiling dorso-ventrally and inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae round, sclerotized, and connate (i.e., fused along midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 39D).</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>Records are limited to collections made at 895 m a.s.l. in premontane rainforest from Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly during the night by looking down and looking up, although males and females were also collected during the day by cryptic technique.</p><p>Variation</p><p>Some males and females examined have lighter coloration than the described specimens.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B5058C0AFD80FEDCFB58F91D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5008C0BFD9EFC9EFEBFFDA1.text	03C987C4B5008C0BFD9EFC9EFEBFFDA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tantra ngabe Labarque & Piacentini & Pons & Hormiga & Arnedo & Ramírez 2025	<div><p>Tantra ngabe gen. et sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 365DF39F-7853-4DFD-902A-4DC8E972D4BD</p><p>Figs 1, 40–41</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males and females of Tantra ngabe gen. et sp. nov. resemble those of Tantra bribri gen. et sp. nov. by the white general coloration (Figs 38A–C, 39A–C, 40A–C, 41A–C), but T. ngabe can be distinguished by the two olive-green patches on the dorsum of the opisthosoma (Figs 40A, 41A), whereas T. bribri have six olive-green patches (Figs 38A, 39A). Males of T. ngabe also resemble those of T. bribri by the tegular pocket wide and rounded (Figs 38D–F, 40D–F), but T. ngabe can be distinguished by the pocket posteriorly side pointed (Fig. 40D), whereas T. bribri have it smooth (i.e., not projecting) (Fig. 38D).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific name is a noun in apposition to honor the Ngäbe native people of Panama, which derived from the union of two words, ‘ngä’ and ‘be’, that mean ‘person, people’ and ‘born and see, feel or exist’, respectively, in the Ngäbere language.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Reserva Forestal Fortuna</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Quebrada Honda</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.750083° N, 82.239083° W; 1135 m a.s.l.; 7–12 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SFB1DBA017; DNA barcode SPIPA347-10; MIUP.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD1DAR027; preparation codes FML-00708, LNP-00259; DNA code thes3114; GenBank code PX096914; MACNAr 29079 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU2NAD033; preparation codes FML-00744, LNP-00256; DNA code thes3067; GenBank code PX096913; MACN-Ar 29077 • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFC1DBD015; DNA barcode SPIPA346-10; MACN-Ar 29076 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFC1DCR013; DNA barcode SPIPA348-10; MIUP • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD1DAA017; DNA barcode SPIPA349-10; CRBA.</p><p>Other material</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFC1DBH007; DNA code thes3212; GenBank code PX096909; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU1NCR044; DNA code thes3210; GenBank code PX096915; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD1NAD013; DNA code thes3249; GenBank code PX096917; MACN-Ar 29082 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD1NCA011; DNA barcode SPIPA345-10; CRBA • 1 ♂, 5 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; MIUP • 2 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29083 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29080 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29078 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar 29081 • 1 ♂, 5 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; CRBA • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; same locality as for holotype; 21–22 Jun. 2008; L. Piacentini and F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (paratype MACN-Ar 29079)</p><p>Total length 1.34. Prosoma: length 0.78, width 0.59, height 0.60. Sternum: length 0.33, width 0.34. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09, PME 0.08, AME–PME 0.08. Opisthosoma: length 0.96, width 0.83, height 0.70. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma white, cephalic area with soft olive-green speckled lines (Fig. 40A–B). Dorsum of the ocular area white (Fig. 40A–B). Sternum yellowish-white with olive-green borders (Fig. 40C). Dorsum of opisthosoma white with two dark olive-green patches posteriorly (Fig. 40A–B). Opisthosoma with two lateral transversal dark olive-green bands (Fig. 40B). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, and behind anal tubercle dark olive-green, spinneret field olive-green (Fig. 40C). Femora white but distally olive-green, patella greenish-brown, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi orange (Fig. 40A–C). Palp: paracymbium hooked, paracymbial process with setae row, tegulum striated with tegular spur wide, rounded, median apophysis elongated with median groove, conductor covering embolic division, conductor posterior extension with small retrolateral projection, conductor apophysis relatively long, embolus laminated, multiple divided embolic apophysis, retrolateral branch filiform, sclerotized, elongated, protruding from beneath conductor (Fig. 40D–F).</p><p>Female (paratype MACN-Ar 29077)</p><p>Total length 1.86. Prosoma: length 0.77, width 0.65, height 0.60. Sternum: length 0.36, width 0.36. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.08, PME 0.07, AME–PME 0.08. Opisthosoma: length 1.41, width 1.40, height 1.29. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration as in male but opisthosoma with dispersed silver guanine blotches anteriorly (Fig. 41A–C). Epigynal plate whitish-orange (Fig. 41B–C), domed, with dorsal-lateral spurs extending to the midline, dorsal epigynal plate exposed (Fig. 41B–C). Vulva: convoluted copulatory ducts, proximal copulatory ducts with patch of gland ducts dorsally, distal copulatory ducts coiling dorso-ventrally and inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae round, sclerotized, and connate (i.e., fused along midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 41D).</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>Records are limited to collections made at 1135 m a.s.l. in premontane rainforest from Reserva Forestal Fortuna (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected during the day by looking down and cryptic technique, and during the night by looking up and looking down.</p><p>Variation</p><p>Some males examined have the dorsum of the opisthosoma with dispersed silver guanine blotches anteriorly.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B5008C0BFD9EFC9EFEBFFDA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5038C35FD95FA24FBCAFE47.text	03C987C4B5038C35FD95FA24FBCAFE47.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tantra embera Labarque & Piacentini & Pons & Hormiga & Arnedo & Ramírez 2025	<div><p>Tantra embera gen. et sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E46AF587-D9A6-46A3-B581-7F29B912EE55</p><p>Figs 1, 42–43</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males and females of Tantra embera gen. et sp. nov. resemble those of Tantra naso gen. et sp. nov. and Tantra kuna gen. et sp. nov. by the wide guanine silver stripe centrally (i.e., above the second pair of opisthosomal apodemes), open posteriorly (Figs 42A–B, 43A–B, 44A–B, 45A–B, 46A–B, 47A–B), but T. embera and T. naso can be distinguished by the dispersed silver guanine blotches anteriorly (Figs 42A– B, 43A–B, 44A–B, 45A–B), whereas T. kuna have two thick silver guanine patches anteriorly, connected to the silver stripe (Figs 46A–B, 47A–B). Females of T. embera can be distinguished by the sternum yellowish-white with olive-green borders and olive-green thick patches anteriorly (Fig. 43C), whereas T. naso have the borders thick (i.e., almost covering all the sternum) and dark olive-green (Fig. 45C). Males of T. embera also resemble those of T. naso and T. kuna by the conductor extension lacking a retrolateral projection, and the conductor apophysis long, exceeding the conductor extension posteriorly (Figs 42D–F, 44D–F, 46D–F), but T. embera and T. naso can be distinguished by the tegular pocket wide and rounded (Figs 42E, 44E), whereas T. kuna have it squared (Fig. 46E). Males of T. embera can be distinguished by the conductor apophysis distally acute, sharpening gradually (Fig. 42E–F), whereas T. naso have the apophysis sharpening abruptly (Fig. 44D, F).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific name is a noun in apposition to honor the Emberá native people of Panama, which derived from the union of two words, ‘embe’ and ‘ra’, that mean ‘man’ and ‘up’, respectively, in the Emberá language.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>PANAMA – Panama Province • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.92983&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.683444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.92983/lat 8.683444)">Parque Nacional Altos de Campana</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.683444° N, 79.929833° W; 895 m a.s.l.; 14–19 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SCC1DHL012; MIUP.