Mymaridae

Huber, John T., Read, Jennifer D. & Triapitsyn, Serguei V., 2020, Illustrated key to genera and catalogue of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) in America north of Mexico, Zootaxa 4773 (3), pp. 1-411 : 14-16

Key to Nearctic genera of Mymaridae . Males.

Note: Males are apparently unknown worldwide for Eofoersteria and Platystethynium (Platypatasson) . Males are unknown in the Nearctic for Arescon , Eustochus , Litus , and Stephanocampta but are keyed based on features found in extralimital species; the assumption is that when congeneric males in the Nearctic are discovered they will resemble extralimital males in their key features.

1 Antenna consisting of 1 large, swollen segment (flagellum and pedicel reduced and fused with scape); eyeless and wingless; tarsi 1-segmented, consisting only of enlarged, bell-shaped arolium; mouthparts absent ( Figs 356–369 ).................................................................................................. Dicopomorpha Ogloblin

- Antenna normal, with scape, pedicel and flagellum; eyes and usually wings present; tarsi normal, with several segments; mouthparts present.................................................................................... 2

2(1) Tarsi 5-segmented.................................................................................... 3

- Tarsi 4-segmented................................................................................... 16

3(2) Flagellum 11-segmented, without ring-like segments......................................................... 4

- Flagellum at most 10-segmented, sometimes with 1 or 2 ring-like segments ( Fig. 191 )............................. 10

4(3) Fore wing venation at most about one-third as long as wing................................................... 5

- Fore wing venation longer than half wing length ( Figs 146 , 275 )............................................... 9

5(4) Face with subantennal sulcus between each torulus and mouth margin ( Figs 440 , 453 ); pronotum longitudinally divided medially ( Figs 445 , 551 ); propodeum at most with 2 longitudinal submedian sulci or carinae ( Fig. 38 ); metasoma with petiole at most about 2× as long as wide but usually much shorter, ring-like, and in lateral view gt 1 only slightly longer than gt 2 ..... 6

- Face without subantennal sulci ( Fig. 716 ); pronotum entire ( Fig. 723 ); propodeum with several carinae in a diamond-like pattern ( Figs 723 , 740 ); metasoma with petiole at least 2× as long as wide and gt 1 distinctly longer than gt 2 ( Figs 715 , 741, 742 , 744 )................................................................................ Ooctonus Haliday

6(5) Vertex with 3 or 4 setae between lateral ocelli ( Fig. 547 ); pronotum with lobes widely separated medially by membranous area ( Fig. 551 ); dorsellum narrow and strap-like, not longer than lateral panels of metanotum ( Fig. 552 ); propodeum with 2 narrow longitudinal, usually pale submedian lines with minute denticles between them ( Fig. 551 ).............................................................................. Lymaenon Walker (= Gonatocerus litoralis group of authors)

- Vertex with 2 setae between lateral ocelli ( Figs 440, 441 , 454 ); pronotum with lobes abutting medially ( Fig. 458 ); dorsellum biconvex, rhomboidal, or triangular, and longer than lateral panels of metanotum ( Figs 445 , 458 ); propodeum not as above, without pale submedian lines and denticles between them..................................................... 7

7(6) Head posteriorly divided by curved transverse postgenal sulcus separating dorsal surface from ventral surface ( Fig. 441 ); propodeum with several incomplete, less distinct, longitudinal carinae between 2 submedian carinae ( Fig. 445 ); propodeal spiracle huge ( Fig. 445 ), much larger than pronotal spiracle; gaster more or less produced anteriorly under mesosoma ( Fig. 448 ); fore wing with microtrichia relatively sparse beyond venation, the distance between them mostly equal to or greater than their length ( Fig. 450 ).......................... Gastrogonatocerus Ogloblin (= Gonatocerus membraciphagus group of authors)

- Head posteriorly entire ( Fig. 454 ) or, rarely, with a round or oval postgenal sulcus; propodeum smooth or occasionally rugose between 2 submedian carinae (if present); propodeal spiracle smaller than or subequal to pronotal spiracle ( Fig. 459 ); gaster not (rarely slightly) produced anteriorly under mesosoma; fore wing with microtrichia relatively dense beyond venation, the distance between them mostly less than their length.......................................................... 8

8(7) Fore wing relatively narrow, at least 3.6× as long as wide, rounded apically, with microtrichia almost always uniformly distributed to base of parastigma ( Fig. 464 ); propodeum smooth medially ( Fig. 458 ), occasionally with a median carina......................................................... Gonatocerus Nees (= Gonatocerus sulphuripes group of authors).

- Fore wing relatively wide, less than 3.8× as long as wide, usually somewhat truncated apically with microtrichia usually absent behind venation ( Fig. 340 ) or, if microtrichia present there, not uniformly distributed; propodeum with 2 submedian carinae................................................. Cosmocomoidea Howard (= Gonatocerus ater group of authors)

9(4) Antenna clearly longer than body and each flagellar segment at least 5× as long as wide ( Fig. 278 ); vertex without stemmaticum (pale lines enclosing ocellar triangle) ( Fig. 277 ); fore wing apparently without hypochaeta and with 1 distal macrochaeta..................................................................................... Chrysoctonus Mathot

- Antenna not much longer than body and each flagellar segment at most about 3× as long as wide; vertex with stemmaticum (in photographs, pale lines/sulci enclosing ocellar triangle) ( Fig. 152 ); fore wing with short hypochaeta (sometimes apparently absent) closer to proximal than to distal macrochaeta, and apparently with 2 distal macrochaetae......... Arescon Walker

10(3) Flagellum 8- or 9-segmented........................................................................... 11

- Flagellum 10-segmented, sometimes with fl 2 and occasionally fl 4 small or ring-like ( Fig. 191 ) so appearing 9- or 8-segmented .................................................................................................. 12

11(10) Flagellum 8-segmented; fore wing with posterior margin distinctly excised behind apex of venation.... Alaptus Westwood

- Flagellum 9-segmented; fore wing with posterior margin at most slightly enlarged behind apex of venation.. Litus Haliday Note: males have not yet been recorded from the Nearctic region. Viggiani (1973) described the male of the apparently Holarctic L. cynipseus Haliday. ................................................................................

