Brasilennea minor Trindade, 1956

Salvador, Rodrigo Brincalepe & Simone, Luiz Ricardo Lopes De, 2013, Taxonomic Revision Of The Fossil Pulmonate Mollusks Of Itaboraí Basin (Paleocene), Brazil, Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 53 (2), pp. 5-46 : 5-46

Brasilennea minor Trindade, 1956

( Figs. 22-26 )

Brasilennea arethusae var. minor Trindade, 1956: 18 (pl. 3, figs. 1e, 2e).

Brasilennea minor : Brito, 1967: 19 (pl. 3, figs. 7, 8); Palma & Brito, 1974: 397 (pl. 1, fig. 10); Simone & Mezzalira, 1994: 51 (pl. 15, fig. 431); Bergqvist et al., 2006: 60 (fig. 75); Salvador et al., 2011: 445 (fig. 1H-K); Salvador & Simone, 2012: 2 (figs. 7-8).

Holotype: DGM 4221 -I (examined; Fig. 22 ).

Type Locality: Limestones of Parque Paleontológico de São José de Itaboraí, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Park’s center coordinates: 22°50’20”S, 42°52’30”W .

Geographic and stratigraphic occurrence: Known only from the type locality: Sequence S1 ( Medeiros & Bergqvist, 1999; Bergqvist et al., 2006).

Age : Tertiary, Middle Paleocene.

Etymology: The name refers to the species’ small size.

Diagnosis: Shell small (smallest species in genus). Greatest width in central portion of shell. Profile of whorls slightly convex. Sculptured by large number fine ribs. Basal furrow in body whorl more weakly marked.

Re-Description: Shell small, multispiral, pupiform, with acuminated apex. Greatest width in central portion of shell; diameter ~½ shell length. Spire angle ~45°. Protoconch dome shaped, blunt, smooth; transition to teleoconch clear. Columella hollow (at least on first whorls). Profile of whorls slightly convex. Suture well-marked, linear, practically perpendicular (horizontal) to columellar axis, becoming more oblique towards last whorls. Sculptured by fine and raised ribs, regularly distributed, becoming less oblique towards last whorls, and in large numbers (~70 on penultimate whorl). Body whorl with two spiral furrows, one central and the other basal, placed equidistantly from the upper furrow and the bottom of the shell; basal furrow more weakly marked than the upper one. Aperture large, orthocline, approximately semicircular (parietal and columellar lips straight, others rounded); ~⅓ shell length. Peristome complete and well-marked, with duplicated aspect (parallel lamella sensu Maury, 1935, projecting itself forwards away from the lip for a couple of millimeters). Single and strong median parietal lamella, reaching the peristome and extending itself towards shell’s interior up until ~¼ of body whorl. Columellar spiral lamella extending itself towards interior. Body whorl ~½ shell length. Umbilicus narrow.

Measures (in mm): Holotype: 9 whorls; H = 9.0; D = 5.0; S = 6.3; d = 2.1. Mean (n = 16): 9 whorls (eventually 8 or 10); H = 11.6 ± 1.9 (max 14.9; min 8.4); D = 5.8 ± 0.6 (max 6.7; min 4.8); S = 7.9 ± 1.2; h = 3.6 ± 0.2 (max 3.9; min 3.2); d = 3.2 ± 0.4 (max 4.0; min 2.5).

Examined material: Holotype. DGM 4224 -I (1 specimen), 4999-I (9 specimens), unnumbered (1 specimen); MNRJ 3346 -I (1 specimen), 4338-I (2 specimens); MZSP 86323 (2 specimens).

Discussion: B. minor was originally described as a small- er sympatric variety of B. arethusae by Trindade (1956), but it was lately elevated to the category of species by Brito (1967), using the sympatry as one of the reasons for such. B. minor specimens are smaller than the smallest specimen of B. arethusae , showing no overlapping in size distribution. B. minor shows a smaller number of whorls than the other Brasilennea species: usually 9 (8 or 10 whorls are not uncommon). The whorls of B. minor are more convex and its shell is weaker and thinner than the other species. It has a greater number of ribs and they are also weaker. The basal furrow in the body whorl is more weakly marked. B. minor also shows some variation in shell shape besides whorl number as, for example, thinner and more elongated specimens ( Fig. 25 ); however, in a broader sense, this variation seems to be less than what is seen in B. arethusae .