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>PANAMA – Coclé Province • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59258&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59258/lat 8.668083)">Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59258&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59258/lat 8.668083)">El Cope</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.668083° N, 80.592583° W; 760 m a.s.l.; 4–9 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code STB1D5L027; DNA barcode SPIPA333-10; MACN-Ar 29207 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code STD1D6B017; DNA barcode SPIPA332-10; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code STU1N4R024; DNA barcode SPIPA334-10; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code STU2N8R022; DNA code thes6236; GenBank code PX096901; CRBA • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code STD1N4R020; DNA code thes6235; GenBank code PX096898; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code STD1N6R022; DNA code thes6234; GenBank code PX096897; CRBA • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code STD1N7L011; DNA code thes6227; GenBank code PX096900; CRBA • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code STD1N7R030; DNA code thes6232; GenBank code PX096902; CRBA. – Panama Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCU2NDA017; preparation codes FML-00712, LNP-00290; DNA code thes6106; GenBank code PX096893; MACN-Ar 29200 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCU2NHH021; preparation codes FML-00727, LNP-00288; DNA code thes6107; GenBank code PX096899; MACN-Ar 29203 • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCC2NGR018; DNA code thes6233; GenBank code PX096896; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCD2NFA020; DNA barcode SPIPA335-10; MACN-Ar 29201 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCD1DEL018; DNA barcode SPIPA336-10; CRBA.</p><p>Other material</p><p>PANAMA – Coclé Province • 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59258&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59258/lat 8.668083)">Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59258&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59258/lat 8.668083)">El Cope</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.668083° N, 80.592583° W; 760 m a.s.l.; 4–9 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; MCZ • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MIUP • 5 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar • 3 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; CRBA . – Panama Province • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCD1DFL016; DNA code thes6230; GenBank code PX096894; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCC1NHA009; DNA code thes6231; GenBank code PX096895; CRBA • 6 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MCZ • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MIUP • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar • 4 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; CRBA.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (paratype MACN-Ar 29200)</p><p>Total length 1.18. Prosoma: length 0.67, width 0.54, height 0.56. Sternum: length 0.31, width 0.33. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.08, PME 0.06, AME–PME 0.08. Opisthosoma: length 0.80, width 0.72, height 0.55. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma yellowish-white laterally, dark olive-green centrally (Fig. 42A–B). Dorsum of ocular area dark olive-green (Fig. 42A–B). Sternum yellowish-white with dark olive-green borders and olive-green thick patches anteriorly (Fig. 42C). Opisthosoma olive-green posteriorly, lighter anteriorly, with wide guanine silver stripe centrally, open posteriorly (Fig. 42A–B). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, anterior lateral spinnerets field and behind anal tubercle dark olive-green; other spinnerets orange (Fig. 42C). Legs I–II darker than III–IV, femora yellowish-white but I–II with proximal dark olive-green patch ventrally, patella yellow, tibiae and metatarsi orange but proximally and distally darker, and tarsi orange (Fig. 42A–C). Palp: paracymbium hooked, paracymbial process with setae row, tegulum striated with tegular spur wide, rounded, median apophysis elongated with a median groove, conductor covering embolic division, conductor posterior extension lacking retrolateral projection, conductor apophysis relatively long, embolus laminated, multiple divided embolic apophysis, retrolateral branch filiform, sclerotized, elongated, protruding from beneath conductor (Fig. 42D–F).</p><p>Female (paratype MACN-Ar 29203)</p><p>Total length 1.59. Prosoma: length 0.80, width 0.65, height 0.52. Sternum: length 0.37, width 0.37. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.08, PME 0.08, AME–PME 0.10. Opisthosoma: length 1.26, width 1.17, height 0.97. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration as in male but dorsum of opisthosoma with dispersed silver guanine blotches anteriorly (Fig. 43A–C). Epigynal plate whitish-orange (Fig. 43B– C). Epigynal plate: domed, dorsal-lateral spurs extending to midline, dorsal epigynal plate exposed (Fig. 43B–C). Vulva: convoluted copulatory ducts, proximal copulatory ducts with patch of gland ducts dorsally, distal copulatory ducts coiling dorso-ventrally and inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae round, sclerotized, and connate (i.e., fused along the midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 43C).</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>Records are limited to collections made at 760 m a.s.l. and 895 m a.s.l. in premontane rainforest from Parque Nacional Altos de Campana and Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera, respectively (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected during the day and night mostly by looking down, and less frequently also by beating, looking up and cryptic techniques.</p><p>Variation</p><p>Some females examined have darker coloration than the described specimens, and some males have the dorsum of the opisthosoma with dispersed silver guanine blotches anteriorly.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B5038C35FD95FA24FBCAFE47	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B53F8C30FD86FB46FBEFF8C5.text	03C987C4B53F8C30FD86FB46FBEFF8C5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tantra naso Labarque & Piacentini & Pons & Hormiga & Arnedo & Ramírez 2025	<div><p>Tantra naso gen. et sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: FC52FC41-90D2-4ED9-B3DB-CB6814C4366C</p><p>Figs 1, 44–45</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males and females of Tantra naso gen. et sp. nov. resemble those of Tantra embera gen. et sp. nov. and Tantra kuna gen. et sp. nov. by the wide guanine silver stripe centrally (i.e., above the second pair of opisthosomal apodemes), open posteriorly (Figs 42A–B, 43A–B, 44A–B, 45A–B, 46A–B, 47A–B), but T. naso and T. embera can be distinguished by dispersed silver guanine blotches anteriorly (Figs 42A–B, 43A–B, 44A–B, 45A–B), whereas T. kuna have two thick silver guanine patches anteriorly, connected to the silver stripe (Figs 46A–B, 47A–B). Females of T. naso can be distinguished by the sternum with thick, olive-green borders? (i.e., almost covering all the sternum) (Fig. 45C), whereas T. embera have the sternum yellowish-white with olive-green thick patches anteriorly (Fig. 43C). Males of T. naso also resemble those of T. embera and T. kuna by the conductor extension lacking a retrolateral projection, and the conductor apophysis long, exceeding the conductor extension posteriorly (Figs 42D–F, 44DF, 46D–F), but T. naso and T. embera can be distinguished by the tegular pocket wide and rounded (Figs 42E, 44E), whereas T. kuna have it squared (Fig. 46E). Males of T. naso can be distinguished by the conductor apophysis distally acute, sharpening abruptly (Fig. 44D, F), whereas T. embera have the apophysis sharpening gradually (Fig. 42E–F).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific name is a noun in apposition to honor the Naso native people of Panama, which derived from the union of two words, ‘na’ and ‘so’, that mean ‘life or water’ and ‘to be or to believe’, respectively, in the Naso Tjerdi language.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.618774&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.8905" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.618774/lat 8.8905)">Parque Internacional La Amistad</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.618774&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.8905" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.618774/lat 8.8905)">Cerro Picacho</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.890500° N, 82.618778° W; 2299 m a.s.l.; 12–17 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque, L. Piacentini and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SAU1NDH032; DNA code thes6179; GenBank code PX096888; MIUP.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAD1NGP019; preparation codes FML-00941, FML-00942; DNA barcode SPIPA322-10; MACN-Ar 29246 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAB1DER005; preparation code FML-00939; DNA barcode SPIPA326-10; MACN-Ar 29247 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAD1NGB029; preparation code FML-00728; DNA code thes6225; GenBank code PX096889; MACN-Ar 29248 • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAD1DHP002; preparation code FML-00729; DNA code thes6226; GenBank code PX096892; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAC1DGB022; DNA barcode SPIPA325-10; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU2NFA018; DNA barcode SPIPA323-10; MCZ.</p><p>Other material</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAD1NCR003; DNA barcode SPIPA324-10; MACN-Ar 29307 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU1NDB029; DNA code thes6229; GenBank code PX096891; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAB1DDL017; DNA code thes6228; GenBank code PX096890; CRBA • 1 ♂, 10 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MCZ • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MIUP • 3 ♂♂, 13 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; MACN-Ar • 1 ♂, 10 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; CRBA.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (paratypes MACN-Ar 29246, CRBA SAD1DHP002)</p><p>Total length 1.22. Prosoma: length 0.71, width 0.61, height 0.56. Sternum: length 0.35, width 0.35. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09, PME 0.07, AME–PME 0.10. Opisthosoma: length 0.83, width 0.72, height 0.56. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma yellowish-white laterally, dark olive-green centrally (Fig. 44A–B). Dorsum of ocular area dark olive-green (Fig. 44A–B). Sternum yellowish-white with dark olive-green borders and olive-green thick patches anteriorly (Fig. 44C). Opisthosoma olive-green posteriorly, lighter anteriorly, with wide guanine silver stripe centrally, open posteriorly, and dispersed silver guanine blotches anteriorly (Fig. 44A–B). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, anterior lateral spinnerets field and behind anal tubercle dark olive-green; other spinnerets orange (Fig. 44C). Legs I–II darker than III–IV, femora yellowish-white but I–II distally darker and II with proximal dark olive-green patch ventrally, patella yellow, tibiae and metatarsi orange but proximally and distally darker, and tarsi orange (Fig. 44A–C). Palp: paracymbium hooked, paracymbial process with setae row, tegulum striated with tegular spur wide, rounded, median apophysis elongated with median groove, conductor covering embolic division, conductor posterior extension lacking retrolateral projection, conductor apophysis relatively long, embolus laminated, multiple divided embolic apophysis, retrolateral branch filiform, sclerotized, elongated, protruding from beneath the conductor (Fig. 44D–F).</p><p>Female (paratype MACN-Ar 29247)</p><p>Total length 1.79. Prosoma: length 0.73, width 0.66, height 0.60. Sternum: length 0.37, width 0.38. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.08, PME 0.07, AME–PME 0.10. Opisthosoma: length 1.47, width 1.42, height 1.15. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration darker than males (Fig. 45A–C). Epigynal plate olive-green (Fig. 45B–C). Epigynal plate: domed, dorsal-lateral spurs extending to midline, dorsal epigynal plate exposed (Fig. 45B–C). Vulva: convoluted copulatory ducts, proximal copulatory ducts with patch of gland ducts dorsally, distal copulatory ducts coiling dorso-ventrally and inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae round, sclerotized, and connate (i.e., fused along midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet the uterus externus (Fig. 45D).</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>Records are limited to collections made at 2299 m a.s.l. in lower montane rainforest from Parque Internacional La Amistad (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly during the night by looking down and looking up, and less frequently also by beating and cryptic techniques.</p><p>Variation</p><p>Some females examined have a lighter coloration than the described specimens.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B53F8C30FD86FB46FBEFF8C5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B53B8C3CFD83FEDCFBD9F90F.text	03C987C4B53B8C3CFD83FEDCFBD9F90F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tantra kuna Labarque & Piacentini & Pons & Hormiga & Arnedo & Ramírez 2025	<div><p>Tantra kuna gen. et sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B978B050-5D60-4564-B6E0-56F84C03AAF8</p><p>Figs 1, 46–47</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males and females of Tantra kuna gen. et sp. nov. resemble those of Tantra embera gen. et sp. nov. and Tantra naso gen. et sp. nov. by the wide guanine silver stripe centrally (i.e., above the second pair of opisthosomal apodemes), open posteriorly (Figs 42A–B, 43A–B, 44A–B, 45A–B, 46A–B, 47A–B), but T. kuna can be distinguished by the two thick silver guanine patches anteriorly, connected to the silver stripe (Figs 46A–B, 47A–B), whereas T. embera and T. naso have dispersed silver guanine blotches anteriorly, not forming discrete patches (Figs 42A–B, 43A–B, 44A–B, 45A–B). Males of T. kuna also resemble those of T. embera and T. naso and by the tegular pocket wide and rounded, the conductor extension lacking a retrolateral projection, and the conductor apophysis long, exceeding the conductor extension posteriorly (Figs 42D–F, 44D–F, 46D–F), but T. kuna can be distinguished by the tegular pocket squared (Fig. 46E), whereas T. embera and T. naso have it wide and rounded (Figs 42E, 44E).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific name is a noun in apposition to honor the Kuna native people of Panama, which derived from ‘dule’ or ‘tule’ that means ‘person’ in the Kuna language.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Reserva Forestal Fortuna</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Quebrada Honda</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.750083° N, 82.239083° W; 1135 m a.s.l.; 7–12 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SFD1NAH037; DNA barcode SPIPA121-10; MIUP.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFC2DCD016; preparation codes FML-00711, LNP-00257; DNA code thes5122; GenBank code PX096904; MACNAr 29075 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFC1DBD011; preparation codes FML-00742, LNP-00265; DNA code thes5066; GenBank code PX096903; MACN-Ar 29073 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD1NBH019; preparation code FML-00894; DNA barcode SPIPA339-10; MIUP • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD1NBH034; preparation code FML-00965; DNA barcode SPIPA122-10; MACN-Ar 29074.</p><p>Other material</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD1D8H025; DNA barcode SPIPA337-10; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD1DAL020; DNA code thes5262; GenBank code PX096907; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFD1NAH022; DNA barcode SPIPA338-10; MACN-Ar 29072 • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU2NAA014; DNA code thes5261; GenBank code PX096906; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SFU2NAH042; DNA code thes5260; GenBank code PX096905; CRBA.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (paratype MACN-Ar 29075)</p><p>Total length 1.03. Prosoma: length 0.65, width 0.48, height 0.50. Sternum: length 0.32, width 0.35. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09, PME 0.07, AME–PME 0.07. Opisthosoma: length 0.71, width 0.59, height 0.48. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma white, cephalic area with olive-green speckled lines (Fig. 46A–B). Dorsum of ocular area dark olive-green (Fig. 46A–B). Sternum yellow (Fig. 46C). Opisthosoma color overall dark olive-green, with wide guanine silver stripe centrally, open posteriorly, connected to two thick silver guanine patches anteriorly (Fig. 46A–B). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, spinneret field and behind anal tubercle dark olive-green (Fig. 46C). Femora white but olive-green distally, patella olive-green, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi orange (Fig. 46A– C). Palp: paracymbium hooked, paracymbial process with setae row, tegulum striated with tegular spur elongated, acute, median apophysis elongated with median groove, conductor covering embolic division, conductor posterior extension lacking retrolateral projection, conductor apophysis relatively long, embolus laminated, multiple divided embolic apophysis, retrolateral branch filiform, sclerotized, elongated, protruding from beneath conductor (Fig. 46D–F).</p><p>Female (paratypes MACN-Ar 29074, MACN-Ar 29073, MIUP SFD1NBH019)</p><p>Total length 1.62. Prosoma: length 0.71, width 0.59, height 0.55. Sternum: length 0.33, width 0.35. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09, PME 0.07, AME–PME 0.08. Opisthosoma: length 1.23, width 1.14, height 0.92. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration as in male but cephalic area of the prosoma olive-green and sternum white with olive-green borders (Fig. 47A–C). Epigynal plate whitish-orange (Fig. 47C). Epigynal plate: domed, dorsal-lateral spurs extending to midline, dorsal epigynal plate exposed (Fig. 47C). Vulva: convoluted copulatory ducts, proximal copulatory ducts with patch of gland ducts dorsally, distal copulatory ducts coiling dorso-ventrally and inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae round, sclerotized, and connate (i.e., fused along the midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 47D).</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>Records are limited to collections made at 1135 m a.s.l. in premontane rainforest from Reserva Forestal Fortuna (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected during the day and night mostly by looking down, and less frequently also by looking up and cryptic techniques.</p><p>Variation</p><p>Some females examined have darker coloration than the described specimens.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B53B8C3CFD83FEDCFBD9F90F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5368C3DFD9EFC8EFDC7F872.text	03C987C4B5368C3DFD9EFC8EFDC7F872.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tantra sichid Labarque & Piacentini & Pons & Hormiga & Arnedo & Ramírez 2025	<div><p>Tantra sichid gen. et sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 943B599C-7045-4D4C-B61F-F94A2184221F</p><p>Figs 1, 48</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Females of Tantra sichid gen. et sp. nov. can be distinguished from those of other species of Tantra by the opisthosoma coloration overall dark olive-green, posteriorly lighter, with two round silver guanine patches ventrally (Fig. 48A–C).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific name is derived from ‘sichid’ which means ‘black’ in the Kuna language, currently spoken by the Kuna native people of Panama, and refers to the overall dark coloration of this species.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.61508&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.893833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.61508/lat 8.893833)">Parque Internacional La Amistad</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.61508&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.893833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.61508/lat 8.893833)">Sendero Retoño</a>; 8.893833° N, 82.615083° W; 2240 m a.s.l.; 10–11 Jun. 2008; F. Labarque and M. Ramirez leg.; non-quantitative sample; voucher code SANQB8L020; preparation code FML-00960, FML-00961; MIUP.</p><p>Description</p><p>Female (holotype MIUP SANQB8L020)</p><p>Total length 2.33. Prosoma: length 0.98, width 0.69, height 0.71. Sternum: length 0.37, width 0.41. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07, PME 0.07, AME–PME 0.08. Opisthosoma: length 1.62, width 1.58, height 1.44. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma yellowish-white laterally, dark centrally, covering almost all of thoracic area (Fig. 48A–B). Dorsum of ocular area dark (Fig. 48A–B). Sternum olive-green with dark borders (Fig. 48C). Opisthosoma dark gray anteriorly, lighter posteriorly, with two round silver guanine patches ventrally (Fig. 48A–C). Epigynal plate, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, and behind anal tubercle dark gray; spinneret field olive-green (Fig. 48B–C). Femora olive-green but distally darker, patella yellowish-orange, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi orange (Fig. 48A–C). Epigynal plate: domed, dorsal-lateral spurs extending to midline, dorsal epigynal plate exposed (Fig. 48B–C). Vulva: convoluted copulatory ducts, proximal copulatory ducts with patch of gland ducts dorsally, distal copulatory ducts coiling dorso-ventrally and inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae round, sclerotized, and connate (i.e., fused along the midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet the uterus externus (Fig. 48D).</p><p>Male</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>Records are limited to collections made at 2240 m a.s.l. in the lower montane rainforest of Parque Internacional La Amistad (Fig. 1).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B5368C3DFD9EFC8EFDC7F872	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5308C3AFD9DFEDDFE0FFE1D.text	03C987C4B5308C3AFD9DFEDDFE0FFE1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Baalzebub Coddington 1986	<div><p>Baalzebub Coddington, 1986</p><p>Baalzebub Coddington, 1986: 71 .</p><p>Type species Baalzebub baubo Coddington, 1986:72 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males of Baalzebub can be distinguished from those of other theridiosomatid genera by the massive retrolateral tegulum (i.e., almost half the size of the bulb) extending posteriorly (Figs 49E, 51E, 53E, 55E, 58E; see also Coddington 1986) (in contrast with extending retrolateraly in Epeirotypinae, and no massive tegulum in most genera), and a deep trough (i.e., cleft) in the median apophysis (absent in other genera), forming a posterior serrated border and an anterior acute border (Figs 49E, 51E, 53E, 55E, 58E; see also Coddington 1986). Females of Baalzebub can be distinguished from those of other genera by the backward-pointed triangular epigynal plate (i.e., not a scape) with a deep central pit (Figs 50D, 52D, 54D, 56D, 57D; see also Coddington 1986) (absent in other genera), and the distally connated spermathecae (Figs 50D, 52D, 54D, 56D, 57D; see also Coddington 1986) (in contrast with separated or fully connated spermathecae in other genera).</p><p>Description</p><p>Males and females of Baalzebub may have the first tibiae curved (i.e., sinuated) and prolateral rows of strong macrosetae on the first metatarsi (Figs 50B, 52B, 55C). Females of Baalzebub have irregular membranous copulatory ducts that insert ventromedially posteriorly into the spermathecae (Figs 50D, 52D, 54D, 56D, 57D). For genus description and further details, see Coddington (1986) and Labarque &amp; Griswold (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B5308C3AFD9DFEDDFE0FFE1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5308C3BFD98FB99FA91FCDE.text	03C987C4B5308C3BFD98FB99FA91FCDE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Baalzebub innatuledi Labarque & Piacentini & Pons & Hormiga & Arnedo & Ramírez 2025	<div><p>Baalzebub innatuledi sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: F96D4B68-591E-4C1E-B4F1-D9131A74804C</p><p>Figs 1, 49–50</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males and females of Baalzebub innatuledi sp. nov. also resemble those of Baalzebub sukia sp. nov. by the overall dark coloration (Figs 49A–C, 50A–C, 51A–C, 52A–C), but B. innatuledi can be distinguished by three pairs of round guanine silver patches centrally on the dorsum of the opisthosoma (Figs 49A– C, 50A–C), whereas B. sukia have one pair (i.e., above the second pair of opisthosomal apodemes) (Figs 51A–C, 52A–C). Females of B. innatuledi resemble those of B. sukia by the subtriangular spermathecae (i.e., forming a square angle laterally), connated distally, forming a straight line anteriorly (Figs 50D, 52D), but B. innatuledi can be distinguished by the backward-pointed triangular epigynal plate posteriorly wide (Fig. 50C–D), whereas B. sukia have it acuter (Fig. 52C–D).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific name is derived from ‘innatuledi’ which indicates the person specialized in the study of plants and rocks in the Kuna language, currently spoken by the Kuna native people of Panama.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.618774&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.8905" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.618774/lat 8.8905)">Parque Internacional La Amistad</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.618774&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.8905" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.618774/lat 8.8905)">Cerro Picacho</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.890500° N, 82.618778° W; 2299 m a.s.l.; 12–17 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque, L. Piacentini and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SAD1NGB023; DNA code baaba258; GenBank code PX096881; MIUP.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAD1NGA015; preparation codes FML-00718, LNP-00541; DNA code baaba104; GenBank code PX096878; MACNAr 28998 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAC1NDA004; preparation code FML-00738; DNA code baaba257; GenBank code PX096880; MACN-Ar 28997 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAD1NFL017; preparation code FML-00898; MCZ.</p><p>Other material</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAD1NHL025; DNA code baaba256; GenBank code PX096879; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAC1DER002; DNA barcode SPIPA422-10; MIUP • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAC2NDB010; DNA barcode SPIPA423-10; CRBA • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype CRBA.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (paratype MACN-Ar 28998)</p><p>Total length 1.25. Prosoma: length 0.68, width 0.61, height 0.55. Sternum: length 0.33, width 0.35. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09, PME 0.07, AME–PME 0.07. Opisthosoma: length 0.90, width 0.81, height 0.67. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma dark (Fig. 49A–B). Dorsum of the ocular area dark (Fig. 49A–B). Sternum dark olive-green (Fig. 49C). Opisthosoma color overall dark gray, with three dorsal pairs of round guanine silver patches laterally, first pair above the second pair of opisthosomal apodemes, second pair smaller (Fig. 49A–B). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, and behind the anal tubercle dark gray; anterior lateral spinnerets field olive-green, other spinnerets orange (Fig. 49C). Femora and patella greenish-yellow with olive-green speckles, tibiae orange but distally olive-green, metatarsi and tarsi orange (Fig. 49A–C). Palp: paracymbium hooked, paracymbial process with setae row, median apophysis with a deep trough, conductor covering the embolic division, embolus laminated, multiple divided embolic apophysis (Fig. 49D–F).</p><p>Female (paratype MACN-Ar 28997)</p><p>Total length 1.33. Prosoma: length 0.60, width 0.53, height 0.49. Sternum: length 0.31, width 0.32. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.08, PME 0.07, AME–PME 0.08. Opisthosoma: length 0.89, width 0.80, height 0.77. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration as in male, but sternum with dark borders (Fig. 50A–C). Epigynal plate whitish-orange (Fig. 50B–C), triangular, backward-pointed, central pit deep (Fig. 50C–D). Vulva: copulatory ducts irregular and membranous, inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae, subtriangular spermathecae, sclerotized, and connated distally, forming straight line anteriorly, fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 50D).</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>Records are limited to collections made at 2299 m a.s.l. in lower montane rainforest from Parque Internacional La Amistad (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly during the night by looking down, and less frequently females were also collected at daytime by cryptic technique.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B5308C3BFD98FB99FA91FCDE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5338C26FD75F9C6FADFFDCB.text	03C987C4B5338C26FD75F9C6FADFFDCB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Baalzebub sukia Labarque & Piacentini & Pons & Hormiga & Arnedo & Ramírez 2025	<div><p>Baalzebub sukia sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A30E74E7-A9B7-4F33-B7B2-30AD228CCBE6</p><p>Figs 1, 51–52</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males and females of Baalzebub sukia sp. nov. also resemble those of Baalzebub innatuledi sp. nov. by the overall dark coloration (Figs 49A–C, 50A–C, 51A–C, 52A–C), but B. sukia can be distinguished by one pair of round guanine silver patches centrally on the dorsum of the opisthosoma (i.e., above the second pair of opisthosomal apodemes) (Figs 51A–B, 52A–B), whereas B. innatuledi have three pairs (Figs 49A–B, 50A–B). Females of B. sukia resemble those of B. innatuledi by the subtriangular spermathecae (i.e., forming a square angle laterally), connated distally, forming a straight line anteriorly (Figs 50D, 52D), but B. sukia can be distinguished by the backward-pointed triangular epigynal plate posteriorly acute (Fig. 52C–D), whereas B. innatuledi have it wider (Fig. 50C–D).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific name is derived from the word ‘sukia’ which means ‘shaman’ in the Naso, Ngäbe and Buglé languages.