12(11) Fl 2 and sometimes fl 4 ring-like ( Fig. 191 ); metasoma with short but narrow and distinct petiole ( Figs 193 , 195–197 , 210–214 , 238–243 , 572 , 585–590 ).............................................................................. 13

- Fl 2 at least as long as wide, about one-third length of remaining segments; metasoma widely attached to mesosoma, the petiole scarcely visible ( Figs 376–378 ).............................................................. Dicopus Enock

13(12) Mandibles each with 2 teeth........................................................................... 14

- Mandibles each apparently with 1 tooth ( Figs 203 , 562 , 578 )................................................. 15

14(13) Parastigma with macrochaetae, especially the distal macrochaeta, long and distinct ( Fig. 221 )................................................................................................ Camptopteroides (Alalinda Huber)

- Parastigma with macrochaetae short and scarcely visible ( Fig. 569 )........................ Macrocamptoptera Girault

15(14) Fore wing narrow, with a few microtrichia arranged in 1 or 2 rows ( Fig. 192 ); propodeum without lamina.................................................................................................. Camptoptera Foerster

- Fore wing wider, with many, evenly distributed microtrichia ( Fig. 916 ); propodeum with large, whitish (translucent), reticulate sublateral and submedian lamina ( Figs 917 , 925–928, 930 )................................. Stephanocampta Mathot Note: males have not yet been recorded from the Nearctic region.

16(2) Propodeum and gt 1 with large, whitish, reticulate laminae ( Figs 859 , 860 )................ Ptilomymar Annecke & Doutt

- Propodeum and gt 1 without laminae..................................................................... 17

17(16) Metasoma with petiole inconspicuous, the petiole wider than long and at least half as wide as base of gt 1, the metasoma thus often appearing widely attached to mesosoma (petiole sometimes not visible unless metasoma removed).............. 18

- Metasoma distinctly petiolate, the petiole almost always much longer than wide ( Figs 24–26 , 253, 254 ), though sometimes only as long as wide, and obviously narrower than gt 1 ( Figs 78–83 )............................................ 27

18(17) Flagellum 10- or 11-segmented; mandible usually normal in size and shape ( Figs 18 , 87 , 109 ), rarely very small ( Fig. 390a ). .................................................................................................. 19

- Flagellum 9-segmented ( Figs 500 , 509 ); mandible massive, with long, curved, and serrate dorsal tooth ( Fig. 508 )................................................................................................ Krokella Huber

19(18) Flagellum 10-segmented ( Fig. 286 ) or apparently so (fl 1 in Anaphes minute, easily overlooked and therefore not counted; the flagellum is actually 11-segmented) ( Fig. 130 )............................................................. 20

- Flagellum 11-segmented ( Fig. 95 )....................................................................... 21

20(19) Mandible with 3 teeth, the dorsal one occasionally bifurcated apically ( Fig. 126 ); pronotum entire ( Fig. 134 ); dorsellum well defined ( Fig. 131 ); propodeum sloping relative to scutellum ( Fig. 132 ) and with median longitudinal sulcus ( Fig. 131 ); gt 1 divided by median longitudinal sulcus ( Fig. 135 ).............................................. Anaphes Haliday

- Mandible with 2 teeth, the lower one longer ( Fig. 298 ); pronotum divided medially ( Figs 287 , 299, 302 ); dorsellum barely defined ( Figs 287 , 299 ); propodeum less strongly sloping relative to scutellum and without median line ( Figs 288 , 300 ); gt 1 entire, without median sulcus ( Figs 289 , 304 )...................................................... Cleruchus Enock

21(19) Scape with numerous short spines on inner surface ( Fig. 685 )................................. Omyomymar Schauff

- Scape without spines on inner surface.................................................................... 22

22(21) Frenum completely divided by distinct, median longitudinal sulcus ( Figs 90 , 102, 103 , 114 , 891 , 985 , 1001)............ 23

- Frenum entire ( Figs 395a , 407 )......................................................................... 25

23(22) Face with subantennal sulcus extending from inner margin of each torulus to mouth margin ( Figs 885 , 897 , 991 , 995 ); mandible with 4 or 5 teeth ( Figs 902 , 1000); frenum distinctly longer than half its width ( Figs 891 , 903 , 985 , 1001).............. 24

- Face without subantennal sulci ( Figs 87 , 104 ); mandible with 3 teeth; frenum about as long as half its width ( Figs 90 , 102 , 114 )................................................................................. Anagrus Haliday

24(23) Scutellum brown; genitalia symmetrical and simple ( Fig. 896 )............................. Schizophragma Ogloblin

