Chromolaena laevigata (Lamarck) King & Robinson (1970c: 202)

Christ, Anderson Luiz & Ritter, Mara Rejane, 2019, A taxonomic study of Praxelinae (Asteraceae-Eupatorieae) in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Phytotaxa 393 (2), pp. 141-197 : 170-171

2.8. Chromolaena laevigata (Lamarck) King & Robinson (1970c: 202) .

Eupatorium laevigatum Lamarck (1788: 408) . Osmia laevigata (Lam.) Schultz Bipontinus (1866: 252) . Type:—AMERICA. s.l., s.d., J. Jussieau s.n. (syntype P-LAM [not found], syntype P-JU! [P00680332, P000680333]).

= Eupatorium alternans Candolle (1836: 144) . Osmia alternans (DC.) Schultz-Bipontinus (1866: 252) . Type:— BRAZIL. São Paulo, 1833, C. Gaudichaud 815 (holotype P! [P02476878], isotype G-DC! [G00465943]).

= Eupatorium psiadiifolium Candolle (1836: 144) . Type:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Corcovado, 1831, J. Lhotsky s.n. (syntype G-DC! [ G00494007 ]); s.l., s.d., L’Heritier s.n. (syntype not found) .

= Eupatorium psiadiifolium var. latifolium Candolle (1836: 145) . Type:— FRENCH GUIANA. Cayenne, s.d., J. Patris s.n. (holotype G-DC! [G00494011]).

= Eupatorium propinquum Candolle (1836: 146) . Osmia propinqua (DC.) Schultz-Bipontinus (1866: 252) . Type:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro, 1833, C. Gaudichaud 1064 (holotype P! [P00742612], isotype G-DC! [G00494027]).

= Eupatorium laevigatum var. arenarium Baker (1876: 287) . Chromolaena laevigata var. arenaria (Baker) Freire & Ariza Espinar (2014b: 335) . Type:— URUGUAY. Santa Luzia, s.d., Gilbert 902 (holotype K! [K001089829]).

= Eupatorium laevigatum var. squamulosum Hieronymus (1897: 747) . Type:— BRAZIL. Santa Catarina: São Francisco, March 1884, E.H.G. Ule 136 (holotype B, probably lost, isotypes S, GH! [GH00007752]).

= Eupatorium laevigatum var. submembranaceum Hieronymus (1897: 748) . Chromolaena laevigata var. submembranacea (Hieron.) Freire & Ariza Espinar (2014b: 336) . Lectotype (designated by Freire & Ariza Espinar 2014b: 336):— ARGENTINA . Salta: Estancia Yacone, March 1873, P.G. Lorentz & G. Hieronymus 325 (GOET! [GOET001516], isolectotype GOET! [GOET001517]).

= Eupatorium laevigatum f. albiflorum Kuntze (1898: 147) . Type:— BOLIVIA. Yapacani, s.d., O. Kuntze s.n. (holotype NY! [NY00169075]).

= Eupatorium laevigatum f. flavidum Kuntze (1898: 147) . Type:— BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz, s.d., O. Kuntze s.n. (holotype NY! [NY00169076]).

= Eupatorium laevigatum f. lilacinum Kuntze (1898: 147) . Type:— BOLIVIA. Velasco: Yapacani, s.d., O. Kuntze s.n. (holotype NY! [NY00169077]). ( Fig. 14F–J , 15C–E ).

Subshrubs to shrubs, up to 3 m tall, erect, xylopodium absent, branched from base or only in capitulescence; stems glabrous, eglandular, leafy until capitulescence. Leaves 3.6–15 × 1–9 cm, opposite, petiolate, 3-veined; leaf blade ovate to linear-elliptic, chartaceous to coriaceous, apex acute to obtuse, sometimes attenuate, base cuneate to attenuate, margins serrate to slightly serrate in apical half, entire in basal half, rarely entire in both, adaxial surface glabrous, eglandular, abaxial surface glabrous, eglandular, margins eciliate, petioles 0.4–2.7 cm long, glabrous, eglandular. Primary capitulescences corymbose or rarely glomeruliform. Secondary capitulescence corymbose, axis glabrous, eglandular, bracteate, bracts 1.3–9.2 × 0.2–2.6 cm, petioles 0.2–1.5 cm long, glabrous, eglandular. Capitula pedunculate, rare subsessile, peduncles 0.1–1.5 cm long, glabrous, eglandular, involucres cylindrical 7–9.5 × 2–4 mm, involucral bracts 21–32, 5–7-seriate, outer ovate to oblong, 1.5–3.5 × 1–2.5 mm, apex cuneate to rounded, rarely acuminate, citrine, ciliate, glabrous, eglandular, appressed, abaxial surface stramineous to citrine, 3–5-veined, glabrous, inner linear, 5.5–9 × 0.6–1.5 mm, apex acute to cuneate, rarely obtuse, citrine to pink, non-petaloid, ciliate or eciliate, glabrous, eglandular, appressed, abaxial surface stramineous to citrine, 1–3-veined, glabrous, receptacles epaleate or rarely paleate, paleae 1–7, linear, 6–10 × 0.2–0.5 mm, 1-veined, apex and abaxial surface stramineous, ciliate, eglandular. Florets 15–26, corollas 3.6–5.3 × 0.5–0.8 mm, lilac or rarely white, lobes glabrous, eglandular. Cypselas obconical, 2.5–4 × 0.3–0.8 mm, 4–6-ribbed, ribs glabrous to setuliferous, sinuses glabrous, eglandular, pappus setae ca. 23–30, white to stramineous, 4.2–6 mm long.

