taxonID	type	description	language	source
03CF878EFFF1FFACFF7C79BC18107B30.taxon	biology_ecology	We examined a total of 120 calls from four individuals of Plectrohyla catracha in a time lapse of 15 minutes recorded at 15 ºC and 100 % of relative humidity (one calling male collected, CZB-H 023). The vocalization of P. catracha is a short, pulsed call composed of 4 ± 1 pulses (2 – 8 pulses). The call exhibits an ascending amplitude modulation with the peak occurring towards the end of its duration, depicting a triangular wave form (pointed left; see Fig. 2 D). Call duration is about 41 ± 9 ms (20 – 80 ms) and the intercall interval is 13 ± 3 s (10 – 19 s). The pulse rate is 101 ± 13 pulses / s (67 – 150 pulses / s). Calls commonly exhibit a slightly ascending frequency modulation (see Fig. 2 B). The minimum frequency is 1,792 ± 104 Hz (1,535 – 2,117 Hz), the maximum frequency is 3,525 ± 141 Hz (3,225 – 3,838 Hz), and the dominant frequency is 2,768 ± 145 Hz (2,411 – 3,100 Hz). Territorial call of Plectrohyla catracha (Fig. 2 E – H). Territorial calls were recorded when males called concurrently, sometimes overlapping in the timing of calls or alternating with calls from other individuals, including advertisement calls, which served as indicators of aggressive interactions. We examined a total of 46 calls from two individuals of Plectrohyla catracha (including CZB-H 023) in a time lapse of 5 minutes recorded at 15 ºC and 100 % of relative humidity. The territorial call consists of a repertoire of short trills emitted in brief series of 3 to 6 calls. These calls vary in structure, duration, pulse rate, and amplitude modulation compared to the advertisement call (see Discussion below). Territorial calls may exhibit amplitude modulation, with the first and / or second call generally displaying an ascending pattern, where the peak amplitude occurs toward the end of the call duration, forming a left-pointed triangular shape similar to that of the advertisement call. In contrast, subsequent calls typically show a descending pattern, with the peak amplitude occurring at the beginning of the call duration, depicting a rightpointed triangular shape (see Fig. 2 H). In some cases, calls lack amplitude modulation (see Fig. 2 G). The first call of the series is about 20 ms in duration and consists of 2 to 3 pulses, with a pulse rate of 118 ± 25 pulses / s (100 – 150 pulses / s). It is usually separated from the second portion of the territorial call by an intercall interval of 238 ± 6 ms (150 – 340 ms). From the second call onward, call duration is 15 ± 6 ms (4 – 20 ms), with each call composed of 2 ± 1 pulses (1 – 3 pulses), a pulse rate varying from 158 ± 55 pulses / s (100 – 250 pulses / s), and an intercall interval within the series as of the second call of 100 ± 26 ms (7 – 170 ms). The series of territorial calls last 650 ± 110 ms (480 – 840 ms). Calls typically exhibit slightly ascending or descending frequency modulation, but in some cases, calls lack frequency modulation (see Fig. 2 E). The minimum frequency is 1,663 ± 114 Hz (1,360 – 1,820 Hz) and the maximum frequency is 3,693 ± 235 Hz (3,324 – 4,082 Hz). The dominant frequency is 2,725 ± 410 Hz (2,067 – 3,100 Hz). Natural History of Plectrohyla catracha (Fig. 3 A – C). The species is common at the study site and was usually detected in densities of tens to hundreds of individuals per night during our study. We found most of them perched on vegetation (leaves or stems) at 40 – 285 cm above the ground and 0 – 1.8 m from the nearest water body, but some individuals were found on the ground or floating on the water surface. An adult female was observed during the day in an epiphytic bromeliad, at 1.80 m above the ground and approximately 400 m from the nearest water body. We registered amplectant pairs floating on the water of a pool of a spring used by people to obtain water. On one occasion, we followed one pair for more than five hours but oviposition did not occur (Fig. 3 B). For most part of our observation, the pair was partially submerged and floating on water; however, after three hours, it moved to land and stayed there for several minutes before returning back to the water. We noted the highest breeding activity of the species during the rainiest periods (from May to June and September to October). In the Las Trancas area, air temperatures ranged from 11 – 16 ºC during nocturnal surveys.	en	Chaves-Acuña, Wagner, Zúniga, Javier, Boza-Oviedo, Eduardo (2025): Vocalizations of three species of Plectrohyla (Hylidae: Hylinae), with comments on natural history. Zootaxa 5665 (3): 423-434, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5665.3.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5665.3.7