- Scutellum pale yellow ( Figs 985, 986 ); genitalia asymmetrical and complex ( Figs 993b , 1010)........ Stethynium Enock

25(22) Mandible a minute stub without teeth ( Fig. 390 ); maxilla narrow and much longer than wide ( Fig. 391 ); dorsellum in lateral view projecting slightly as small triangular lobe over propodeum ( Figs 395a , 396 )................... Erythmelus Enock

- Mandible of normal size, with at least 2 teeth; maxilla of normal size; dorsellum at most faint and band-like, in lateral view not projecting over propodeum ( Figs 287 , 299 , 666 )........................................................... 26

26(25) Mandible with 2 teeth ( Fig. 298 ); pronotum divided medially ( Figs 287 , 299 )....................... Cleruchus Enock

- Mandible with 3 teeth; pronotum entire ( Fig. 666 )........................................ Neostethynium Ogloblin

27(17) Head and mesosoma covered with distinctly raised sculpture ( Figs 247–250 , 253, 254 , 421–425 , 427–430 )............. 28

- Head and mesosoma at most faintly sculptured, appearing almost smooth....................................... 30

28(27) Flagellum 9-segmented, the two apical segments with wider junction than junctions between more basal segments, thus somewhat club-like (fig. 25 in Huber & Baquero, 2007)........................................... Eustochus Haliday

- Flagellum 10- or 11-segmented, with junction between apical two segments not wider than between more basal segments. 29

29(28) Flagellum 10-segmented; mandibles wide and crossing when closed, with 3 subequal, finely serrated teeth ( Figs 247 , 263 )................................................................................... Caraphractus Walker

- Flagellum 11-segmented; mandibles narrow and mainly directed ventrally, with 1 or 2 apical teeth ( Figs 62 , 67, 70–72 )........................................................................................ Anagroidea Girault

30(27) Face dorsally strongly depressed between eyes ( Fig. 957 ); vertex with large depression outside each ocellus ( Fig. 958 ); mesosomal spiracle closed to anterior apex of notaulus than to dorsal apex of prepectus ( Fig. 962 ); in preserved specimens, wings often crossing each other horizontally and lying flat over body, scissor-like....................... Stephanodes Enock

- Face dorsally at most slightly depressed between eyes; vertex usually flat, at most with small depression (not wider or longer than ocellus) outside each ocellus ( Fig. 781 ); mesosomal spiracle next to dorsal apex of prepectus and far from anterior apex of notaulus; in preserved specimens, wings usually vertical, not crossing each other, extending away from body........... 31

31(30) Fore wing oar-like, with basal half to two-thirds extremely narrow and apex suddenly widened, with apex and sometimes also base of widened area with dark spot ( Figs 593 , 601 , 623 , 631 ); torulus almost touching transverse trabecula ( Figs 594 , 605 , 624 , 638 ).............................................................................................. 32

- Fore wing gradually widening from base to apex and almost always without dark apical spot, though dark transverse band(s) sometimes present ( Figs 1 , 833 ); torulus separated from transverse trabecula by at least half diameter of torulus......... 33

32(31) Scape about 2× as long as wide......................................................... Neomymar Crawford

- Scape about 7× as long as wide............................................................... Mymar Curtis

33(31) Propodeum medially with V- shaped carinae ( Figs 8 , 19 ); fore wing with some thickened setae on disc and usually with 1 or 2 distinct, transverse, dark-coloured areas ( Fig. 7a ) but sometimes (almost) uniformly hyaline ( Fig. 7b ) …................................................................................................ Acmopolynema Ogloblin

- Propodeum smooth or at most with 1 median, longitudinal carina; fore wing without thickened setae and usually without darkcoloured areas...................................................................................... 34

34(33) Metatibia with prominent semi-erect setae at least 3× as long as width of tibia ( Fig. 311 )........... Cnecomymar Ogloblin

- Metatibia with inconspicuous, subappressed setae at most about as long as width of tibia …......................... 35

35(34) Face without ( Fig. 813 ), or with faint ( Fig. 828 ) subantennal sulcus extending from each torulus to mouth margin........ 36

- Face with distinct subantennal sulcus extending almost from each torulus to mouth margin ( Figs 469 , 480 , 778 ) …....... 38

36(35) Axillar seta short, extending posteriorly at most one-third length of frenum ( Figs 486 , 784 , 834 ); body mainly brown or black .................................................................................................. 37

- Axillar seta long, extending to posterior apex of frenum ( Fig. 752 ); body mainly yellow..... Palaeoneura Waterhouse , part

37(36) Face without a pit next to each torulus ( Fig. 813 ) …................................. Polynema ( Polynema Haliday )

- Face with a pit next to each torulus ( Fig. 828 )..................................... Polynema ( Doriclytus Foerster )

38(35) Notaulus narrow except for distinctly wider pit at anterior apex ( Figs 474 , 486 ); gaster in lateral view with first segment apparently consisting mostly of tergum, so petiole apparently attached to gt 1 ( Fig. 496 ); ovipositor extending posteriorly beyond apex of gaster by at least two-thirds of its length ( Figs 467 , 468 , 496 )............................. Kalopolynema Ogloblin

- Notaulus uniformly wide along its entire length ( Figs 776 , 784 ); gaster in lateral view with first segment almost equally divided into dorsal (gt 1) and ventral parts (gs 1), so petiole apparently attached to gs 1 ( Fig. 793 ); ovipositor slightly extending posteriorly beyond apex of gaster, by about length of gt 6 ....................................... Palaeoneura Waterhouse , part

Figures

FIGURE 1. Acmopolynema varium (Girault), habitus. USA, Virginia, Montgomery Co., 8 km N. Blacksburg, 1–17.viii.1987, CNC Hymenoptera Team. Scale bar=2000 μm.