Family Charopidae

Genus Austrodiscus Parodiz, 1957 Austrodiscus lopesi Fereira & Coelho, 1989

Austrodiscus lopesi Ferreira & Coelho, 1989: 193 (figs. 1-2); Simone & Mezzalira, 1994: 50 (pl. 15, fig. 417); Bergqvist et al., 2006: 59.

Holotype: MNRJ 5645 -I.

Paratypes: MNRJ 5646 -I, MNRJ 5647 -I.

Type Locality: Limestones of Parque Paleontológico de São José de Itaboraí, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Park’s center coordinates: 22°50’20”S, 42°52’30”W .

Geographic and stratigraphic occurrence: Known only from the type locality. There is no information in the literature about which sequence this species occurs.

Age : Tertiary, Middle Paleocene.

Etymology: Species dedicated to the zoologist Dr. Hugo S. Lopes (Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).

Discussion: The genus Austrodiscus Parodiz, 1957 is normally allocated to the family Endodontidae ( Schileyko, 2001) , a family endemic to the Pacific islands ( Solem, 1976, 1979, 1981). Schileyko (2001) still considers that Endodontidae contains some species in South America and on Saint Helena Island, but other authors state that these species actually belong to Charopidae , a family with a broader distribution: the Americas, the Pacific Islands, Oceania Southern Africa and Saint Helena Island ( Solem, 1981; Fonseca & Thomé, 1993). It has been a common practice in revisionary work dealing with the supposed American endodontids to reallocate them in Charopidae , as in Fonseca & Thomé (1993), who dealt specifically with Austrodiscus . Such resolution is here adopted.

All type material of Austrodiscus lopesi (totaling 9 specimens, according to Ferreira & Coelho, 1989) has disappeared; it could not be found in the museum’s collection ( MNRJ) or in the records of lent material (since it is common practice in this institution not to lend type material). Unfortunately, no additional material exists .

Ferreira & Coelho (1989), when describing the species, decided for its placement in the genus Austrodiscus due to its smooth protoconch. However, this character was contested for the genus by Fonseca & Thomé (1993), who stated that the protoconch is sculptured. However, this character cannot be confirmed only by the illustration in the species original description. Without having the type material, it is impossible to conduct a proper taxonomic revision and thus the allocation of A. lopesi in the genus Austrodiscus could not be confirmed or contested. As such, the only alteration proposed here is the change in A. lopesi ’s familiar allocation, transferring it from Endodontidae to Charopidae .

Family Clausiliidae

Subfamily Neniinae

Genus Temesa H. & A. Adams, 1855 Temesa magalhaesi ( Trindade, 1953) comb. nov.

( Figs. 27-33 )

Clausilia magalhaesi Trindade, 1953: 40 (fig. 1); Brito, 1967: 14 (pl. 3, figs. 4, 5); Palma & Brito, 1974: 397 (pl. 1, fig. 6); Simone & Mezzalira, 1994: 50 (pl. 14, fig. 414); Bergqvist et al., 2006: 59 (fig. 71).

Holotype: DGM 4220 -I (examined; Fig. 27 ).

Type Locality: Limestones of Parque Paleontológico de São José de Itaboraí, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Park’s center coordinates: 22°50’20”S, 42°52’30”W .

Geographic and stratigraphic occurrence: Known only from the type locality: Sequence S1 ( Medeiros & Bergqvist, 1999; Bergqvist et al., 2006).

Age : Tertiary, Middle Paleocene.

Etymology: Species dedicated to Prof. Júlio de Magalhães (Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).

Diagnosis: Shell cylindrical-fusiform, broad and robust, with acuminated apex. Ribs very thin and weak. Parietal lamella high, vertical; apparently the single lamella present.

Re-Description: Shell medium-sized, sinistral, multispiral, thin (but broad for genus), cylindrical-fusiform, with acuminated apex. Greatest width in central portion of shell (antepenultimate whorl); diameter ~⅓ shell length. Spire angle ~20°. Protoconch flattened, blunt, smooth. Profile of whorls slightly convex, eventually flat. Suture well-marked, oblique (diagonal) to columellar axis. Sculptured by fine ribs (~85 on penultimate whorl), oblique to columellar axis. Body whorl not thinned, adnate to the spire. Peristome weakly reflected, supposedly complete. Parietal lamella high, vertical, median, reaching the peristome and extending itself towards interior. Apparently without other teeth and/or lamellae.