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.618774&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.8905" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.618774/lat 8.8905)">Parque Internacional La Amistad</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.618774&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.8905" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.618774/lat 8.8905)">Cerro Picacho</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.890500° N, 82.618778° W; 2299 m a.s.l.; 12–17 Jun. 2008; M. Arnedo, L. Benavides, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque, L. Piacentini and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SAD1NHL020; DNA barcode SPIPA421-10; MIUP.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU1NCH032; preparation codes FML-00839, FML-00899; DNA barcode SPIPA425-10; MACN-Ar 29071 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAC1DGH006; preparation code FML-00900; MACN-Ar 29070 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAC1DFB011; preparation code FML-00736; DNA code baaba254; GenBank code PX096882; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SAU1NGH020; DNA barcode SPIPA424-10; MCZ.</p><p>Other material</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; MCZ • 2 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; CRBA .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (paratypes MACN-Ar 29071, MCZ SAC1DFB011)</p><p>Total length 1.53. Prosoma: length 0.86, width 0.72, height 0.72. Sternum: length 0.40, width 0.43. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07, PME 0.07, AME–PME 0.08. Opisthosoma: length 1.20, width 0.99, height 0.89. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma dark (Fig. 51A–B). Dorsum of the ocular area dark (Fig. 51A–B). Sternum dark olive-green (Fig. 51C). Opisthosoma color overall dark gray with three dorsal whitish-gray patches centrally, and second patch with one pair of round guanine silver patches laterally (Fig. 51A–B). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, spinneret field and behind anal tubercle dark gray (Fig. 51C). Femora greenish-yellow but distally olive-green, patella olive-green, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi brownish-orange (Fig. 51A–C). Palp: paracymbium hooked, paracymbial process with setae row, median apophysis with deep trough, conductor covering embolic division, embolus laminated, multiple divided embolic apophysis (Fig. 51D–F).</p><p>Female (paratype MACN-Ar 29070)</p><p>Total length 1.98. Prosoma: length 0.77, width 0.64, height 0.54. Sternum: length 0.35, width 0.37. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07, PME 0.07, AME–PME 0.06. Opisthosoma: length 1.49, width 1.29, height 1.39. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration as in male (Fig. 52A–C). Epigynal plate: triangular, backward-pointed, central pit deep (Fig. 52C–D). Vulva: copulatory ducts irregular and membranous, inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae, subtriangular spermathecae, sclerotized, and connated distally, forming straight line anteriorly, fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 52D).</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>Records are limited to collections made at 2299 m a.s.l. in lower montane rainforest from Parque Internacional La Amistad (Fig. 1). Females have been collected mostly during the day by looking down and cryptic techniques; males have been collected during the night by looking down and looking up.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B5338C26FD75F9C6FADFFDCB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B52E8C23FD88FA21FAE0F8C4.text	03C987C4B52E8C23FD88FA21FAE0F8C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Baalzebub jaibana Labarque & Piacentini & Pons & Hormiga & Arnedo & Ramírez 2025	<div><p>Baalzebub jaibana sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6ED8C145-687E-4976-9BD7-F21397F63188</p><p>Figs 1, 53–54</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males and females of Baalzebub jaibana sp. nov. resemble the males of Baalzebub antomia sp. nov. by the overall light coloration (Figs 53A–C, 54A–C, 55A–C), but B. jaibana can be distinguished by one dorsal pair of round guanine silver patches centrally on the opisthosoma (Figs 53A–B, 54A–B), whereas B. antomia have it smooth (i.e., no pattern) (Fig. 55A–B). Males of B. jaibana can be distinguished by the retrolateral massive tegulum smooth (i.e., no spicules) and the base of the posterior serrated border of the median apophysis longer than wide (Fig. 53D–E), whereas B. antomia have several rows of spicules on the tegulum (i.e., see arrows in figure) and a wider than long posterior border of the median apophysis (Fig. 55D–E). Despite the overall coloration, females of B. jaibana resemble those of Baalzebub absoguedi sp. nov. by the suboval spermathecae (i.e., rounded laterally), connated distally, forming a curved line anteriorly, and by the backward-pointed triangular epigynal plate anteriorly wide (i.e., wider than the sclerotized vulva) (Figs 54D, 56D). Females of B. jaibana can be distinguished by backward-pointed plate not projecting posteriorly (i.e., not exceeding the triangular shape) (Fig. 54D), whereas B. absoguedi have it projected (i.e., exceeding the triangular shape) (Fig. 56D).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific name is derived from ‘jaibana’ which means ‘shaman’, the one that contacts the spirits in the Emberá language, currently spoken by the Emberá native people of Panama.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>PANAMA – Panama Province • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.92983&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.683444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.92983/lat 8.683444)">Parque Nacional Altos de Campana</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.683444° N, 79.929833° W; 895 m a.s.l.; 14–19 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SCD2NGL023; DNA barcode SPIPA417-10; MIUP.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>PANAMA – Panama Province • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCU1NEH011; preparation codes FML-00716, LNP-00287; DNA code baas1108; GenBank code PX096987; MACNAr 29059 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCD2NGL022; preparation code FML-00737; DNA code baaba253; GenBank code PX096986; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCU1NHR026; preparation code LNP-00284; DNA code baas1116; GenBank code PX096988; MACNAr 29061.</p><p>Other material</p><p>PANAMA – Panama Province • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCU1DHL016; DNA barcode SPIPA419-10; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCD1DFR022; DNA barcode SPIPA420-10; MACN-Ar 29060 • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCD1DHR006; DNA barcode SPIPA416-10; CRBA • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; voucher code SCD1DFR025; DNA barcode SPIPA418-10; CRBA .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (paratype MACN-Ar 29059)</p><p>Total length 1.26. Prosoma: length 0.62, width 0.50, height 0.48. Sternum: length 0.28, width 0.29. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.06, PME 0.05, AME–PME 0.07. Opisthosoma: length 0.84, width 0.81, height 0.74. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma white, thoracic area with olive-green speckled lines (Fig. 53A–B). Dorsum of ocular area olive-green (Fig. 53A–B). Sternum light yellow, olive-green speckled anteriorly (Fig. 53C). Dorsum of opisthosoma olive-green, with one dorsal whitish-gray patch centrally (i.e., above first pair of opisthosomal apodemes), and one dorsal pair of round guanine silver patches centrally (i.e., above third pair of opisthosomal apodemes) (Fig. 53A–B). Epiandrium and booklung cover olive-green, tracheal spiracle, spinneret field, and behind anal tubercle light olive-green (Fig. 53C). Legs I–II darker than III–IV, femora white but distally olive-green, patella olive-green, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi yellow (Fig. 53A–C). Palp: paracymbium hooked, paracymbial process with setae row, median apophysis with deep trough, conductor covering the embolic division, embolus laminated, multiple divided embolic apophysis (Fig. 53D–F).</p><p>Female (paratypes MCZ SCD2NGL022, MACN-Ar 29061)</p><p>Total length 1.12. Prosoma: length 0.53, width 0.50, height 0.42. Sternum: length 0.28, width 0.30. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07, PME 0.05, AME–PME 0.05. Opisthosoma: length 0.90, width 0.78, height 0.68. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration as in male, but opisthosoma olive-green ventrally (Fig. 54A–C). Epigynal plate whitish-orange (Fig. 54C), triangular, wide proximally, backward-pointed, central pit deep (Fig. 54C–D). Vulva: copulatory ducts irregular and membranous, inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae, suboval spermathecae, sclerotized, and connated distally, forming a curved line anteriorly, fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet the uterus externus (Fig. 54D).</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>Records are limited to collections made at 760 m a.s.l. in premontane rainforest at Parque Nacional Altos de Campana (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected during the day and night by looking down and cryptic techniques.</p><p>Variation</p><p>Some females have the thoracic area of the prosoma fully covered by an olive-green speckled pattern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B52E8C23FD88FA21FAE0F8C4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B52A8C20FD84FEDDFC97FD32.text	03C987C4B52A8C20FD84FEDDFC97FD32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Baalzebub antomia Labarque & Piacentini & Pons & Hormiga & Arnedo & Ramírez 2025	<div><p>Baalzebub antomia sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 79F3BC9B-B2DF-4DDE-854E-68F88DDD11EB</p><p>Figs 1, 55</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males of Baalzebub antomia sp. nov. resemble those of Baalzebub jaibana sp. nov. by the overall light coloration (Figs 53A–C, 54A–C, 55A–C), but B. antomia can be distinguished by the opisthosoma smooth (i.e., no pattern) (Fig. 55A–B), whereas B. jaibana have one dorsal pair of round guanine silver patches centrally on it (Fig. 53A–B). Males of B. antomia can be distinguished by the retrolateral massive tegulum with several rows of spicules (i.e., see arrows in figure) and the base of the posterior serrated border of the median apophysis wider than long (Fig. 55D–E), whereas B. jaibana have the tegulum smooth (i.e., no spicules) and a longer than wide posterior border of the median apophysis (Fig. 53D–E).