FIGURE 311. Cnecomymar sp., habitus. Canada, Quebec, 1.8 km N. Eardley, 45°34'00"N 76°05'29"W, 60–80 m, 29.vi– 6.vii.2012, CNC Hym. Team. Scale bar=2000 μm.

FIGURE 340. Cosmocomoidea capitata (Gahan), habitus. USA, Oregon (locality, date and collector not recorded, USNM specimen). Scale bar=500 μm.

FIGURE 395. Erythmelus (Erythmelus) sp., mesosoma, dorsal. 395a, surface; 395b, internal. Scale bars=100 μm.

FIGURE 396. Erythmelus (Erythmelus) sp., mesosoma, lateral. 396a, surface; 396b, internal. Scale bars=100 μm.

FIGURE 467. Kalopolynema ema (Schauff & Grissell), habitus. USA, Ohio, Summit Co., Singer Lake, 339m, 40°59'N 81°29'W, 7–8.viii.2006, H. Clebsch, T. Pucci, kettle lake/bog + forest edge. Scale bar=500 μm.

FIGURE 468. Kalopolynema mizelli Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy, holotype, habitus + labels. Scale bar=1000 μm.

FIGURE 500. Krokella fera Huber, male paratype, habitus. USA, Florida, Dade Co., Everglades National Park, Long Pine Key, 31.viii–9.xii.1986, S. & J. Peck, pineland forest. Scale bar=500 μm.

FIGURE 593. Mymar pulchellum Curtis, habitus. USA, New York, Herkimer Co., 9 mi. N. Herkimer National Forest, no date, N.F. Johnson, old field. Scale bar=500 μm.

FIGURE 623. Neomymar vierecki Crawford, habitus. USA, Florida, Alachua Co., Gainesville, 1–28.ii.1987, W.R.M. Mason. Scale bar=1000 μm.

FIGURE 715. Ooctonus vulgatus Haliday, habitus. Canada, British Columbia, Victoria vicinity, 48°32'N 123°30'W, 248 m, 4–18.ix.2005, N. Winchester, rocky knoll, intact Manzanita/Arbutus. Scale bar=1000 μm.

FIGURES 356, 357. Dicopomorpha echmepterygis Mockford, habitus, male paratype. 356, dorsal; 357, ventral. Scale bars=100 μm.

FIGURES 358–363. Dicopomorpha echmepterygis Mockford, male paratype. 358, habitus, dorsal; 359, habitus, lateral; 360, habitus, dorsoanterior; 361, habitus, ventral; 362, head, anterior; 363, head, lateral. Scale bars=20 μm.

FIGURES 364–369. Dicopomorpha echmepterygis Mockford, male paratype. 364, mesosoma, dorsal; 365, body + coxae, lateral; 366, mesoscutum–propodeum, lateral; 367, metasoma, ventral (apex covered with fungal hyphae and fruiting bodies); 368, apex of tibia + tarsal arolium, lateral; 369, apex of tibia + tarsal arolium, ventral. Scale bars: 364–367=20 μm; 368, 369=10 μm

FIGURES 189–192. Camptoptera sp. 189, female antenna, lateral; 190, female antenna, dorsal; 191, male antenna; 192, wings. Scale bars=100 μm.

FIGURES 143–146. Arescon sp. 143, head, anterior; 144, head, posterior; 145, antenna; 146, wings. Scale bars: 143–145=50 μm; 146=100 μm.

FIGURES 274, 275. Chrysoctonus sp., habitus. USA, Florida, Alachua Co., Gainesville, AEI, 29°35'53"N 82°21'54"W, 8– 25.x.2003, D.B. Wahl. 274, female; 275, male. Scale bars=500 μm.

FIGURES 440–444. Gastrogonatocerus sp. 440, head, anterior; 441, head, posterior; 442, head lateral; 443, head, dorsal; 444, antenna. Scale bars=100 μm.

FIGURES 453–457. Gonatocerus sp. 453, head, anterior; 454, head, posterior; 455a, head, lateral; 455b, head, lateral (internal) showing ocular apodeme; 456; head, dorsal; 457, antenna. Scale bars=100 μm.

FIGURES 445, 446. Gastrogonatocerus sp., mesosoma. 445, dorsal; 446, lateral. Scale bars=100 μm.

FIGURES 551, 552. Lymaenon spp., mesosoma. 551, L. pygmaeus (Girault), female, dorsal; 552, L. ornatus (Gahan), male, lateral. Scale bars=100 μm.

FIGURES 35–38. Alaptus iceryae Girault. 35, left antenna; 36, right antenna; 37, male antenna; 38, prosoma + fore leg. Scale bars=100 μm.

FIGURES 716–720. Ooctonus spp., head except 720. 716, O. readae Huber, anterior; 717, O. readae Huber, posterior; 718a, O. hemipterus Haliday, lateral; 718b, O. hemipterus Haliday, lateral (internal) showing ocular apodeme; 719, O. occidentalis Whittaker, dorsal; 720, O. readae Huber, antenna. Scale bars=100 μm.

FIGURES 721–723. Ooctonus spp. 721, O. readae Huber, male antenna; 722, O. readae Huber, wings; 723, O. boltei Huber, mesosoma, dorsal. Scale bars=200 μm.

