Pseudosaldula bruesi (Drake) Plate

Schuh, RT & Polhemus, JT, 2009, Revision And Analysis Of Pseudosaldula Cobben (Insecta: Hemiptera: Saldidae): A Group With A Classic Andean Distribution, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (323), pp. 1-102 : 31-44

Pseudosaldula bruesi (Drake) Plate 2; figures 1 , 8 ; map 5

Pentacora bruesi Drake, 1949: 187 (n. sp.).

Pentacora amazona Drake, 1955: 154 (n. sp.). NEW SYNONYMY.

Pentacora bucayana Drake, 1955: 157 (n. sp.). NEW SYNONYMY.

Pentacora pillaona : Drake, 1955: 156 (n. sp.). NEW SYNONYMY..

Oreokora amazona : Drake, 1962: 122 (n. comb.).

Oreokora bucayana : Drake, 1962: 122 (n. comb.).

Oreokora pillaona : Drake, 1962: 123 (n. comb.).

Pseudosaldula pilloana : Schuh et al., 1987:316 (cat. [lapsus]).

Pseudosaldua bruesi : Schuh et al., 1987: 315 (n. comb., cat.).

DIAGNOSIS: Macropterous or brachypterous; hemelytra highly polished except apical one-fifth of exocorium, anterior two-thirds of endocorium, and entire clavus dull (area of claval commissure also polished); vestiture of dorsum—including veins of membrane— composed of long, reclining dark simple setae intermixed with recumbent, golden, shining setae. Extensive hemelytral polishing restrict- ed to P. andensis and P. bruesi , but exocorium entirely polished in P. andensis , whereas exocorium with dull area medially along radial vein in P. bruesi ; membrane in brachypterous specimens of P. andensis completely polished and shining, whereas only veins of membrane polished in P. bruesi ; cells of membrane always coalesced and partially obscured in brachypterous forms of P. andensis , whereas all five cells always visible in P. bruesi .

REDESCRIPTION: Male: Total length 3.71, width pronotum 1.38. COLORATION (pl. 2): Hemelytron ranging from almost entirely dark, with cells sometimes partially transparent, to largely pale with only clavus, extreme base of corium, and a few small markings on corium dark; antennal segments 1 and 2 pale to weakly darkened, segments 3 and 4 more strongly darkened; legs, including coxae, largely pale, apex of foretibia with a contrasting, narrow, brown band. SURFACE AND VESTITURE (pl. 2): Clavus, basal two-thirds of endocorium, and apical one-fifth of exocorium dull, dull areas with some pale, weakly pruinose spots. Vestiture of dorsum—including veins of membrane—composed of moderately long, reclining, dark simple setae intermixed with recumbent, golden, shining setae. STRUCTURE (pl. 2): Macropterous forms elongate ovoid, brachypterous forms teardrop shaped, broadest at about level of apex of claval commissure in brachypterous forms. Thorax: Pronotum with lateral margins weakly to moderately convexly rounded. Hemelytra: Membrane of forewing with five distinct cells in both macropterous and brachypterous forms. GENITALIA ( figs. 1 , 2 , 8 ): Parandria: Inner sclerotized margin smoothly rounded; posterior margin weakly curving. Parameres: Processus sensualis with 10–15 setae.

Female (pl. 2): Total length 3.97, width pronotum 1.46. COLORATION (pl. 2): As in male; subgenital plate sometimes narrowly transparent apically. SURFACE AND VESTITURE (pl. 2): As in male. STRUCTURE: Abdomen: See generic description. GENITALIA: See generic description.

HABITAT DATA AND ALTITUDINAL RANGE: Known to occur at altitudes between 1750– 3540 meters, with the majority of records above 2700 meters. Available habitat data indicate many specimens were collected on relatively permanent substrates, including seeps and the margins of small lakes. Nonetheless, some specimens have been taken on sandy river margins and in wet areas along roadsides.

DISTRIBUTION: Southern Ecuador and northern Peru.

DISCUSSION: Drake (1962) treated P. bruesi as a junior synonym of P. andensis . Although these two nominal species share many features in common, including those of the parandria, and share partially overlapping distributions, we are treating them as separate because of what we believe to be constant character differences between them, as detailed in the diagnoses and descriptions.