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific name is a noun in apposition to honor Antomia, a mythological being of the folklore of the Emberá native people of Panama, which lives underwater and is responsible for causing people to shudder. Antomia is also known as ‘Madre del agua’ (Mother of the water).</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>PANAMA – Coclé Province • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59267&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59267/lat 8.668139)">Parque Nacional G.D. Omar Torrijos Herrera</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59267&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59267/lat 8.668139)">El Cope</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59267&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59267/lat 8.668139)">Sendero Las Ranas</a>; 8.668139° N, 80.592667° W; 790 m a.s.l.; 3 Jun. 2008; F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; voucher code STNQ38L013; preparation codes FML-00974, FML-00975; MIUP.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (holotype MIUP STNQ38L013)</p><p>Total length 1.06. Prosoma: length 0.55, width 0.50, height 0.50. Sternum: length 0.27, width 0.30. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07, PME 0.06, AME–PME 0.06. Opisthosoma: length 0.79, width 0.63, height 0.61. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma white (Fig. 55A–B). Dorsum of the ocular area white (Fig. 55A–B). Sternum light olive-green (Fig. 55C). Opisthosoma color overall light olive-green, smooth (i.e., no pattern) (Fig. 55A–C). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, spinneret field, and behind the anal tubercle light olive-green (Fig. 55C). Femora and patella white, tibiae greenish-yellow, metatarsi and tarsi brownish-orange; metatarsus I with strong prolateral macrosetae (Fig. 55A–C). Palp: paracymbium hooked, paracymbial process with setae row, median apophysis with a deep trough, conductor covering the embolic division, embolus laminated, multiple divided embolic apophysis (Fig. 55D–F).</p><p>Female</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>Record is limited to collections made at 895 m a.s.l. in the premontane rainforest at Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera (Fig. 1).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B52A8C20FD84FEDDFC97FD32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5248C2EFD99FEDDFC18FD7D.text	03C987C4B5248C2EFD99FEDDFC18FD7D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Baalzebub absoguedi Labarque & Piacentini & Pons & Hormiga & Arnedo & Ramírez 2025	<div><p>Baalzebub absoguedi sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 2BE5DE98-634F-4869-849B-CA3EC4CE1BAD</p><p>Figs 1, 56</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Females of Baalzebub absoguedi sp. nov. resemble those of Baalzebub jaibana sp. nov. by the suboval spermathecae (i.e., rounded laterally), connated distally, forming a curved line anteriorly, and by the backward-pointed triangular epigynal plate anteriorly wide (i.e., wider than the sclerotized vulva) (Figs 54D, 56D). Females of B. absoguedi can be distinguished by the backward-pointed plate projecting posteriorly (i.e., exceeding the triangular shape) (Fig. 56D) and the overall dark coloration (Fig. 56A–C), whereas B. jaibana . have the plate not projecting posteriorly (i.e., not exceeding the triangular shape) (Fig. 54D) and an overall light coloration (Fig. 54A–C).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific name is derived from ‘absoguedi’ which indicates the person specialized in the chants that chases away the bad spirits in the Kuna language, currently spoken by the Kuna native people of Panama.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>PANAMA – Coclé Province • ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59267&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59267/lat 8.668139)">Parque Nacional G.D. Omar Torrijos Herrera</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59267&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59267/lat 8.668139)">El Cope</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.59267&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.668139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.59267/lat 8.668139)">Sendero Las Ranas</a>; 8.668139° N, 80.592667° W; 790 m a.s.l.; 3 Jun. 2008; F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; voucher code STNQ38L016; preparation codes FML-00972, FML-00973; MIUP.</p><p>Description</p><p>Female (holotype MIUP STNQ38L016)</p><p>Total length 1.40. Prosoma: length 0.70, width 0.60, height 0.56. Sternum: length 0.35, width 0.34. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.08, PME 0.07, AME–PME 0.07. Opisthosoma: length 1.09, width 0.9, height 0.85. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma dark (Fig. 56A). Dorsum of ocular area dark (Fig. 56A). Sternum yellowish-orange with dark olive-green borders (Fig. 56C). Opisthosoma color overall dark gray, anteriorly lighter, with three dorsal pairs of round guanine silver patches laterally, first pair above second pair of opisthosomal apodemes, second pair smaller (Fig. 56A–B). Booklungs cover white, tracheal spiracle, and behind anal tubercle dark gray, spinneret field orange with one pair of round guanine silver patches laterally (Fig. 56C). Femora yellowish-white but distally olive-green, patella olive-green, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi orange (Fig. 56A–C). Epigynal plate brownish-orange (Fig. 56C), triangular, wide proximally, backward-pointed, central pit deep (Fig. 56C–D). Vulva: copulatory ducts irregular and membranous, inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae, suboval spermathecae, sclerotized, and connated distally, forming curved line anteriorly, fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 56D).</p><p>Male</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>The single record is limited to a collection made at 895 m a.s.l. in premontane rainforest from Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera (Fig. 1).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B5248C2EFD99FEDDFC18FD7D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5258C2DFD7CF9D6FC44FEDA.text	03C987C4B5258C2DFD7CF9D6FC44FEDA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Baalzebub nele Labarque & Piacentini & Pons & Hormiga & Arnedo & Ramírez 2025	<div><p>Baalzebub nele sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 3C1E0BD7-8300-4C0E-BA78-2B0CC4C40626</p><p>Figs 1, 57</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Females of Baalzebub nele sp. nov. resemble those of Baalzebub baubo Coddington, 1986 by the suboval spermathecae (i.e., rounded laterally), distally connated, forming a curved line anteriorly, and by the backward-pointed triangular epigynal plate anteriorly narrow (i.e., as wide as the sclerotized vulva) (Fig. 57D; Coddington 1986: fig. 184). Females of B. nele can be distinguished from those of B. baubo by the opisthosoma dark laterally and the spinneret field with one pair of round guanine silver patches laterally (Fig. 57B–C), whereas B. baubo have light patches laterally on the opisthosoma and no silver patches next to the spinnerets (Coddington 1986: fig. 180).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific name is derived from ‘nele’ which indicates the person that has visions, dreams and revelations to diagnose diseases in the Kuna language, currently spoken by the Kuna native people of Panama.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Reserva Forestal Fortuna</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Quebrada Honda</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.750083° N, 82.239083° W; 1135 m a.s.l.; 7–12 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SFD1D8R013; preparation codes FML-00735, LNP-00261; DNA code baaba060; GenBank code PX096875; MIUP.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>PANAMA – Panama Province • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.92983&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.683444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.92983/lat 8.683444)">Parque Nacional Altos de Campana</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.683444° N, 79.929833° W; 895 m a.s.l.; 14–19 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SCD1DEL017; DNA code baaba255; GenBank code PX096877; MACN-Ar 29062 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SCD1DFR013; DNA code baaba252; GenBank code PX096876; MACN-Ar 29063.</p><p>Description</p><p>Female (holotype MIUP SFD1D8R013)</p><p>Total length 2.16. Prosoma: length 0.89, width 0.87, height 0.61. Sternum: length 0.47, width 0.50. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.12, PME 0.09, AME–PME 0.08. Opisthosoma: length 1.32, width 1.39, height 1.04. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma dark (Fig. 57A–B). Dorsum of ocular area dark (Fig. 57A–B). Sternum dark olive-green with dark borders (Fig. 57C). Opisthosoma color overall dark gray, with four dorsal pairs of round guanine silver patches laterally, first and second pairs above first pair of opisthosomal apodemes, fourth pair touching anteriorly (Fig. 57A–B). Epigynal plate and booklung cover whitish-orange, tracheal spiracle, and behind anal tubercle dark gray; anterior lateral spinnerets field olive-green, other spinnerets orange (Fig. 57C). Femora and patella greenish-yellow with olive-green speckles distally, tibiae orange but distally olive-green, metatarsi and tarsi orange (Fig. 57A–C). Epigynal plate: triangular, narrow proximally, backward-pointed, central pit deep (Fig. 57C–D). Vulva: copulatory ducts irregular and membranous, inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae, suboval spermathecae, sclerotized, and connated distally, forming curved line anteriorly, fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 57D).