FIGURES 736–742. Ooctonus hemipterus Haliday, mesosoma, except 741, 742. 736, dorsal; 737, lateral; 738, ventral; 739, anterior; 740, metanotum + propodeum; 741, male petiole, dorsal; 742, petiole, lateral. Scale bars=50 μm.

FIGURES 743–749. Ooctonus hemipterus Haliday, male metasoma. 743, dorsal; 744, lateral; 745, ventral; 746, apex of gaster, dorsal; 747, apex of gaster, lateral; 748, apex of gaster, ventral; 749, apex of gaster, posterior. Scale bars: 743–745=50 μm; 746–749=20 μm.

FIGURES 546–550. Lymaenon spp. 546, L. pygmaeus (Girault), head, anterior; 547, L. pygmaeus (Girault), head, posterior, 548a, L. ornatus (Gahan), head, lateral; 548b, male lateral (internal) showing ocular apodeme; 549, L. sp., head, anterodorsal; 550, L. pygmaeus (Girault), antenna. antenna. Scale bars=100 μm.

FIGURES 458, 459. Gonatocerus sp., mesosoma. 458, dorsal; 459, lateral. Scale bars=200 μm.

FIGURES 447, 448. Gastrogonatocerus sp., metasoma. 447a, dorsal; 447b, ovipositor seen through gaster; 448, lateral. Scale bars=200 μm.

FIGURES 449–451. Gastrogonatocerus sp., male. 449, antenna; 450, wings; 451, genitalia, dorsal, with apical tergum and cerci flattened on right of genitalia. Scale bars: 449, 450=200 μm; 451=100 μm.

FIGURES 463–465. Gonatocerus sp., male. 463, antenna; 464, wings; 465a, metasoma, dorsal; 465b, genitalia seen through gaster. Scale bars=200 μm.

FIGURES 276–278. Chrysoctonus masneri (Yoshimoto). 276a, female habitus, lateral; 276b, female head, internal showing ocular apodeme; 277a, male head, lateral; 277b, male head, lateral (internal) showing ocular apodeme; 278, male head, lateral + antenna. Scale bars: 276a, 278=500 μm; 276b, 277=100 μm.

FIGURES 149–154. Arescon dimidiatus (Curtis), head (Czech Republic). 149, anterior; 150, posterior; 151, lateral; 152, dorsal; 153, ventral; 154, mouthparts. Scale bars=20 μm.

FIGURES 193, 194. Camptoptera sp., mesosoma. 193, dorsal; 194, lateral. Scale bars=100 μm.

FIGURES 195–197. Camptoptera sp., metasoma. 195, dorsal; 196, genitalia seen through gaster; 197, lateral. Scale bars=100 μm.

FIGURES 210–214. Camptoptera sp. 210, metasoma, dorsal; 211, metasoma, lateral; 212, petiole, dorsal; 213, petiole, lateral; 214, petiole, ventral. Scale bars: 210, 211=20 μm; 212–214=5 μm.

FIGURES 238–245. Camptopteroides sp. / spp.? (Costa Rica [CR] or Ecuador [E]). 238, petiole, dorsal (CR); 239, petiole, lateral (CR); 240, petiole, ventral (CR); 241, metasoma, lateral (E); 242, metasoma, dorsal (CR); 243, metasoma, ventral (CR); 244, metasoma, posterior (CR); 245, metasoma apex, dorsal (E). Scale bars: 238–240, 244, 245=20 μm; 241–243=100 μm.

FIGURES 571, 572. Macrocamptoptera metotarsa (Girault), male. 571, antenna; 572, metasoma, dorsal. Scale bars: 571=500 μm; 572=200 μm.

FIGURES 585–592. Macrocamptoptera metotarsa (Girault). 585, petiole, dorsal; 586, petiole, ventral; 587, petiole, lateral; 588, metasoma, dorsal; 589, metasoma, ventral; 590, metasoma, lateral; 591, gaster apex, posterior; 592, gaster apex, dorsal. Scale bars 585–587, 591, 592=20 μm; 588–590=100 μm.

FIGURES 376, 377. Dicopus sp., mesosoma + metasoma, dorsal. 376a, female; 376b, female showing genitalia; 377a, male (mesosoma damaged, partly missing); 377b, male showing genitalia. Scale bars=100 μm.

FIGURES 378, 379. Dicopus sp. 378, male body + coxae (left procoxa and part of propleuron missing), lateral; 379, wings. Scale bars: 378=100 μm; 379=200 μm.

FIGURES 198–203. Camptoptera sp., head. 198, anterior; 199, posterior; 200, lateral; 201, dorsal; 202, ventral; 203, lower face + mouthparts. Scale bars=20 μm.

FIGURES 562–566. Macrocamptoptera metotarsa (Girault), head except 566. 562, anterior; 563, posterior; 564a, lateral; 564b, lateral (internal) showing ocular apodeme; 565a, dorsal; 565b, ventral; 566, antenna. Scale bars: 562–565=100 μm; 566=300 μm.

FIGURES 573–578. Macrocamptoptera metotarsa (Girault), head. 573, anterior; 574, posterior; 575, lateral; 576, dorsal; 577, ventral; 578, mouthparts. Scale bars=50 μm.

FIGURES 220, 221. Camptopteroides dorothea Huber. 220, antenna; 221, wings. Scale bars=200 μm.

