Blepharoneura variabilis, Norrbom & Condon, 2010
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.2374.1.1 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038687BA-FF3D-FF7B-6DC8-FD70FB7FFDC0 |
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treatment provided by |
Felipe |
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Blepharoneura variabilis |
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B. variabilis rupta clade
B. sp. nr. brevivittata
B. sp. nr. furcifer
B. io
B. sp. nr. thetis
B. wasbaueri loss of the hyaline spot in the pterostigma (char. 24) and the marginal serrations on the aculeus (char. 62.2) (also present in B. regina ). The second subclade, including B. regina , mikenoltei , and chaconi , is weakly supported by the presence of a spot on the anepimeron (char. 17), which is variable in B. mexicana , quetzali and variabilis , the large size of the spot [#15] near crossvein dm-cu (char. 32), which also occurs in B. variabilis , and presence of a posterior subapical hyaline spot [#53] in cell dm (char. 43), which is variable in B. mexicana .
The rupta clade ( Fig. 220 View FIGURE 220 ) includes B. bidigitata , bivittata , brevivittata , sp. nr. brevivittata , cornelli , fernandezi , furcifer , sp. nr. furcifer , hirsuta , io, lutea , quadristriata , rupta , ruptafascia , septemdigitata , thetis , sp. nr. thetis , unifasciata , and wasbaueri . It is the most widespread clade within the femoralis group, generally occurring at lower elevations than the species of the other clades. Support for the rupta clade is based mainly on the presence of a digitate lateral lobe on the aculeus (char. 58) (assumes reversal in B. quadristriata , ruptafascia , and unifasciata ). The presence of minute serrations on this lobe (char. 62.1) can also be interpreted as a synapomorphy (assumes reversal in the above 3 species and B. bivittata ). The majority of species within the rupta clade (except B. bidigitata , io, and wasbaueri ) form a well supported subclade with the following synapomorphies: vertex with brown marking surrounding medial vertical seta (char. 1.2) (assumes reversal in B. lutea , ruptafascia , and unifasciata ); scutum with large nonmicrotrichose area (char. 4) (assumes reversal in B. ruptafascia , unifasciata and sp. nr. furcifer ); scutum with posterior brown mark trapezoidal, triangular, or a narrow band (char. 5.2) and with medial brown vitta (char. 6.1) (both characters with subsequent change in some species); subscutellum without brown vittae (char. 14.1); and abdominal markings more or less vittate (char. 51). Most species of this large subclade (except B. fernandezi , thetis , sp. nr. thetis , and some B. quadristriata ) have subapical wing bands (char. 33.1–2). Within this subclade B. bivittata , brevivittata , cornelli , furcifer , hirsuta , lutea , rupta , and septemdigitata form a further subclade supported by the shape of the hyaline area(s) in cell c (char. 23), unique to these species (assumes reversal in sp. nr. furcifer ; also variable in B. bivittata and hirsuta ); the loss of the hyaline spot in the pterostigma (char. 24) (assumes reversal in furcifer , sp. nr. furcifer and septemdigitata ); cell r2+3 medially with only one spot (char. 28.1); cells r2+3 and r4+5 with convex subapical band (char. 33.2) (assumes reversal to state 1, with concave subapical band, in furcifer , sp. nr. furcifer and septemdigitata ); and cell dm without subapical spot [#25] (assumes reversal in at least sp. nr. furcifer ).
The nigriapex clade ( Fig. 221 View FIGURE 221 ) includes B. amplihyalina , apaapa , bipunctata , hyalinella , marshalli , multipunctata , and nigriapex . These species are so far known only from Andean countries ( Ecuador, Bolivia, and northwestern Argentina). Support for the nigriapex clade includes, among other character states, the presence of additional hyaline spots in the apical part of cell r1 (char. 29.2) and additional tiny spots in cells r2+3 and r4+5 (char. 30) (both assuming reversal in B. amplihyalina and marshalli ), the presence (char. 36.0) and large size (char. 37) of the median marginal spot in cell m (the latter unique to this clade, although variable within B. hyalinella ), the subbasal medial hyaline spot in cell m (char. 39) (variable in B. amplihyalina and marshalli ), the posterior subapical hyaline spot [#53] in cell dm (char. 43) (variable in B. apaapa , amplihyalina and marshalli ), and the reduced medial hyaline area in cell dm (char. 49.3) (assumes further change to extremely large (char. 49.2) in B. nigriapex , amplihyalina and marshalli ). Other character states that can be interpreted as synapomorphies include the single medial spot on the scutellum (char. 12.1) (unique to this clade), the posterodorsal spot on the anepisternum (char. 15.1) (otherwise present only in B. tau ), and the additional marginal hyaline spot in cell cu1 (char. 47). Relationships within the nigriapex clade are unresolved, except the two Argentine species, B. amplihyalina and marshalli , are sister species.
The splendida clade ( Fig. 221 View FIGURE 221 ) includes B. aspiculosa , biseriata , sp. nr. biseriata , cyclantherae , femoralis , macwilliamsae , nigrifemur , osmundsonae , punctistigma , sinepuncta , splendida , tau and zumbadoi . This group is predominantly Mesoamerican except for B. nigrifemur , from Bolivia, and B. femoralis and splendida , which range into South America. Support for inclusion of B. macwilliamsae in the splendida clade is weak. The only unambiguous synapomorphy for the entire clade is the presence of brown marking on the meron (char. 20) (assumes reversal in B. tau and homoplasy in B. chaconi and regina ). The species other than B. macwilliamsae form a subgroup strongly supported by the following synapomorphies: head with brown band or triangular marking lateral to occipital suture (char. 3.1); scutum posterior brown mark bimodal (char. 5.1); and anepisternum with large medial brown spot or mostly brown (char. 15.2). Hind femur color (entire apical sixth or more brown; char. 22.2) can also be interpreted as a synapomorphy for this subclade. Within this group, the species with subapical wing bands ( B. aspiculosa , punctistigma , sinepuncta , splendida , and tau ) are recognized as a subclade based on a suite of wing characters, including the shape of the basal marginal hyaline spot [#5] in cell r1 (char. 26.0) (reversal), apical part of cell r1 without hyaline spot (char. 29.1) (variable in some species), cells r2+3, r4+5 and m with subapical bands (characters 33.2, 38.2), cell r4+5 with only one marginal hyaline mark (char. 35.0) (reversal), and cell cu1 with anterior hyaline spot [#32] aligned with proximal marginal spot [#34]. Blepharoneura tau was included in the splendida clade based mainly on its wing pattern resemblance to B. splendida and similar species, but it lacks the dark markings on the occiput, thoracic pleuron, and hind femur that otherwise characterize the splendida clade and its largest subclade, and its inclusion is therefore suspect. Discovery of the female may help to clarify its relationships.
No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.
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