</p><p>Male</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>Records are limited to collections made at 760 m a.s.l. and 1135 m a.s.l. in premontane rainforest at Parque Nacional Altos de Campana and Reserva Forestal Fortuna, respectively (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected during the day by looking down and cryptic techniques.</p><p>Variation</p><p>Some females have darker coloration than the described specimen.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B5258C2DFD7CF9D6FC44FEDA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5278C2BFDFCFAD3FAFEFF46.text	03C987C4B5278C2BFDFCFAD3FAFEFF46.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Baalzebub albonotatus (Petrunkevitch 1930)	<div><p>Baalzebub albonotatus (Petrunkevitch, 1930)</p><p>Figs 1, 58</p><p>Theridiosoma albonotatum Petrunkevitch, 1930: 305, figs 177–179 [♀]</p><p>[holotype ♀ from Puerto Rico, Rio Grande, El Yunque National Forest (Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven), not examined].</p><p>Baalzebub albonotatus – Coddington 1986: 74, figs 163–164, 167 [♂, ♀] [transferred from Theridiosoma].</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males and females of B. albonotatus can be distinguished from the other congeneric species by the longitudinal guanine blotches silver band centrally on the dorsum of the opisthosoma (Fig. 58A–C; Petrunkevitch 1930: fig. 178) (absent in other cogeneric species).</p><p>Material examined</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.28467&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.732861" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.28467/lat 8.732861)">Reserva Forestal Fortuna</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.28467&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.732861" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.28467/lat 8.732861)">Sendero Zamudio</a>; 8.732861° N, 82.284667° W; 1360 m a.s.l.; 20 Jun. 2008; L. Piacentini and F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; voucher code SFNQK8L001; preparation codes FML-00835, FML-00836; DNA barcode SPIPA232-10; MACN-Ar.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (MACN-Ar SFNQK8L001)</p><p>Total length 1.11. Prosoma: length 0.51, width 0.45, height 0.48. Sternum: length 0.27, width 0.31. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.06, PME 0.05, AME–PME 0.05. Opisthosoma: length 0.64, width 0.69, height 0.77. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma yellow, thoracic area olive-green centrally (Fig. 58A–B). Dorsum of ocular area dark (Fig. 58A–B). Sternum yellowish-orange (Fig. 58C). Opisthosoma color overall olive-green, with dorsal longitudinal guanine blotches silver band centrally (Fig. 58A–C). Epiandrium, tracheal spiracle, and spinneret field dark olive-green, and booklung cover whitish-gray (Fig. 58C). Femora yellowish-white but distally olive-green, patella olive-green, tibiae and metatarsi orange, and tarsi brownish-orange (Fig. 58A–C). Palp: paracymbium hooked, paracymbial process with setae row, median apophysis with deep trough, conductor covering embolic division, embolus laminated, multiple divided embolic apophysis (Fig. 58D–F; Coddington 1986: figs 163–164).</p><p>Female</p><p>For female species description, see Petrunkevitch (1930).</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>Baalzebub albonotatus has been found in Puerto Rico (World Spider Catalog 2025) and Panama. Records in this study are limited to collections made at 1135 m a.s.l. in premontane rainforest from Reserva Forestal Fortuna (Fig. 1).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Whereas we have not examined the type of this species, we believe that species attribution is unproblematic. Coddington (1986: 72–74) examined male and female specimens of Baalzebub albonotatus from Puerto Rico (misspelled as “ B. albinotatus ”), provided SEM images of the male palp of this species (Coddington 1986: figs 163–164), and distinguished it from Baalzebub baubo by “a median dorsal white stripe on the abdomen” (Coddington 1986: 74). Unfortunately, Coddington (1986) did not describe the male of B. albonotatus; however, we have done so here (see Description above). Our diagnosis aligns perfectly with the female description of B. albonotatus by Petrunkevitch (1930: 305) and the comparative diagnosis with B. baubo by Coddington (1986: 74). Additionally, our description of the male palp of B. albonotatus agrees in every way with the specimen illustrated by Coddington (1986).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B5278C2BFDFCFAD3FAFEFF46	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5218C28FD98FA46FD2AFB7A.text	03C987C4B5218C28FD98FA46FD2AFB7A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epilineutes Coddington 1986	<div><p>Epilineutes Coddington, 1986</p><p>Epilineutes Coddington, 1986: 74 .</p><p>Type species Adrasta globosa O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896; by original designation.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males of Epilineutes can be distinguished from those of other theridiosomatid genera by the thin, elongated, distally acute, median apophysis retrolateral projection extending anteriorly (Fig. 59E; see also Coddington 1986) (absent in other genera). Females of Epilineutes can be distinguished from those of other genera by the notched epigynal posterior margin (Coddington 1986: fig. 173) (absent in other genera).</p><p>Description</p><p>Males of Epilineutes have tripartite embolic apophysis, retrolaterally finger-printed conductor, and sub-rectangular median apophysis with denticles (Fig. 59D–F; Coddington 1986: figs 189–190). Females of Epilineutes have a dorsal scape protruding from beneath the notched epigynal plate transverse groove (Fig. 60D; Coddington 1986: fig. 173), and irregular membranous copulatory ducts inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae (Fig. 60D). For genus description details, see Coddington (1986) and Labarque &amp; Griswold (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B5218C28FD98FA46FD2AFB7A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5228CD7FE16FE72FE13FBCD.text	03C987C4B5228CD7FE16FE72FE13FBCD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epilineutes globosus (O. Pickard-Cambridge 1896)	<div><p>Epilineutes globosus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896)</p><p>Figs 1, 6C, F, 59–60</p><p>Adrasta globosa O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896: 192, pl. 24 figs 5, 5a–f [♂], figs 6, 6a–b [♀]</p><p>[a series of 3 ♂♂ and 5 ♀♀ syntypes from Mexico, Tabasco, Teapa (The Natural History Museum, London), not examined].</p><p>Theridiosoma globosum – F.O. Pickard-Cambridge 1902: 414 [transfer from Adrasta].</p><p>Epilineutes globosus – Coddington 1986: 79, figs 169–178, 188–195 [♂, ♀] [transferred from Theridiosoma].</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males and females of E. globosus can be distinguished from those of other theridiosomatid species following the genus diagnosis (see above). For species diagnosis details, see Coddington (1986).</p><p>Material examined</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Reserva Forestal Fortuna</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Quebrada Honda</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.750083° N, 82.239083° W; 1135 m a.s.l.; 7–12 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SFU1N8A034; preparation codes FML-00689, LNP-00272; DNA code epigl064; GenBank code PX096886; MACN-Ar 29093 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFD1D8D007; preparation codes FML-00741, FML-01144, LNP-00278; DNA code epigl055; GenBank code PX096883; MACN-Ar 29090 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU1NAH031; DNA barcode SPIPA379-10; MACN-Ar 29092 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU1NAR037; DNA barcode SPIPA378-10; MACN-Ar 29088 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU1NBA005; DNA barcode SPIPA380-10; MACN-Ar 29094 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU1NBD031; DNA barcode SPIPA382-10; MACN-Ar 29085 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFD1DAL017; DNA code epigl165; GenBank code PX096887; MACN-Ar 29087 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFB1D9H034; DNA code epigl202; GenBank code PX096885; MACN-Ar 29091 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFB1DAL022; DNA code epigl201; GenBank code PX096884; MCZ • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFD1NBA013; DNA barcode SPIPA381-10; CRBA • 14 ♂♂, 12 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MCZ • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MIUP • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MACN-Ar • 4 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; CRBA • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; 21–24 Jun. 2008; L. Piacentini and F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar.</p><p>Redescription</p><p>Male (MACN-Ar 29093)</p><p>Total length 1.09. Prosoma: length 0.54, width 0.55, height 0.56. Sternum: length 0.31, width 0.34. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07, PME 0.08, AME–PME 0.07. Opisthosoma: length 0.68, width 0.72, height 0.80. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma dark olive-green laterally, olive-green centrally (Fig. 59A–B). Dorsum of ocular area dark olive-green (Fig. 59A–B). Sternum dark olive-green (Fig. 59C). Dorsum of opisthosoma whitish-olive-green (Fig. 59A). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, spinneret field and behind anal tubercle olive-green (Fig. 59C). Legs I–II darker than III–IV, femora and patella light olive-green, tibiae and metatarsi, tarsi brownish-orange (Fig. 59A–C). Palp: paracymbium hooked, paracymbial process with setae row, median apophysis sub-rectangular with median groove and retrolateral projection extending anteriorly, conductor retrolateral surface finger-printed covering embolic apophysis, embolus as thin lamina, tripartite embolic apophysis (Fig. 59D–F; Coddington 1986: figs 176–178, 188–191).