Mean measures (in mm; n = 4): 10 whorls (eventually 11); D = 5.1 ± 0.2 (min 4.8; max 5.3).

Examined material: Holotype. DGM 4997 -I (8 specimens).

Discussion: The only clausiliid from Itaboraí Basin was originally placed in the genus Clausilia Dreparnaud, 1805 . However, Clausilia is a Recent genus from central Europe, of the European subfamily Clausiliinae . Due to this biogeographical incongruence and additional morphological characters, here we opted for the reallocation of C. magalhaesi in a genus of Neniinae , a strictly Latin American subfamily ( Schileyko, 2000). It is also important to emphasize that all Latin American species of Clausilia have been reallocated in genera of Neniinae ( Schileyko, 2000) .

There is only a single recent clausiliid in Brazil, Nenia orbignyi Ancey, 1892 , in the state of Mato Grosso ( Simone, 2006), despite Nenia H. & A. Adams, 1855 being a Caribbean-endemic genus ( Loosjes & Loosjes-van Bemmel, 1966). Moreover, Schileyko (2000) restricted the genus to a single species, N. tridens (Chemnitz, 1786) , from Puerto Rico. As such, the most obvious choice for the generic reallocation of C. magalhaesi would perhaps be the genus Nenia , which supposedly occurs in Brazil. However, due to doubts regarding the classification of the Brazilian species N. orbignyi and also to the astounding similarity of the Itaborahian fossil to the Recent South-American genus Temesa H. & A. Adams, 1855, C. magalhaesi is here reallocated to this later genus. Despite being absent in Brazil, Temesa occurs in various neighboring countries: Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, and, with some doubt, in Argentina ( Loosjes & Loosjes-van Bemmel, 1966; Schileyko, 2000; Nordsieck, 2005).

The decision for the reallocation in Temesa is due to a vast array of shared morphological characters: cylindrical-fusiform and thin shell, spire with acuminated apex, protoconch present (i.e., non-decollated), number of whorls (10 or 11), body whorl not thinned and adnate to the spire, peristome weakly deflected, absence of lamellae or teeth in the aperture (besides the parietal lamella). Usually, the lamellae of Temesa species cannot be seen in the aperture; they can be found in the inner portion of shell. Unfortunately, the presence of additional lamellae could not be assessed in this fossil due to the specimens’ state of preservation: there is not even one specimen with an intact aperture, only one has part of the aperture preserved ( Figs. 28-33 ). However, to discover if the other lamellae are present or not, it would be necessary to break the aperture and part of the body whorl and, due to the small number of specimens, this course of action was discarded.

Temesa magalhaesi differs from the other species in the genus mainly by its broader and more robust shell and the spire apex sharply acuminated. The genus does not possess the clausilial apparatus, a typical structure in the family; however, such structure is not often preserved in the fossil record.

Family Ferussaciidae

Genus Cecilioides Férussac, 1814 Cecilioides sommeri ( Ferreira & Coelho, 1971) comb. nov.

( Figs. 34-35 )

Carychium sommeri Ferreira & Coelho, 1971: 467 (fig. 4); Palma & Brito, 1974: 391; Simone & Mezzalira, 1994: 49 (pl. 14, fig. 405); Bergqvist et al., 2006: 59 (fig. 70).

Holotype: MNRJ 5016 -I (examined; Figs. 34-35 ).

Paratype: MNRJ 5017 -I (7 specimens, examined) .

Type Locality: Limestones of Parque Paleontológico de São José de Itaboraí, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Park’s center coordinates: 22°50’20”S, 42°52’30”W .

Geographic and stratigraphic occurrence: Known only from the type locality: Sequence S1 ( Medeiros & Bergqvist, 1999; Bergqvist et al., 2006).

Age : Tertiary, Middle Paleocene.

Etymology: Species dedicated to Prof. Friedrich W. Sommer (Divisão de Geologia e Mineralogia do Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral, DNPM, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).

Diagnosis: Shell oval. Aperture sub-oval. Peristome reflected, slightly thickened.