Distribution: —Tropical America, from southern United States to northern Argentina ( Esteves 2001) . In Brazil, it occurs in Acre, Amapá, Bahia, Ceará, Piauí, Roraima and all states of the Midwestern, Southeastern and Southern regions. In Rio Grande do Sul, it occurs in all physiographic regions, except in the Serra do Sudeste and the Encosta do Sudeste ( Fig. 16 , circles).

Habitat: —Typical of anthropogenic environments such as roadsides and wastelands in both Atlantic Forest and Pampa biomes.

Phenology: —Flowers during summer and in the beginning of autumn, with flowering a peak from January to April.

Etymology: —Latin laevigatus (smooth, sleek, shiny), in reference to the general aspect of the branches and leaves.

Comments: — Chromolaena laevigata is the most common species of Chromolaena in Rio Grande do Sul, and one of the most common species of Eupatorieae , too. It is typical of anthropogenic environments, but it can also be found in better-preserved sites, although in a lesser degree. This species can be easily recognized in the field by the absence of hairs in the entire plant and the sleek appearance of the big, large and chartaceous leaves.

Chromolaena laevigata is sometimes confused with species of Symphyopappus Turcz. ( Eupatorieae, Disynaphiinae ), mostly due to the smooth and sleek aspect of its stems and leaves, the chartaceous texture of the leaves and the cylindrical involucres. Chromolaena laevigata differs from Symphyopappus by the pappus not fused in the base in a ring that detaches itself from the mature cypselas, by the bigger capitula with a greater number of florets and by the general characters of the involucres. Campovassouria cruciata (Velloso) R.M.King & H.Rob. ( Eupatorieae, Disynaphiinae ) is also sometimes misidentified as C. laevigata for the same reasons as Symphyopappus . It differs from C. laevigata by the capitula with always five florets and by the linear, in general alternate leaves.

Among the species of Chromolaena found in Rio Grande do Sul, the most similar to C. laevigata is C. christieana . The morphological differences between the two species were mentioned under the description of the latter.