Comparison of the holotypes of bruesi Drake , amazona Drake , and pillaona Drake and many other specimens indicates that the three are synonymous, bruesi having priority.

The nominal species Pentacora bucayana is known from only two specimens, the macropterous female holotype and a distinctly brachypterous female paratype, both from the same locality. Pseudosaldula bucayana is most similar in general appearance to P. bruesi by virtue of having the lateral corial margin (embolium) polished and shining. Pseudosaldula bucayana appears to have the dorsum clothed with relatively short, dark, reclining, common setae mixed with golden, shining, recumbent setae, although both known specimens of P. bucayana are rather badly rubbed. In the known specimens of P. bucayana there is no visible pruinosity; in this regard, and the shape of the pronotum, P. bucayana has an appearance of P. bruesi , and we therefore treat them as synonymous.

HOLOTYPE: submacropterous female, ‘‘ Metucana , Peru, June–July, 1913, 7300 ft, CT Brues; Gift of C. T. Brues ; Holotype Pentacora bruesi Drake ; M. C. Z. holotype 28266.’’ Deposited in the AMNH .

HOLOTYPES OF SYNONYMS: Pseudosaldula amazona (Drake) : macropterous male, ‘‘ Peru, S. A., July 19, 1936, F. Woytkowski; Dept. Amazonas, San Indelfonso, Rio Utcubrmba [sic]; Type Pentacora amazona Drake. Deposited in KU. Pseudosaldula pillaona (Drake) : macropterous female, ‘‘Pillao, Peru, Dept. Huanuco, II.16.48, 2700 m, a.s.l., Felix Woytkowski; Type Pentacora pillaona Drake. ’’ Deposited in KU. Pentacora bucayana Drake : macropterous female, ‘‘F. X. Williams, Bucay, Ecuador, October 16, 1923; Type Pentacora bucayana Drake ; deposited in KU.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED: ECUADOR: Chimborazo: Bucay, 2.167 ° S 79.1 ° W, 603 m, 16 Oct 1923, F. X. Williams, Holotype, 1♀ (SEMC). PERU: Amazonas: San Ildelfonso, Rio Utcubamba, 6.6333 ° S 77.7167 ° W, 2471 m, 19 Jul 1936, F. Woytkowski, Holotype, 13 (SEMC). Ancash: 15 km N of Huaraz, 9.3978 ° S 77.53333 ° W, 2780 m, 14 Jan 1976, R.T. and J.C. Schuh, 3♀ (AMNH_ENT 00023852–AMNH_ENT 000- 23854) (JTPC). 70 km E of Casma, 9.44942 ° S 77.6588 ° W, 1750 m, 16 Jan 1976, R.T. and