Re-Description: Shell diminutive, oval, smooth, with blunt spire apex; 6 whorls (eventually 5). Greatest width on body whorl; width ~½ shell length. Spire angle ~50°. Protoconch smooth, blunt, broad, dome-shaped. Profile of whorls flattened. Suture weakly marked, practically perpendicular (horizontal) to columellar axis. Aperture small, orthocline, sub-oval; ~2/5 shell length. Teeth or lamellae absent. Peristome reflected, slightly thickened. Body whorl ~½ shell length. Umbilicus imperforated.

Measures (in mm): Holotype: 6 whorls; H = 2.6; D = 1.3; S = 1.5; h = 1.0; d = 0.8.

Examined material: Types.

Discussion: The species was originally described in the genus Carychium , a Holartic genus and one of the few exclusively terrestrial animals of the family Ellobiidae ( Morton, 1955; Barker, 2001). The apertural dentition is conspicuous in the family ( Martins, 1996) and was the single character used by Ferreira & Coelho (1971) in their original classification. These authors stated that the species presented a “greatly evident” single columellar tooth. In the original illustration presented by them ( Ferreira & Coelho, 1971: 468, fig. 4), such tooth can be clearly seen. However, after examining the type specimens, only the holotype seemed to possess this tooth. Further examination un- der stereomicroscope revealed that the supposed tooth was in fact a grain of sediment placed in such a manner that a quick glance could take it for an actual shell structure. After this grain was removed, a toothless aperture was revealed. Therefore, the original classification of this species in that genus, done exclusively due to the apertural dentition, is mistaken. In the absence of such dentition, we propose here the reallocation in the family Ferussaciidae .

Ferussaciidae has an almost global distribution: Europe, Middle East, Asia (tropical regions), Africa and Americas. Its fossil record goes back to the Eocene of Europe, but due to the simplicity and fragility of the shells, such fossils are considered dubious by some authors ( Solem, 1976, 1979). The Itaborahian species is surprisingly similar to recent Ferussaciidae , showing a thin, fragile and diminutive shell, the suture weakly marked and the protoconch dome-shaped, broad and robust. The sequence of rock where this species occurs in the stratigraphical record has been regarded as deposited in calm conditions, allowing the preservation of mollusks with fragile shell ( Rodrigues Francisco & Cunha, 1978; Medeiros & Bergqvist, 1999; Bergqvist et al., 2006).

There are two recent ferussaciid genera in Brazil ( Simone, 2006), Geostilbia Crosse, 1867 , with two species, and Cecilioides Férussac, 1814 , with only Cecilioides consobrina (Orbigny, 1841) . The two species of Geostilbia , G. gundlachi (Pfeiffer, 1850) and G. blandiana Crosse, 1886 , were both previously classified in the genus Cecilioides (Morretes, 1949; Salgado & Coelho, 2003). We propose here that the Itaborahian species is reallocated in the genus Cecilioides .

The oval shell shape of Cecilioides sommeri is very similar to the norm in this genus and is especially similar to C. consobrina due to the more cylindrical shell and to the aperture less elongated in the upper palatal region. Meanwhile, Geostilbia species show more acuminated spires, giving a more conical aspect to their shells. C. sommeri differs from the other species in the genus by the sub-oval aperture and by the reflected and lightly thickened peristome. Such characters are not uncommon in the family, occurring in some species of the European genus Ferussacia Risso, 1826 ; however, the latter show more acuminated spires and much larger sizes.

Family Orthalicidae

Subfamily Bulimulinae

Genus Bulimulus Leach, 1814 Bulimulus fazendicus Maury, 1935

( Figs. 36-37 )

Bulimulus fazendicus Maury, 1935: 7 (figs. 10, 11); Oliveira, 1936: 5; Mezzalira, 1946: 18; Magalhães & Mezzalira, 1953: 218 (pl. 64, fig. 257); Trindade, 1956: 14 (pl. 3, figs. 1d, 2d); Brito, 1967: 16 (pl. 2, fig. 1); Palma & Brito, 1974: 393 (pl. 1, fig. 3); Breure, 1979: 137; Simone & Mezzalira, 1994: 50 (pl. 15, fig. 420); Bergqvist et al., 2006: 57 (fig. 64).

Bulimulus (sensu lato) fazendicus : Parodiz, 1969: 182.