FIGURES 569, 570. Macrocamptoptera metotarsa (Girault). 569, wings; 570, metasoma, genitalia seen through gaster. Scale bars: 569=500 μm; 570=100 μm.

FIGURES 913–916. Stephanocampta xanthogaster Huber, holotype. 913, head, anterior; 914, head, posterior; 915, antenna; 916, wings. Scale bars: 913–915=100 μm; 916=200 μm.

FIGURES 917, 918. Stephanocampta xanthogaster Huber, holotype. 917, mesosoma, dorsal; 918a, apex of gaster, dorsal; 918b, ovipositor seen through gaster. Scale bars=50 μm.

FIGURES 925–930. Stephanocampta sp. (Ecuador, Napo, Hacienda Aragon), mesosoma. 925, dorsal; 926, lateral; 927, ventral with coxae; 928, ventral; 929, anterior; 930, frenum–propodeum. Scale bars=100 μm.

FIGURES 857–859. Ptilomymar sp. 857, antenna; 858, wings; 859, mesosoma, dorsal. Scale bars: 857, 859=100 μm; 858=200 μm.

FIGURES 860, 861. Ptilomymar sp. 860, mesosoma–part of gt1, lateral; 861, metasoma, lateral. Scale bars=100 μm.

FIGURES 19–26. Acmopolynema sp., mesosoma or petiole. 19, dorsal; 20, lateral; 21, ventral; 22, anterior; 23, scutellum–propodeum, dorsal; 24, petiole, lateral; 25, petiole, dorsal; 26, petiole, ventral. Scale bars=100 μm.

FIGURES 252–254. Caraphractus cinctus Walker. 252, antenna; 253, mesosoma + petiole, dorsal; 254, mesosoma + petiole, lateral. Scale bars=200 μm.

FIGURES 73–78. Anagroidea sp. (Costa Rica), mesosoma except 78. 73, dorsal; 74, lateral; 75, ventral; 76, anterior; 77, metanotum + propodeum; 78, petiole, dorsal. Scale bars: 73–77=50 μm; 78: 10 μm.

FIGURES 79–85. Anagroidea sp. (Costa Rica), metasoma. 79, petiole, ventral; 80, petiole, lateral; 81, metasoma, dorsal; 82, metasoma, ventral, 83, metasoma, lateral; 84, apex of gaster, dorsal; 85, apex of gaster, lateral. Scale bars: 79, 80, 84, 85=20 μm; 81–83=100 μm.

FIGURES 13–18. Acmopolynema sp., head. 13, anterior; 14, posterior; 15, lateral; 16, dorsal; 17, ventral; 18, mouthparts. Scale bars=50 μm.

FIGURES 87–89. Anagrus erythroneurae S. Trjapitzin & Chiappini. 87, head anterior; 88, head, posterior; 89, antenna. Scale bars=50 μm.

FIGURES 104–109. Anagrus sp., head. 104, anterior; 105, posterior; 106, lateral; 107, dorsal; 108, ventral, 109, mouthparts. Scale bars=20 μm.

FIGURES 390–394. Erythmelus (Erythmelus) spp. 390a, head, anterior; 390b, head, anterior (internal) showing ocular apodemes and tentorium; 391, head, posterior; 392, head, dorsal; 393, antenna; 394, male antenna. Scale bars=100 μm.

FIGURES 507–510. Krokella fera Huber, male. 507, head, dorsal; 508, head, ventral; 509, antenna; 510, wings. Scale bars: 507, 508=100 μm; 509, 510=200 μm.

FIGURES 281–286. Cleruchus sp. 281, head, dorsal; 282, head ventral; 283 head ventral (internal) showing tentorium; 284a, head, lateral; 284b, head, lateral (internal) showing ocular apodeme; 285, female antenna; 286, male antenna. Scale bars: 281– 283, 285, 286=100 μm; 284=50 μm.

FIGURES 127–134. Anaphes sp. 127, female scape–fu2, medial; 128, female scape–fu2, lateral; 129, male scape–fl2, medial; 130, male scape–fl2, lateral; 131, mesosoma, dorsal; 132, mesosoma, lateral; 133, mesosoma, ventral; 134, mesosoma, anterior. Scale bars=50 μm.

FIGURES 94, 95. Anagrus sp., male (Greenland). 94a, head, lateral; 94b, head, lateral (internal) showing ocular apodeme; 95, antennae. Scale bars=100 μm.

FIGURES 121–126. Anaphes sp., head. 121, anterior; 122, posterior; 123, lateral; 124, dorsal; 125, ventral, 126, mouthparts. Scale bars: 121–125=50 μm; 126=10 μm.

FIGURES 135–141. Anaphes sp. 135, metasoma, dorsal; 136, metasoma, lateral; 137, metasoma, ventral; 138, male, apex of gaster ventral; 139, male, apex of gaster, dorsal, 140, male, apex of gaster, lateral; 141, male, apex of gaster, posterior. Scale bars=50 μm.

FIGURES 293–298. Cleruchus sp., head. 293, male, anterior; 294, male, posterior; 295, lateral; 296, dorsal; 297, ventral; 298, mouthparts. Scale bars=20 μm.

FIGURES 287, 288. Cleruchus sp., mesosoma. 287, dorsal; 288, lateral. Scale bars=100 μm.

FIGURES 299–303. Cleruchus sp., mesosoma. 299, dorsal; 300, lateral; 301, ventral; 302, anterior; 303, propodeum, dorsal. Scale bars: 299–301=50 μm; 32, 303=20 μm.