J.C. Schuh, 1♀ (AMNH_ENT 00022719) (AMNH). Blw Punta Callan to W, 9.55651 ° S 77.72776 ° W, 2920 m, 16 Jan 1976, R.T. and J.C. Schuh, 23 (AMNH_ ENT 00020086, AMNH_ENT 00023308), 2♀ (AMNH_ENT 00023310, AMNH_ENT 00023311), 5 nymphs (AMNH_ENT 00023951), 183 (AMNH_ENT 00022662–AMNH_ENT 00022679), 28♀ (AMNH_ENT 00022632– AMNH_ENT 00022659) (AMNH). 1♀ (AMNH_ENT 00023850) (JTPC). 2♀ (AMNH_ ENT 00022660, AMNH_ENT 00022661) (IMLA). Blw Punta Callan to W, 9.55893 ° S 77.7098 ° W, 3540 m, 16 Jan 1976, R.T. and J.C. Schuh, 13 (AMNH_ENT 00023307), 1♀ (AMNH_ENT 00023309), 33 (AMNH_ ENT 00022716–AMNH_ENT 00022718) (AMNH). 13 (AMNH_ENT 00023847) (JTPC). Btwn Huaraz and Punta Callan, 9.56033 ° S 77.5729 ° W, 3440 m, 16 Jan 1976, R.T. and J.C. Schuh, 33 (AMNH_ENT 00023844–AMNH_ENT 00023846) (JTPC). Cajamarca: 1 km W of Namora, nr Cajamarca, 7.2 ° S 78.34244 ° W, 2720 m, 19 Jan 1976, R.T. and J.C. Schuh, 33 (AMNH_ ENT 00022711–AMNH_ENT 00022713), 2♀ (AMNH_ENT 00022714, AMNH_ENT 00022715) (AMNH). 10 km ESE of Llacanora, near Cajamarca, Laguna Suluscocha, 7.23458 ° S 78.34918 ° W, 2850 m, 19 Jan 1976, R.T. and J.C. Schuh, 53 (AMNH_ENT 00022706–AMNH_ENT 00022710) (AMNH). 2 km W of Llacanora, nr Cajamarca, 7.20943 ° S 78.44278 ° W, 2530 m, 19 Jan 1976, R.T. and J.C. Schuh, 1♀ (AMNH_ ENT 00022705) (AMNH). above San Juan en route to Cajamarca, 7.25905 ° S 78.48961 ° W, 2620 m, 17 Jan 1976, R.T. and J.C. Schuh, 1♀ (AMNH_ENT 00022720) (AMNH). Huanuco: Pillao, 9.6667 ° S 75.9667 ° W, 2700 m, 16 Feb 1948, F. Woytkowski, Holotype, 1♀ (SEMC). La Libertad: 20 km NE of Huamachuco, Laguna Cahuadan , 7.78134 ° S 78.03169 ° W, 3000 m, 20 Jan 1976, R.T. and J.C. Schuh, 1♀ (AMNH_ENT 00023855) (JTPC). 25 km S of Cajabamba, 7.6748 ° S 78.03022 ° W, 3000 m, 20 Jan 1976, R.T. and J.C. Schuh, 1♀ (AMNH_ENT 00023312) (AMNH). Lima: Matucana, 11.852 ° S 76.4 ° W, 2225 m, 01 Jul 1913, C. T. Brues, Holotype, 1♀ (AMNH). above Canta, 11.47401 ° S 76.61874 ° W, 3000 m, 28 Jan 1976, R.T. Schuh, 13 (AMNH_ENT

00023306), 163 (AMNH_ENT 00022687– AMNH_ENT 00022702), 6♀ (AMNH_ENT 00022681–AMNH_ENT 00022686) (AMNH). 23 (AMNH_ENT 00022703, AMNH_ENT 00022704) (EELM). 23 (AMNH_ENT 00023848, AMNH_ENT 00023849), 1♀ (AMNH_ENT 00023851) (JTPC). km 99 Carretera Central E Lima, Rio Rimac, 12.00692 ° S 76.82817 ° W, 3300 m, 14 Nov 1971, R.T. and J.C. Schuh, 23 (AMNH_ ENT 00023301, AMNH_ENT 00023302), 3♀ (AMNH_ENT 00023303–AMNH_ENT 00023305), 283 (AMNH_ENT 00022580– AMNH_ENT 00022607), 14♀ (AMNH_ ENT 00022614–AMNH_ENT 00022627) (AMNH). 23 (AMNH_ENT 00022610, AMNH_ENT 00022611), 2♀ (AMNH_ENT 00022628, AMNH_ENT 00022629) (EELM). 23 (AMNH_ENT 00023842, AMNH_ENT 00023843), 3♀ (AMNH_ENT 00023856– AMNH_ENT 00023858) (JTPC). 23 (AMNH_ ENT 00022612, AMNH_ENT 00022613) (IMLA). 23 (AMNH_ENT 00022608, AMNH_ ENT 00022609), 2♀ (AMNH_ENT 00022630, AMNH_ENT 00022631) (USNM).

Pseudosaldula chilensis (Blanchard) Plates 3, 6, 7C–F; figures 1 , 2 , 9–11 ; map 6

Acanthia chilensis Blanchard, 1852: 225 (n. sp.).

Acanthia rogeri Kirkaldy, 1899: 92 (n. sp.). NEW SYNONYMY.

Acanthia araucanica Kirkaldy, 1899: 93 (n. sp.). (Syn. by Drake 1962:121).

Pentacora angusta Drake and Carvalho, 1948: 473 (n. sp.). NEW SYNONYMY.

Saldula araucanica : Drake and Carvalho, 1948: 474 (n. comb.).

Saldula rogeri : Drake and Hoberlandt, 1951: 10 (n. comb.).

Pentacora araucanica : Drake, 1955: 152 (n. comb.).