Itaborahia fazendicus : Breure, 1978: 237.

Holotype: AMNH 24243 (examined; Fig. 36 ).

Paratype: AMNH 24242 (1 specimen, examined; Fig. 37 ) .

Type Locality: Limestones of Parque Paleontológico de São José de Itaboraí, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Park’s center coordinates: 22°50’20”S, 42°52’30”W .

Geographic and stratigraphic occurrence: Known only from the type locality: Sequences S1 and S2 ( Medeiros & Bergqvist, 1999; Bergqvist et al., 2006).

Age : Tertiary, Middle Paleocene. Etymology: Reference to place of discovery, the then called Fazenda São José, of which Itaboraí Basin was a part.

Diagnosis: Shell small, narrow. Spire high. Profile of whorls flat. Aperture small and narrow, elliptical and slightly trapezoid.

Re-Description: Shell small, conical-oval, narrow, with acuminated apex. Spire high; 8 whorls. Shell smooth, except for growth lines. Greatest width on body whorl; width ~½ shell length. Spire angle ~55°. Protoconch apparently smooth; transition to teleoconch not clear. Suture well-marked, slightly oblique (diagonal) to columellar axis. Profile of whorls flat. Aperture small and narrow, orthocline, elliptical and slightly trapezoid; ~⅓ shell length. Lamellae or teeth absent. Peristome thin, weakly reflected (only in the columellar region). Body whorl ~⅓ shell length. Umbilicus narrow, partially covered by the lip.

Measures (in mm): Holotype: 8 whorls; H = 16.4; D = 9.1; S = 10.5; h = 6.1; d = 5.1. Paratype: 8 whorls; H = 16.3; D = 9.1; S = 10.6; h = 6.1; d = 5.5.

Examined material: Types. DGM unnumbered (8 specimens) ; MNRJ 4339 -I (4 specimens) ; MZSP 86326 (1 specimen) .

Discussion: Protoconch sculptural pattern is an important character in Bulimulinae taxonomy ( Breure, 1978, 1979; Schileyko, 1999a). The shell of Bulimulus fazendicus is completely smooth, including the protoconch. This could be a diagnostic feature of this species but could also be a preservation artifact, since this kind of sculpture is very delicate and can be easily erased during fossil diagenesis. This same statement is valid for the others orthalicids from Itaboraí. Maury (1935) comments that one specimen showed vertical ribs on the second or third whorl and Breure (1978) says that the protoconch of B. fazendicus shows vertical ribs; however, this character could not be confirmed.

Maury (1935), citing a personal communication from Henry A. Pilsbry, stated that B. fazendicus does not seem to be closely related to any other Bulimulus species. However, B. fazendicus is very similar to highspired species that also present a narrow aperture such as B. felipponei Marshall, 1930 . B. fazendicus differs from the other species by its slightly flattened whorls, suture more weakly marked and trapezoid aperture (broader than tall).

Figures

FIGURES 20-31: 20-21. Brasilennea guttula (MCT 6940-I; holotype), showing the two spiral furrows on the body whorl; shell length 13.5 mm. 22. Brasilennea minor (DGM 4221-I; holotype); shell length 9 mm. 23-24. B. minor (DGM 4999-I); shell length 11.5 mm. 25. Taller specimen of B. minor (DGM 4999-I); altura 15 mm. 26. B. minor (DGM 4999-I) with broken aperture, showing the parietal (pt) and columellar (cl) lamellae. 27. Temesa magalhaesi (DGM 4220-I; holotype); shell length 14.5 mm. 28-31. T. magalhaesi (DGM 4997-I); shell length 14 mm.

FIGURES 32-42: 32-33. Temesa magalhaesi (DGM 4997-I) with broken aperture, showing the parietal lamella (pt). 34-35. Cecilioides sommeri (MNRJ 5016-I; holotype); shell length 2.5 mm. 36. Bulimulus fazendicus (AMNH 24243; holotype); shell length 16.5 mm. 37. B. fazendicus (AMNH 24242; paratype); shell length 16.5 mm. 38-39. Bulimulus trindadeae (MNRJ 5022-I; holotype); shell length 9.5 mm. 40-42. Cortana carvalhoi (DGM 4995-I; holotype); shell length 30.5 mm.