Specimens examined: — BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul: Alegrete: Cerro do Tigre, fazenda Cerro do Tigre , 19 April 2008, Bruisma , G. 49 ( ICN). Antônio Prado : Linha São João , 24 March 2001, Barba , F.D. 12 ( HUCS). Arroio do Meio : Morro Gaúcho [29°20’14,08’’S, 51°55’58,24’’W], 13 March 2011, Bruisma, G. 187 ( HVAT). Arroio dos Ratos: Granja Faxinal, 26 March 1976, Hagelund, K. 10210 ( ICN). Barra do Quaraí : Parque Estadual do Espinilho , 20 March 2013, Neves, P. & Oleques, S. s.n. ( HBEI199 ). Barros Cassal: entre Barros Cassal e Vila Costa, 19 March 1978, Reis, I. 286 ( ICN). Bom Jesus: estrada Bom Jesus-Jaquirana, 08 April 1995, Ritter, M. R. 840 ( ICN) ; Rio Tainhas, 19 March 1999, Rossato, M. & Wasum, R. 51 ( HUCS, MBM). Cachoeira do Sul: s.l., 12 April 2010, Záchia, R. A. 6168 ( ICN, SMDB). Canela: Passo do Inferno , 11 April 2005, Bordignon, S. & Apel, M. 3093 ( ICN) ; 13 April 2010, Bordignon, S. et. al. s.n. ( ICN189957 ). Capivari do Sul: Fazenda dos Touros , 27 March 2003, Garcia , E. N. 908 ( ICN) ; Rancho Velho, rodovia para Balneário Pinhal [30°09’22,7’’S, 50°24’32,87’’W], 16 March 2012, Gonzatti , F. 456 ( HUCS, SMDB). Carazinho: s.l., February 1944, Augusto, I. s.n. ( ICN18036 ) ; 26 February 1975, Arzivenco , L. s.n. ( ICN67750 ) ; 10 April 1975, Arzivenco, L. s.n. ( ICN42978 ). Caxias do Sul: Jardim Botânico, 07 April 1993, Molon , R. et. al. 9049 ( MBM) ; Campus da UCS, 06 April 1994, Molon , R. 10 ( HUCS, MBM) ; Lago Faxinal, December 1998, Kegler , A. 19 ( MBM) ; Santa Justina, 18 March 1999, Scur , L. 42 ( MBM) ; Vila Oliva, 22 March 2002, Scur , L. 1949 ( MBM) ; bairro Madureira, 09 April 2005, Marchett , F. 176 ( HUCS) ; Loreto, 19 April 2006, Wasum, R. 3675 ( HUCS). Cerro Largo: s.l., January 1943, Buck, P. s.n. ( PACA11483 ). Dois Irmãos: Cascata São Miguel, 16 March 1984, Irgang, B. & Schenkel, E. s.n. ( ICN94824 ). Dom Pedro de Alcântara : s.l., 26 April 1997, Dalpiaz, S. & Baptista , L. R. M. s.n. ( ICN115238 ). Encantado: s.l., 05 April 2005, Horn, J. s.n. ( HVAT2087 ). Esmeralda: Clareira do Bambi , 16 April 1978, Arzivenco, L. 22 ( ICN). Erechim: URI, 19 November 1993, Butzke, A. et al. s.n. ( HUCS11469 ). Esteio: s.l., 28 March 1949, Rambo, B. s.n. ( PACA40631 ). Farroupilha: s.l., 16 April 1957, Camargo, O. R. 1335 ( PACA) ; São Roque, 14 April 1985, Wasum, R. et al. s.n. ( HUCS687 ). Feliz : Morro do Carvão , 28 March 1975, Wasum , R. s.n. ( PACA98136 ). Fontoura Xavier : Vila Assis , BR-386, a 6 Km de Soledade , 29 January 2003, Bordignon , S. s.n. ( ICN129244 ). Forquetinha : Arroio Alegre [29°23’44’’S, 52°08’52’’W], 15 March 2012, Zampol, P. s.n. ( HVAT3733 ). Giruá: Granja Sodal, April 1964, Hagelund, K. 2264 ( ICN). Gramado: s.l., 20 March 1950, Rambo, B. s.n. ( PACA46415 ) ; perto da Casa da Juventude, 30 April 1977, Miotto , S. T. S. 482 ( ICN). Gravataí: Morungava, RS-20, Km 25, 11 April 2005, Mentz, L. A., Soares E. L. C. & Vendruscolo, G. S. 372 ( ICN). Guaíba: BR-116, Km 32, 26 March 1975, Matzenbacher, N. I. 175 ( ICN) ; s.l., 04 April 1976, Boechat , S. s.n. ( ICN41147 ) ; Km 46, 23 April 1985, Hagelund , K. 15574 ( ICN) ; BR-116, Km 306, próximo à fazenda São Maximiano, 26 January 2005, Matzenbacher , N. I. s.n. ( ICN137537 ) ; s.l., 11 April 2006, Bordignon, S. & Apel, M. 3189 ( ICN). Ijuí : Rua Dr. Pestana , 01 April 1959, Pivetta , J. 334 ( PACA). Jaguari : s.l., 13 April 1993, Záchia , R. A., Bastos , N., Mohr , F. & Biancamano , M. 1325 ( SMDB). Jaquirana : Parque Estadual do Tainhas [29°05’S, 50°21’W], 19 March 2017, Christ, A. L. 388 ( ICN). Júlio de Castilhos : Bairro Popular Velho, 17 April 1993, Mondin, C. 779 ( ICN). Maquiné: s.l., 11 April 2001, Coelho, G. s.n. ( ICN126638 ). Mariana Pimentel: Estrada Logona, 17 April 1982, Susin, V. L. N. s.n. ( HURG325 ). Marcelino Ramos: Mata do Sétimo Céu , 25 March 1989, Jarenkow, J. A. 1272 ( MBM). Montenegro: Morro do Cabrito , 11 March 1989, Fernandes, I. 490 ( ICN). Não-Me-Toque: s.l., 26 November 1999, Schneider, A. A. s.n. ( ICN121054 ). Nonoai: Rio Uruguai , March 1945, Rambo, B. s.n. ( PACA28152 ). Nova Petrópolis: estrada para o Ninho das Águas, 09 April 1994, Ritter, M. R. 730 ( SMDB). Novo Hamburgo: Guarani, April 1983, Sobral, M. 1846 ( ICN, MBM) ; Estância Velha, 30 April 1983, Stehmann , J. R. 125 ( ICN). Osório: s.l., 27 March 1950, Rambo, B. 46497 ( ICN) ; Fazenda do Arroio, 14 April 1950, Rambo , B. s.n. ( PACA46785 ) ; s.l., 27 March 1982, Sobral , M. 1051 ( MBM) ; trevo entre as rodovias Estrada do Mar e RS-030, 18 April 2015, Gonzatti, F. & Valduga , E. 1775 ( HUCS). Palmeira das Missões: s.l., 12 February 1951, Rambo, B. s.n. ( PACA50013 ) ; Campus UFSM-CESNORS, atrás da Casa do Estudante, s.d., Essi , L., Horbach , R. K. & Fagundes , J. F. s.n. ( SMDB13653 ). Pareci Novo : s.l., 31 March 1950, Rambo, B. s.n. ( PACA46544 ). Parobé: s.l., 30 March 1982, Prado, J. F. s.n. ( HURG128 ). Passo Fundo: s.l., April 1957, Freddiani s.n. ( PACA60733 ) ; April 2009, Savaris, M. 56 ( ICN). Porto Alegre: estrada de ferro Porto Alegre a Canoas , 25 March 1944, Augusto I. s.n. ( ICN19050 ) ; Vila Manresa, March 1945, Rambo , B. s.n. ( PACA28823 ) ; 26 March 1949, Rambo , B. s.n. ( PACA40670 ) ; Niterói, 18 April 1949, Rambo , B. s.n. ( PACA41099 ) ; Ponta Grossa , 30 March 1967, Recena s.n. ( ICN50222 ) ; 23 January 1974, Silva , G. A. B. & Bauer, L. s.n. ( ICN94818 ) ; Escola de Agronomia, 10 March 1975, Arzivenco , L. s.n. ( ICN67751 ) ; Vila da Quinta, September 1980, Susin , V. L. N. s.n. ( HURG118 ) ; Morro Santana, 04 January 1990, Schenkel , E. P. et. al. 129 ( ICN) ; Morro São Pedro, Econsciência Espaço de Conscientização, 02 April 2006, Setubal , R. 123 ( ICN) ; Morro Santana, 28 April 2006, Fernandez , R. s.n. ( ICN158154 ) ; [30°03’58’’S, 51°07’41,3’’W], 30 March 2007, Fernandes , A. C. & Ritter, M. R. s.n. ( ICN158461 ) ; Bairro Boa Vista, 01 April 2012, Wiest J. M. s.n. ( ICN179701 ). Porto Lucena: Linha Boa Vista, 14 February 2017, Christ, A. L. 351 ( ICN). Quaraí: Fazenda do Jarau , January 1945, Rambo, B. s.n. ( PACA26095 ). Rio Grande : estrada para Torutama, 19 April 1985, Pedralli, G. s.n. ( HURG1053 ) ; Campus Carreiros , 05 April 2011, Jacobi , U.S. s.n. ( HURG4541 ). Rio Pardo: Rincão del Rei, 19 January 1982, Longhi , S. J. 246 ( HDCF). Santa Cruz do Sul: entre Santa Cruz e Lajeado, 18 March 1978, Reis, I. 251 ( ICN). Santa Maria: entre Santa Maria e São Sepé, 24 March 1977, Hagelund, K. 11348 ( ICN) ; Lar Metodista, May 1985, Sobral , M. 3859 ( ICN, MBM) ; Campus UFSM, fundos do viveiro do Colégio Agrícola, 19 November 1993, Ethur , L. Z. s.n. ( SMDB5082 ) ; Morro Pedra do Lagarto, distrito de Santo Antão, 25 March 2015, Schaefer , J. 434 ( SMDB) ; 03 April 2015, Schaefer , J. 436 ( SMDB) ; Campo de Instrução de Santa Maria, proximidades da antiga Fazenda Sarandi, 17 April 2015, Christ , A. L. 81, 102 ( SMDB) ; Chácara Valandro, s.d., Rau, G. s.n. ( SMDB260 ). Santa Tereza : s.l., 16 April 2010, Pasini, E. 381 ( HUCS). Santo Ângelo: Granja Piratini, 03 April 1976, Hagelund, K. 10231, 10232, 10233 ( ICN). Santo Cristo: Linha Guaraipo, 14 February 2017, Christ, A. L. 346 ( ICN). São Francisco de Paula : s.l., 13 March 1950, Rambo, B. s.n. ( PACA46301 ) ; Alpes de São Francisco, 20 April 1990, Ritter , M. R. 562 ( SMDB) ; RS-235, 09 March 2000, Wasum , R. 608 ( HUCS, MBM) ; CPCN / Pró-Mata, 10 April 2010, Mondin, C. 3475 ( ICN). São Gabriel: FEPAGRO, 02 April 2014, Barão, C. F. 40 ( HBEI). São João do Polêsine : s.l., 14 January 2000, Záchia, R. A., Soares, E., Vendruscolo, G., Schwab, A., Eisinger, S. M. & Porto, C. B. 3969 ( SMDB). São José dos Ausentes: Pousada Fazenda Potreirinhos, 2 March 2014, Ariati, V., Felitto, G., Bianchin, J. E., Czelusnik, B. H. & Dutra , M. M. 975 ( MBM). São Leopoldo: s.l., 08 September 1934, Rambo, B. 1616 ( PACA) ; 28 March 1946, Henz , E. s.n. ( PACA33564 ) ; Sapucaia, 09 March 1949, Rambo , B. s.n. ( PACA40453 ) ; Cristo Rei, 10 March 1950, Rambo, B. s.n. ( PACA46208 ). Sapucaia do Sul: Morro Sapucaia , 17 March 1949, Rambo , B. s.n. ( PACA40584 ). Sério: Linha São Francisco [29°38’33’’S, 52°26’86’’W], 11 June 2010, Zampol, P. 1 ( HVAT). Sobradinho: entre Sobradinho e São Sepé, 19 March 1978, Reins, I. 307, 313 ( ICN). Soledade: s.l., August 1979, Hagelund, K. 12764 ( ICN) (fl). Taquara: local não indicado, 07.IV.1958, Mattos, J. s.n. ( PACA) ; Passo dos Ferreiros, 10 April 2011, Nascimento, J. 16 ( HUCS). Taquari: BR 386 , Km 80 em direção a Venâncio Aires, 18 March 1978, Reis, I. 253 ( ICN). Torres: Mato do Luís , 04 April 1978, Pedralli, G. s.n. ( ICN44825 ) ; Estrada do Mar, 08 May 2017, Christ, A. L. 455 ( ICN). Tramandaí : Saco do Ratão [30°00’17’’S, 50°09’36’’W], 12 May 2012, Silva , J. O. s.n. ( HVAT2623 ). Três de Maio : BR 462 , Km 134, 13 April 2017, Christ, A. L. 437 ( ICN). Vacaria: Rio Leão , 20 February 2008, Grupo de Estudos em Reófitas UHBG 2255 ( MBM). Vespasiano Corrêa: s.l., 18 April 2006, Mundeleski, E. s.n. ( HVAT1847 ). Viamão: s.l., 10 April 1950, Rambo, B. s.n. ( PACA46720 ) ; Parque Estadual de Itapuã, caminho para a Praia de Fora, 27 March 2004, Ritter , M. R. & Schneider , A. A. 1419 ( ICN) ; Bairro Tarumã, região do entorno do lago Tarumã [30°4’0,25’’S, 51°1’22,69’’W], 02 January 2009, Silva Filho, P.J.S. 753 ( ICN) ; Parque Estadual de Itapuã, trilha para a Praia do Araçá, s.d., Pinheiro , M. 532 ( ICN) .

Figures

FIGURE 14A–E: Chromolaena ivifolia.A. Fertile specimen. B. Capitulum. C. Involucral bracts. D. Floret. E. Palea. F–J: Chromolaena laevigata. F. Fertile branch. G. Capitulum. H. Involucral bracts. I. Floret. J. Palea.

FIGURE 15A–B: Chromolaena ivifolia. A. General view. B. Capitula. C–E: Chromolaena laevigata. C. General view. D. Capitula. E. Secondary capitulescence. Credits: Anderson Christ (A–C) and Sérgio Bordignon (D–E).

FIGURE 16: Distribution of C. ivifolia (triangles) and C. laevigata (circles) in Rio Grande do Sul.