Euphaea masoni Selys, 1879

Phan, Quoc Toan, Kompier, Tom, Karube, Haruki & Hayashi, Fumio, 2018, A synopsis of the Euphaeidae (Odonata: Zygoptera) of Vietnam, with descriptions of two new species of Euphaea, Zootaxa 4375 (2), pp. 151-190 : 182-183

Euphaea masoni Selys, 1879

( Figs 14b , 15d , 16c , 18e, 18j )

Euphaea masoni: Martin (1904) , p. 218 [‘ Tonkin, Annam’]; Williamson (1904), p. 182 [Male specimen from Tonkin]; van Tol & Rozendaal (1995), pp. 103–104, Figs 22 –23 [Specimens from Ha Tinh, Thua Thien Hue, Lang Son, Bac Giang, Da Nang and Lang Son Provinces]; Yokoi & Kano (2002), p. 24 (species list); Yokoi & Souphanthong (2004), p. 54 (species list); Yokoi & Souphanthong (2005), p. 38 (species list); Do & Dang (2007), p. 35 [Distribution map; including records from 15 named provinces]; Zhang (2010), p. 25 (species list); Kosterin (2010), pp. 24–60, Figs 15 , 22 , 40; Kosterin (2011), pp. 87–88, Figs 69–70; Phan et al. (2011), Figs 42–43, pp. 29–31 [Specimens from Phu Tho Prov.]; Sasamoto et al. (2011), p. 2 (species list); Kosterin (2014), p. 25, Fig. 9 ; Dow et al. (2016), Fig. 5 , p. 6 .

Euphaea guerini: Asahina (1969) , p. 7 [Records of E. guerini and the later described E. guerini inouei are mixed].

Euphaea guerini masoni: Asahina (1977) , pp. 174–178, Figs 34–39, 43–44, 46–49 [No new Vietnamese material listed]; Yokoi & Mitamura (1995), p. 7 (species list); Yokoi (1999), p. 3 (species list); Mitra (2002), Fig. 26, pp. 39–40;

Euphaea guerini inouei: Asahina (1977) , p. 178, Figs 40–42 [Holotype from Bobla Waterfall, Lam Dong Prov.; paratypes from Blao (= Bao Loc), Lam Dong Prov. and Buon Ma Thuot, Dak Lak Prov.]; Asahina (1996), p. 190, Fig. 12 .

Euphaea masoni inouei: Kosterin (2016) , pp. 22–24, Fig. 24.

Pseudophaea masoni: Fraser (1933) , pp. 110, 123.

Pseudophoea [sic!] masoni: Fraser (1919) , p. 461.

Materials examined. [ Vietnam] 2♂, Ha Giang Prov., 6–7.V.2011, F. Hayashi leg. (FHC) ; 2♂, Ba Be National Park , Bac Kan Prov., 3–8.VI.2012, F. Hayashi leg. (FHC) ; 1♂, Tam Dao National Park , Vinh Phuc Prov., 18.VIII.2013, T. Kompier leg. (TKC) ; 1♂ 1♀, Xuan Son National Park , Phu Tho Prov., 25.V.2014, Q.T. Phan leg. ( PQTC) ; 1♂, Xuan Son National Park , Phu Tho Prov., 13.IV.2014, T. Kompier leg. (TKC) ; 3♂ 3♀, Tan Hoa, Minh Hoa District , Quang Binh Prov., 14.IV.2016, Q.T. Phan leg. ( PQTC) ; 4♂, Ba Na Nature Reserve , Da Nang City, 15.III.2012, Q.T. Phan leg. ( PQTC) ; 2♂ 2♀, Bhalee, Tay Giang District , Quang Nam Prov., 17.IX.2015, F. Hayashi leg. (FHC) ; 2♂, Mang Den, Kon Plong District , Kon Tum Prov., 20.IX.2015, F. Hayashi leg. (FHC) ; 2♂, H’mun, Bar Maih, Chu Se District , Gia Lai Prov., 24.IV.2016, Q.T. Phan leg. ( PQTC) ; 3♂ 1♀, Hoa Phu , Da Nang, 24.IX.2017, Q.T. Phan leg. ( PQTC) ; 2♂, Bao Loc , Lam Dong Prov., 16.III.2016 ( PQTC) ; 2♀, Bao Loc , Lam Dong Prov., 12.VI.2016, T. Kompier leg. (TKC) ; 1♂, Lam Dong Prov., 16.V.2016, T. Kompier leg. (TKC) ; 3♂, Ba To , Quang Ngai Prov., 7.IX.2017, Pham Thi Nhi leg. ( PQTC) ; 3♂ 2♀, Da Lat, Lam Dong Prov., 31.III.1962, Inoue leg. ( NSMT). [ China] 2♂, Jinhuacha, Guangxi Prov. , 7.VI.2014, F. Hayashi leg. (FHC). [ Laos] 2♂, Vientiane , 3.IX.2015, S. Nomakuchi leg. (FHC); 2♂, Xaignabouli Prov., 26.III.2016, X. Liu leg. (FHC).