</p><p>Female (MACN-Ar 29090)</p><p>Total length 1.65. Prosoma: length 0.64, width 0.63, height 0.61. Sternum: length 0.36, width 0.38. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.08, PME 0.08, AME–PME 0.07. Opisthosoma: length 1.24, width 1.18, height 1.26. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration as in male but dorsum of opisthosoma covered sparsely by guanine silver patches (Fig. 60A–C). Epigynal plate olive-green (Fig. 60C), flat, with transverse groove notched, dorsal scape present (Fig. 60C–D; Coddington 1986: fig. 173). Vulva: copulatory ducts irregular and membranous, inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae anteriorly sharp (i.e., angular), sclerotized, and connated distally, forming triangle, fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 60D; Coddington 1986: fig. 174). For further species description details, see Coddington (1986).</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>Epilineutes globosus is distributed from Mexico to Brazil (World Spider Catalog 2025). Records in this study are limited to collections made at 1135 m a.s.l. in premontane rainforest from Reserva Forestal Fortuna (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly at night by looking up, although some specimens were also collected at night by looking down and others during the day by looking down and cryptic techniques.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B5228CD7FE16FE72FE13FBCD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5DD8CD7FD94FDCEFD87FC0D.text	03C987C4B5DD8CD7FD94FDCEFD87FC0D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Wendilgarda Keyserling 1886	<div><p>Wendilgarda Keyserling, 1886</p><p>Wendilgarda Keyserling, 1886: 129 .</p><p>Type species Wendilgarda mexicana Keyserling, 1886 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males and females of Wendilgarda can be distinguished from those of other genera by the uniform orangish-yellow coloration on the prosoma and opisthosoma (Figs 61A–C, 62A–C; see also Coddington 1986) (absent in most genera, except in some species of Ogulnius) and by their unique web architecture with a dendritic pattern of not-sticky horizontal lines, which hold sticky vertical lines that attach to the water surface of a moving stream (Coddington &amp; Valerio 1980; Coddington 1986; Cotoras et al. 2021). Males of Wendilgarda can also be distinguished from those of other genera by the mesal embolic apophysis branch elongated, protruding from beneath the conductor and lying along the prolateral side of the conductor itself (Fig. 61E, see also Coddington 1986) (in contrast with embolic apophysis branches not lying on the conductor in other genera). Females of Wendilgarda can also be distinguished from those of other genera by the fluted (i.e., crumpled in cross-section), double-pointed eggsacs (Coddington 1986: figs 200–201) (in contrast with squared or rounded eggsacs in other genera).</p><p>Description</p><p>Males of Wendilgarda have tripartite embolic apophysis, retrolaterally finger-printed conductor, and sub-rectangular median apophysis with denticles (Fig. 61D–F; Coddington 1986: figs 196–197). Females of Wendilgarda have dorsal scape protruding from beneath epigynal plate posterior margin (Fig. 62C–D; Coddington 1986: figs 206, 213, 219), irregular membranous proximal copulatory ducts, convoluted and heavily sclerotized distal copulatory ducts, inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae (Fig. 62D). For genus description details, see Coddington (1986) and Labarque &amp; Griswold (2014).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Females of the type species Wendilgarda mexicana Keyserling, 1886 present separated spermathecae (Coddington 1986: fig. 207).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B5DD8CD7FD94FDCEFD87FC0D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
03C987C4B5DD8CD2FDB1F98EFE03F89A.text	03C987C4B5DD8CD2FDB1F98EFE03F89A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Wendilgarda clara Keyserling 1886	<div><p>Wendilgarda clara Keyserling, 1886</p><p>Figs 1, 7, 61–62</p><p>Wendilgarda clara Keyserling, 1886: 132, pl. 15 figs 210, 210a–d [♀]</p><p>[holotype ♀ from Brazil, Amazonas Prov. (Department of Entomology, Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford), not examined].</p><p>Wendilgarda theridionina Simon, 1895: 919, fig. 986 [♂]</p><p>[a series of 21 syntype ♂♂ and 18 ♀♀ from Venezuela, Carabobo Prov., San Esteban (Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris), not examined] [synonymized by Coddington 1986].</p><p>Wendilgarda panamica Archer, 1953: 15, fig. 23</p><p>[holotype ♀ from Panama, Panama, Barro Colorado Island, Lake Gatun (American Museum of Natural History, New York), not examined] [synonymized by Coddington 1986].</p><p>Wendilgarda hassleri Archer, 1953: 16, figs 24, 28</p><p>[holotype ♂ from Guyana, upper Shudikar River (American Museum of Natural History, New York), not examined] [synonymized by Coddington 1986].</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males of Wendilgarda clara can be distinguished from those of Wendilgarda galapagensis Archer, 1953, Wendilgarda mexicana Keyserling, 1886, and Wendilgarda mustelina Simon, 1898 by the mesal branch elongated lying along the prolateral side of the conductor (Fig. 61D–F; Coddington 1986: figs 196– 198, 217), whereas W. galapagensis, W. mexicana, and W. mustelina lack such branches (Coddington 1986: figs 199, 210; Lopez &amp; Emerit 1986: fig. 13; Viquez 2020: fig. 7a). Females of W. clara can be distinguished from those of W. galapagensis, W. mexicana, and W. mustelina by the thin epigynal dorsal scape (Figs 7A–C, 62C–D; Coddington 1986: figs 206–207), whereas W. galapagensis, W. mexicana, and W. mustelina have the dorsal scape wider (Coddington 1986: figs 213–215; Lopez &amp; Emerit 1986: fig. 12; Víquez 2020: fig. 7b).</p><p>Material examined</p><p>PANAMA – Chiriquí Province • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Reserva Forestal Fortuna</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.750083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23908/lat 8.750083)">Quebrada Honda</a>, one-hectare PANCODING inventory; 8.750083° N, 82.239083° W; 1135 m a.s.l.; 7–12 Jun. 2007; M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque and M. Ramírez leg.; voucher code SFD2NBL020; preparation codes FML-00717, LNP-00274; DNA code wens1057; GenBank code PX0970; MACN-Ar 29222 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFD1NBL018; preparation codes FML-00734, FML-01145, LNP-00264; DNA code wens1068; GenBank code PX097005; MACN-Ar 29223 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFD1NBL030; DNA code wenclf11; GenBank code PX097007; MCZ • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFU1N7H040; DNA code wencle11; GenBank code PX097006; MIUP • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; voucher code SFD1NBL036; DNA code wenclg11; GenBank code PX097008; CRBA • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 1135 m a.s.l.; 21–24 Jun. 2008; L. Piacentini and F. Labarque leg.; non-quantitative sample; MACN-Ar.</p><p>Redescription</p><p>Male (MACN-Ar 29222)</p><p>Total length 1.61. Prosoma: length 0.80, width 0.82, height 0.73. Sternum: length 0.43, width 0.45. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09, PME 0.07, AME–PME 0.09. Opisthosoma: length 1.01, width 0.97, height 1.04. Leg formula: 1243. Dorsal shield of prosoma orangish-yellow (Fig. 61A–B). Dorsum of ocular area orangish-yellow (Fig. 61A–B). Sternum orangish-yellow (Fig. 61C). Opisthosoma color overall orangish-yellow (Fig. 61A). Epiandrium, booklung cover, tracheal spiracle, spinneret field and behind anal tubercle orangish-yellow (Fig. 61C). Femora and patella orangish-yellow, tibiae, metatarsi, and tarsi orange (Fig. 61A–C). Palp: paracymbium hooked, paracymbial process with setae row, median apophysis sub-rectangular with median groove, conductor retrolateral surface finger-printed covering embolic apophysis, embolus as thin lamina, tripartite embolic apophysis, mesal branch elongated lying along prolateral side of conductor (Fig. 61D–F; Coddington 1986: figs 196–198, 217).</p><p>Female (MACN-Ar 29223)</p><p>Total length 1.60. Prosoma: length 0.78, width 0.82, height 0.78. Sternum: length 0.41, width 0.47. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09, PME 0.07, AME–PME 0.09. Opisthosoma: length 1.11, width 1.09, height 1.11. Leg formula: 1243. Coloration as in male (Fig. 62A–C). Epigynal plate orangish-yellow (Fig. 62C), flat, with dorsal scape (Fig. 62C–D; Coddington 1986: figs 213–215). Vulva: proximal copulatory ducts irregular and membranous, distal copulatory ducts convoluted, inserting ventromedially posteriorly into spermathecae, spermathecae oval, sclerotized, and connated (i.e., fused along midline), fertilization ducts sclerotized, emerging laterally posteriorly from spermathecae, curving dorsally anteriorly to meet uterus externus (Fig. 62D; Coddington 1986: fig. 215). For further species description details, see Coddington (1986).</p><p>Records and biology</p><p>Wendilgarda clara is distributed from Guatemala to Brazil, including the West Indies (World Spider Catalog 2025). Records in this study are limited to collections made at 1135 m a.s.l. in premontane rainforest from Reserva Forestal Fortuna (Fig. 1). Males and females have been collected mostly at night by looking down.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C987C4B5DD8CD2FDB1F98EFE03F89A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Piacentini, Luis N.;Pons, Joan;Hormiga, Gustavo;Arnedo, Miquel A.;Ramírez, Martín J.	Labarque, Facundo M., Piacentini, Luis N., Pons, Joan, Hormiga, Gustavo, Arnedo, Miquel A., Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Ray spider rush: Fast-tracking integrative taxonomy in Panama’s cloud forests. European Journal of Taxonomy 1010: 1-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1010.3021, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3021/13549