FIGURES 289, 290. Cleruchus sp., metasoma. 289, dorsal; 290, dorsal showing genitalia through gaster. Scale bars=100 μm.

FIGURES 304–310. Cleruchus sp., metasoma. 304, dorsal; 305, lateral; 306, ventral; 307, apex, dorsal; 308, apex, lateral; 309, male apex, lateral; 310, male apex, posterior. Scale bars: 304–306=50 μm; 32, 307–310=10 μm.

FIGURES 684–687. Omyomymar sp. 684, female antenna; 685, male antenna; 686, female mesosoma, dorsal; 687, female metasoma, lateral. Scale bars=100 μm.

FIGURES 90–93. Anagrus erythroneurae S. Trjapitzin & Chiappini. 90, mesosoma + metasoma, dorsal; 91, wings; 92, metasoma showing ovipositor, dorsal; 93. Mesosoma + metasoma, lateral. Scale bars=100 μm.

FIGURES 102, 103. Anagrus (Anagrella) sp., mesosoma + metasoma. 102, dorsal; 103, dorsal showing ovipositor. Scale bars=100 μm.

FIGURES 110–114. Anagrus sp., mesosoma. 110, dorsal; 111, lateral; 112, ventral; 113, anterior; 114, scutellum–propodeum. Scale bars: 110, 113, 114=20 μm; 111, 112=50 μm.

FIGURES 890–892. Schizophragma bicolor (Dozier). 890, antenna; 891, mesosoma, dorsal; 892, mesosoma, lateral. Scale bars=100 μm.

FIGURES 985, 986. Stethynium triclavatum Enock, mesosoma. 985, dorsal; 986, lateral. Scale bars=100 μm.

FIGURES 407–413. Erythmelus (Erythmelus) sp. 407, mesosoma, dorsal; 408, mesosoma, lateral; 409, mesosoma, ventral; 410, mesosoma, anterior; 411, male metasoma, dorsal; 412, metasoma, ventral; 413, metasoma, lateral. Scale bars=50 μm.

FIGURES 885–889. Schizophragma bicolor (Dozier), head. 885, anterior; 886, posterior; 887a, lateral; 887b, lateral (internal) showing apodeme; 888, dorsal; 889, ventral. Scale bars=50 μm.

FIGURES 897–902. Schizophragma bicolor (Dozier), head. 897, anterior; 898, posterior; 899, lateral; 900, dorsal; 901, ventral; 902, mouthparts. Scale bars=50 μm.

FIGURES 991–994. Stethynium triclavatum Enock, male. 991, head, anterior; 992, head, posterior; 993a, metasoma, dorsal; 993b, genitalia seen through gaster; 994, antenna. Scale bars: 991–993=100 μm; 994=200 μm.

FIGURES 995–1000. Stethynium triclavatum Enock, head. 995, anterior; 996, posterior; 997, lateral; 998, dorsal; 999, ventral; 1000, mouthparts. Scale bars=50 μm.

FIGURES 903–906. Schizophragma bicolor (Dozier), mesosoma. 903, dorsal; 904, lateral; 905, ventral; 906, anterior (deformed). Scale bars=50 μm.

FIGURES 895, 896. Schizophragma bicolor (Dozier). 895, wings; 896, male metasoma, genitalia seen through gaster (also showing apex of apically-notched second phragma). Scale bars=100 μm.

FIGURES 665–667. Neostethynium americanum Huber, paratype. 665, antenna; 666, mesosoma, dorsal; 667, mesosoma, lateral. Scale bars=100 μm.

FIGURES 247–251. Caraphractus cinctus Walker. 247, head, ventroanterior; 248, head, posterior; 249, head, dorsal; 250, head, lateral; 251, wings. Scale bars: 247–250=100 μm; 251=200 μm.

FIGURES 421–426. Eustochus sp., probably atripennis (Curtis), heads (Japan). 421, anterior; 422, posterior; 423, lateral; 424, dorsal; 425, ventral; 426, mouthparts. Scale bars=50 μm.

FIGURES 427–433. Eustochus sp., probably atripennis (Curtis) (Japan). 427, mesosoma, dorsal; 428, mesosoma, lateral; 429, mesosoma, ventral; 430, mesosoma, anterior; 431, petiole dorsal; 432, petiole, ventral; 433, petiole, lateral. Scale bars: 427–430=50 μm; 431–433=20 μm.

FIGURES 258–263. Caraphractus cinctus Walker. head. 258, dorsoanterior; 259, posterior. 260, lateral; 261, dorsal; 262, ventral; 263, mouthparts. Scale bars=50 μm.

FIGURES 62–64. Anagroidea boweni Yoshimoto. 62a head, anterior; 62b, head, posterior; 63, antenna; 64, mesosoma + metasoma, dorsal. Scale bars=100 μm.

FIGURES 67–72. Anagroidea sp. (from Costa Rica), head. 67, anterior; 68, posterior; 69, dorsal; 70, lateral; 71, ventral, 72, mouthparts. Scale bars=20 μm.

FIGURES 955–960. Stephanodes sp., head, male except for 958. 955, anterior; 956, posterior; 957, lateral; 958, dorsal; 959, ventral; 960, mouthparts. Scale bars=50 μm.