Other materials confirmed by field observations. [ Vietnam] Some individuals, Ha Giang Prov. , VII.2014, T. Kompier; Some individuals, Cao Bang Prov. , VI, VII, XII.2014, IV, V, VI.2015, T. Kompier; Some individuals, Bac Kan Prov. , VII.2013, VI, VII, VIII, X, XII.2014, IV, VI, IX.2015, T. Kompier; Some individuals, Lang Son Prov. , XI.2013, IV, V, VI, X.2014, IV, V, VI, VII.2015, VII.2016, T. Kompier; Some individuals, Bac Giang Prov. , VI.2015, T. Kompier; Some individuals, Lao Cai Prov. , VI.2015, T. Kompier; Some individuals, Yen Bai Prov. , IV, VII.2014, V, VI, X.2015, VII.2016, T. Kompier; Some individuals, Xuan Son National Park, Phu Tho Prov. , X, XII.2013, III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X, XI.2014, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI.2015, IV, V, VII, VIII.2016, T. Kompier; Some individuals, Tam Dao National Park, Vinh Phuc Prov. , VIII, IX.2 0 13, IV, V, VI, VII, X.2014, VII.2015, III.2016, T. Kompier; Some individuals, Ha Tay Prov. , VI.2015, T. Kompier ; 1♂, Ba Vi National Park, Ha Noi City, 14.IX.2013, T. Kompier; Some individuals, Hoa Binh Prov., VI.2014, T. Kompier; Some individuals, Thanh Hoa Prov. , V, VI.2015, T. Kompier; Some individuals, Nghe An Prov. , V, VI.2015, T. Kompier; Some individuals, Ha Tinh Prov. , V, VI.2015, V.2016, T. Kompier; Some individuals, Quang Binh Prov. , IV, V, VI.2016, T. Kompier; Some individuals, Quang Tri Prov. , V, VI.2016, T. Kompier; Some individuals, Thua Thien-Hue Prov. , V.2016, T. Kompier; Some individuals, Quang Nam Prov. , IX.2015, IV, V, VI.2016, T. Kompier; Some individuals, Gia Lai Prov. , VI.2016, T. Kompier; Some individuals, Lam Dong Prov. , V, VI.2016, V.2017 T. Kompier; 3 exs, Quang Ninh Prov. , 25.VI.2017, T. Kompier; Some individuals, Dong Nai Prov. , VIII, XI.2014, II.2015, II,2016, I.2017, T. Kompier.

Notes. Earlier authors, such as Selys (1879) and Martin (1904), correctly ranked Euphaea masoni and E. guerini as two distinct species. Confusingly, Asahina (1977) downgraded masoni as a subspecies of guerini , a decision which was shown to be incorrect by Van Tol & Rozendaal (1995). Asahina (1977) described subspecies Euphaea guerini inouei (= E. masoni inouei ) on the basis of ten males and three females from Lam Dong and Dak Lak provinces in southern Vietnam. Earlier Asahina (1969) had mixed the inouei specimens among specimens of the real E. guerini . According to the original description, the subspecies inouei is distinguished from masoni by the black markings on the FW extending less and by the more extensive hyaline part at the apex of the HW compared to Euphaea masoni (see also Asahina 1977). Van Tol & Rozendaal (1995) wrote: “ Whether inouei can be considered a distinct taxon, or only the extreme end of a clinal variation within masoni , should be investigated further.” Hämäläinen & Karube (2001) also urged the need to study the obvious clinal variation of masoni within its whole range in order to find out if subspecific splitting has a sound basis. Kosterin (2010, 2014) reported individual variation for these characters in Euphaea masoni in south-western Cambodia. The genital ligula and anal appendages of inouei are identical to those of masoni . It should be noted here that recently Hämäläinen (2016: 25, Note 39) listed Euphaea inouei as a good species based on morphological and unpublished molecular evidence.

Here we have not attempted to separate our specimens from Vietnam into the taxa masoni and inouei , but list all of them simply as masoni . However, the wing upperside of males from Vietnam (and eastern Cambodia) show a strong iridescent coppery-red flash in sunshine and the HW underside, except for its distal part, shows a slight deep-blue flash. At the same time males from Thailand and south-western Cambodia of the typical Euphaea masoni , described from the border between Myanmar and Thailand, show only a very slight purple shine on the wing upperside and no flash on the wing underside ( Kosterin 2014, 2016). These differences indicate the possibility that the Vietnamese populations concern a different taxon from Euphaea masoni sensu stricto.