03CF878EFFF3FFA2FF2C7B9D198E7B81.taxon	biology_ecology	We examined a total of three calls from three individuals of P. insolita recorded in a time lapse of 125 minutes at air temperature between 15 – 19.3 ºC and 88 – 100 % of relative humidity. The vocalization of Plectrohyla insolita is a short “ click ” call, consisting of 5 to 6 pulses during the first half of its duration, followed by a pulsatile structure in the second half (see Fig. 4 D). The call is amplitude modulated with the peak occurring at the beginning of the call duration, depicting a triangular wave form (pointed right; see Fig. 4 D). Call duration is 60 ± 10 ms (50 – 70 ms). Although we obtained only three calls during over two hours of recordings, subsequent auditory surveys of unrecorded individuals indicated that males call every 10 – 35 minutes. Calls exhibit no frequency modulation (Fig. 4 B). The minimum frequency of the call is 1,291 ± 37 Hz (1,258 – 1,332 Hz), the maximum frequency is 2,265 ± 435 Hz (1,763 – 2,541 Hz), and the dominant frequency is 1,894 ± 172 Hz (1,722 to 2,067 Hz). Natural History of Plectrohyla insolita (Fig. 3 D – E). The species is uncommon and calls sporadically (e. g. 1 – 2 individuals registered per night). During October 2019, we detected four calling males of Plectrohyla insolita between 20: 43 and 01: 00 h. One adult male (UCR 23564; Fig. 3 D) was recorded calling from a bryophyte-covered branch at 2.25 m above the stream, while three uncollected individuals (not recorded) were observed calling at heights of approximately 5 m above the stream. During June 2022, we registered two calling males approximately at 21: 35 h. One of the individuals (CZB-H 022) was observed on top of two joint egg masses with a total of 80 – 100 embryos on different developmental stages (Gosner stages = 22 – 25; CZB-H 022) positioned at approximately 2.5 m above the stream (Fig. 5 B). The egg masses were laid on a bryophyte-covered branch of a fallen tree that crossed the stream bed from side to side. Embryos on the earlier stage of development in the clutch (stage 22) were located in the upper part of the egg mass, with the male on top of them, whereas more developed embryos (stage 25) were at the bottom part of the egg mass. The guarding male was calling at the beginning of our observations but it stopped calling due to our presence. The frog remained on top of the egg mass, changing its orientation to 90 ° in the vertical plane and to 60 ° in the horizontal plane. During nighttime surveys in October, 2019, air temperature was 15 ºC and the relative humidity was 100 %. During nocturnal surveys in June, 2022, air temperature ranged between 15 – 19.3 ºC and the relative humidity varied between 88 – 100 %.	en	Chaves-Acuña, Wagner, Zúniga, Javier, Boza-Oviedo, Eduardo (2025): Vocalizations of three species of Plectrohyla (Hylidae: Hylinae), with comments on natural history. Zootaxa 5665 (3): 423-434, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5665.3.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5665.3.7
03CF878EFFFDFFA2FF2C7FC018337A8D.taxon	biology_ecology	We examined a total of five calls from one individual of Plectrohyla ixil recorded in a time lapse of about 1 min at air temperature of 15 ºC. The vocalization of P. ixil is a long, single call with a fully pulsatile structure. The call is amplitude-modulated, with one or two major peaks occurring throughout the call duration, showing an irregular or asymmetric modulation pattern. Call duration is 244 ± 28 ms (220 – 280 ms). The intercall interval is 11 ± 5 s (5 – 18 s). Calls have no frequency modulation. The minimum frequency of the call is 692 ± 139 Hz (496 – 832 Hz), the maximum frequency is 1,756 ± 208 Hz (1,463 – 1,987 Hz), and the dominant frequency is 1,274 ± 83 Hz (1,125 – 1,312 Hz).	en	Chaves-Acuña, Wagner, Zúniga, Javier, Boza-Oviedo, Eduardo (2025): Vocalizations of three species of Plectrohyla (Hylidae: Hylinae), with comments on natural history. Zootaxa 5665 (3): 423-434, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5665.3.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5665.3.7