FIGURES 961–969. Stephanodes sp., mesosoma, except 967–969. 961, dorsal; 962, lateral; 963, ventral; 964, ventral with coxae; 965, anterior; 966, scutellum–propodeum; 967, petiole, dorsal; 968, petiole, lateral; 969, petiole, ventral. Scale bars: 961–966=100 μm; 967–969=50 μm.

FIGURES 778–783. Palaeoneura mymaripennis (Dozier), head. 778, anterior; 779, posterior; 780, lateral; 781, dorsal; 782, male, ventral; 783, male mouthparts. Scale bars=50 μm.

FIGURES 601, 602. Mymar taprobanicum Ward. 601, wings; 602, metasoma. Scale bars=100 μm.

FIGURES 629–631. Neomymar vierecki Crawford. 629, mesosoma, dorsal; 630, mesosoma, lateral; 631, wings. Scale bars=200 μm.

FIGURES 594–598. Mymar sp. 594, head, anterior; 595, head, posterior; 596a, head, lateral; 596b, eye showing ocular apodeme; 597, head, dorsal; 598, antennae. Scale bars: 594–597=50 μm; 598=100 μm.

FIGURES 605–610. Mymar sp., head. 605, anterior; 606, posterior; 607, lateral; 608, dorsal; 609, ventral; 610, mouthparts. Scale bars=50 μm.

FIGURES 624–628. Neomymar vierecki Crawford, head except 628. 624, anterior, male; 625, posterior, male; 626a, lateral; 626b, lateral (internal) showing ocular apodeme; 627; dorsal; 628, antenna. Scale bars: 624–627=100 μm; 628=200 μm.

FIGURES 638–643. Neomymar sp., head (Costa Rica, Guanacaste National Park). 638, anterior; 639, posterior; 640, lateral; 641, dorsal; 642; ventral; 643, mouthparts. Scale bars=50 μm.

FIGURES 828–833. Polynema sp. (subgenus uncertain unless specified), head. 828, Polynema (Doriclytus) sp., anterior; 829, posterior; 830, lateral; 831, Polynema (Doriclytus) sp., dorsal; 832, Polynema (Polynema) sp., ventral; 833, mouthparts. Scale bars: 828–832=50 μm; 833=100 μm.

FIGURES 7, 8. Acmopolynema spp. 7a, A. varium (Girault), wings; 7b, A. immaculatum Schauff, wings; A. sema Schauff, mesosoma, dorsal. Scale bars: 7=500 μm; 8=200 μm.

FIGURES 813–817. Polynema (Polynema) sp., head except 817. 813, anterior; 814, posterior; 815a, lateral; 815b, lateral (internal) showing ocular apodeme; 816, dorsal; 817, antenna. Scale bars: 813–816=100 μm; 817=200 μm.

FIGURES 469–473. Kalopolynema ema (Schauff & Grissell). 469, head, anterior; 470, head, posterior; 471a, head, lateral; 471b, head lateral (internal) showing ocular apodeme; 472, head, dorsal; 473, antenna. Scale bars=50 μm.

FIGURES 480–485. Kalopolynema ema (Schauff & Grissell), head. 480, anterior; 481, posterior; 482, lateral; 483, dorsal; 484, ventral; 485, mouthparts. Scale bars=50 μm.

FIGURES 486–493. Kalopolynema ema (Schauff & Grissell), mesosoma. 486, dorsal; 487, lateral; 488, ventral; 489, anterior; 490, posterior; 491, petiole, dorsal; 482, petiole, ventral; 483, petiole, lateral. Scale bars: 486–490=100 μm; 491, 492=20 μm.

FIGURES 784–788. Palaeoneura mymaripennis (Dozier), mesosoma. 784, dorsal; 785, lateral; 786, ventral; 787, male, anterior; 788, scutellum–propodeum. Scale bars=50 μm.

FIGURES 834–841. Polynema sp. (subgenus uncertain unless specified), mesosoma except 840 and 841. 834, dorsal; 835, lateral; 836, Polynema (Doriclytus) sp., ventral; 837, Polynema (Polynema) sp., ventral; 838, Polynema (Polynema) sp., anterior; 839, frenum–propodeum; 840, petiole, lateral; 841, petiole, ventral. Scale bars: 834–839=50 μm; 840, 841=20 μm.

FIGURES 751–753. Palaeoneura sophoniae (Huber). 751, antenna; 752, mesosoma, dorsal; 753, wings. Scale bars=200 μm.

FIGURES 474, 475. Kalopolynema ema (Schauff & Grissell), mesosoma. 474, dorsal; 475, lateral. Scale bars=100 μm.

FIGURES 494–499. Kalopolynema ema (Schauff & Grissell), mesosoma. 494, dorsal; 495, ventral; 496, lateral; 497, anterior; 498, apex of gaster, dorsal; 499, apex of gaster, lateral. Scale bars: 494–497=200 μm; 498, 499=20 μm.

FIGURES 775–777. Palaeoneura mymaripennis (Dozier). 775, antenna; 776, mesosoma, dorsal; 777, wings. Scale bars: 775, 777=200 μm; 776=100 μm.

FIGURES 789–796. Palaeoneura mymaripennis (Dozier), metasoma. 789, petiole, dorsal; 790, male petiole, lateral; 791, petiole, ventral; 792, metasoma, dorsal; 793, metasoma, lateral; 794; metasoma, ventral; 795, apex of gaster, dorsal; 796, apex of gaster, lateral. Scale bars: 789–791, 795, 796=20 μm; 792–794=100 μm.