Euphaea masoni resembles E. guerini , E. hirta , and E. saola sp. nov. in body and wing coloration and structure of the anal appendages. However, males of these species can be separated by their abdominal setae tuft patterns visible in lateral view ( Fig. 15 ). In Euphaea masoni , only S3 has setae ( Fig. 15d ), but in other species tufts of setae are present on several other abdominal segments ( Fig. 15a–c ). The upper hindwing of Euphaea masoni males shows an iridescent coppery-red flash. In Euphaea hirta this flash is even brighter. By contrast, this flash is green, not red, in E. guerini and E. saola sp. nov. Vesicle of Euphaea masoni ( Fig. 18e ) is similar to those of E. guerini ( Fig. 18c ) and E. hirta ( Fig. 18d ) with its posterior margin rounded. Females of Euphaea masoni can be distinguished from those of E. hirta , E. guerini , and E. saola sp. nov. by wider yellowish stripes on head, thorax, and abdomen ( Fig. 16c ), although identification is complicated as a result of different stages of maturity being more or less extensively marked. For additional differences with Euphaea hirta see below under that species.

Distribution. Vietnam (Ha Giang, Cao Bang, Bac Kan, Lang Son, Bac Giang, Lao Cai, Yen Bai, Phu Tho, Vinh Phuc, Ha Tay, Ha Noi, Hoa Binh, Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Ha Tinh, Quang Ninh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri, Thua Thien-Hue, Da Nang, Quang Nam, Dak Lak, Kon Tum, Gia Lai, Lam Dong, Ninh Thuan, Dong Nai and Tay Ninh Provinces), China (Guangxi and Yunnan Provinces) ( Zhang 2010), Laos (Phongsali, Luang Namtha, Oudomxay, Houaphan, Xaignabouli, Vientiane, Bolikhamxay and Attapeu Provinces) ( Fraser 1933, Yokoi 1999, Yokoi & Kano 2002, Yokoi & Souphanthong 2004, 2005, this study), Cambodia (Ratanakiri and Mondulkiri Provinces) ( Kosterin 2014, 2016), Myanmar (without exact localities; including the holotype from Tenasserim Range, Burma [ Selys 1879]), Thailand (most provinces) ( Hämäläinen 2017), Malaysia (Perlis state) ( Dow et al. 2016), India (Manipur and Nagaland) ( Mitra 2002), Bangladesh ( Chittagong division) ( Khan 2017b).

Figures

FIGURE 5. Bayadera continentalis. [5a–d] ♂ and ♀, Dong Van and [5e–h] ♂, Pia Oac. (5a) male head and thorax; (5b) appendages, dorsal view; (5c) appendages, lateral view; (5d) female head and thorax; (5e) male head and thorax; (5f) appendages, dorsal view; (5g) appendages, lateral view; (5h) wings.

FIGURE 6. Bayadera hatvan. [6a–d] ♂ and [6e] ♀, Pia Oac. (6a) head and thorax; (6b) appendages, dorsal view; (6c) appendages, ventral view; (6d) wings; (6e) head and thorax.

FIGURE 9. Bayadera nephelopennis. [9a–e] ♂ and [9f] ♀. (9a) head and thorax; (9b) appendages, dorsal view; (9c) appendages, lateral view; (9d) appendages, ventral view; (9e) wings; (9f) head and thorax.

FIGURE 12. Dysphaea spp. [12a–b] D. basitincta. (12a) ♂, Cao Bang and (12b) ♀, Hainan (rearranged from Fig. 7, p. 307, Hämäläinen 2012). [12c–d] D. gloriosa; (12c) ♂ and (12d) ♀, Quang Nam. [12e–f] D. haomiao; (12e) ♂, Cao Bang and (12f) ♀, Guizhou (rearranged from Fig.5, p. 307, Hämäläinen 2012).

FIGURE 14. Dorsal view of wings of male Euphaea spp. (14a) E. hirta; (14b) E. masoni; (14c) E. guerini; (14d) E. saola sp. nov.

FIGURE 16. Euphaea spp. all ♀. (16a–b) body and head of E. hirta, Nam Nung; (16c) E. masoni, Bao Loc; (16d) E. guerini, Tay Giang; (16e) E. saola sp. nov., A Luoi.

FIGURE 18. Euphaea spp. [18a–f] vesicle of male and [18g–j] prothorax of female, dorsal view. (18a, b, g) E. saola sp. nov. from (18a) A Luoi and (18b) Chu Mom Ray; (18c, h) E.guerini, Bhalee; (18d, i) E. hirta, Nam Nung; (18e, j) E.masoni, Lang Van; (18f)E. pahyapi, Phu Quoc.

FIGURE15.Schematic drawingsof abdominal hair tufts inlateral view ofmale Euphaeaspp.(15a) E.saola sp.nov.; (15b)E. guerini; (15c) E.hirta; (15d) E.masoni and E. pahyapi. I–X show abdominal segments S1–10.

FIGURE22. Distribution maps of 1 Cryptophaea, 3 Dysphaea and 8 Euphaea species inVietnam.Closed circles represent the provincesin which the distribution is confirmed.Lines drawn in C.vietnamensis show the northern, central, and southern areas of Vietnam separated by the gaps of main mountainous regions.