Pentacora regilla Drake, 1955: 155 (n. sp.). NEW SYNONYMY.

Pentacora rogeri : Drake, 1955: 152 (n. comb.).

Pseudosaldula rogeri : Cobben, 1961: 98 (n. comb.).

Oreokora regilla : Drake, 1962: 122 (n. comb.).

Oreokora rogeri : Drake, 1962: 122 (n. comb.).

Oreokora angusta : Drake, 1962: 122 (n. comb.).

Pseudosaldula chilensis : Schuh et al., 1987: 315 (n. comb., cat.).

DIAGNOSIS: Macropterous or submacropterous; recognized by the contrasting black stripe on at least fore- and middle tibiae, the two black stripes on antennal segment 1, and the hemelytra uniformly dull with appressed golden setae and short recumbent black setae. Black stripe lateroventrally on antennal segment 1 similar to condition found in P. penai and P. salina , but P. chilensis differing from those species by the presence of a black stripe also dorsomedially on antennal segment 1, and further differing from P. salina by that species having only short black setae on the dorsum. The short vestiture and dull surface of hemelytra similar to condition found in P. bergi and P. vulgaris , but shining golden setae virtually absent on hemelytra in P. bergi . Dorsum in P. pilosa entirely dull, but almost exclusively with long, erect, shaggy setae in contrast to P. chilensis .

REDESCRIPTION: Male: Total length 3.50, width pronotum 1.33. COLORATION (pl. 3): Hemelytron largely dark, with cells of membrane and some areas of corium weakly pale; exocorium frequently with a yellow-white quadrate maculation subbasally and less frequently with a distinct pale macula subapically; antennal segment 1 pale laterally and medially, black dorsally and ventrally, segments 2–4 black or nearly so; coxae largely dark, femora and tibiae pale laterally, femora dark on dorsal surface, tibiae dark on dorsal surface; apex of foretibia with a contrasting, dark, narrow band. SURFACE AND VESTITURE (pl. 3; fig. 9C–E ): Hemelytron dull except narrowly along claval commissure, with several distinct pruinose spots. Vestiture of dorsum composed of dull, reclining, dark, relatively short, simple setae intermixed with numerous golden, shining setae; most veins of membrane devoid of setae. STRUCTURE ( figs. 9–11 ): Known from macropterous and submacropterous forms, body in most specimens elongate ovoid, broadest at midpoint. Thorax: Pronotum with lateral margins nearly straight, distinctly angled anteriorly. Hemelytra: Membrane of forewing always with five fully-formed cells. GENITALIA ( figs. 1 , 2 , 9G–I , 11E ) Parandria: Inner sclerotized margin straight, angled posterolaterally; posterior margin elongate, angled laterally, convex medially. Parameres: Processus sensualis with 10–15 setae.

Female (pl. 3): Total length 4.11, width pronotum 1.57. COLORATION (pl. 3): As in male; apex of subgenital plate usually broadly pale. SURFACE AND VESTITURE (pl. 3; 9C–E): As in male. STRUCTURE: Abdomen: See generic description. GENITALIA: See generic description.

HABITAT DATA AND ALTITUDINAL RANGE: Known to occur at altitudes between 4– 3900 meters, with the majority of records at elevations below 500 meters in south central and southern Chile. Available habitat data indicate specimens were collected in more temporary habitats than is the case for most other Pseudosaldula spp ., including the margins of roads and highways, mud, sand, and gravel stream and lake margins. Most of these environments included vegetative cover of no more than 30%, although a few collection localities involved the occurrence of P. chilensis on seeps, which had vegetative cover and usually represent a more stable and permanent environment.

DISTRIBUTION: Jujuy Province in northern Argentina, south throughout Chile to the eastern tip of Tierra del Fuego, with a few records available from the eastern Andean foothills in Patagonian Argentina.

DISCUSSION: This is the most widespread and most commonly collected species of Pseudosaldula , possibly in part because it occupies a rather broad range of habitats and is one of the few species that occurs in relatively temporary or periodically disturbed habitats. This adaptability agrees with the fact that all of the more than 1000 specimens we have examined are either macropterous or submacropterous, in contrast to most—although not all—of the other species. Furthermore, the wide distribution of this species has resulted in its capture by general collectors to a much greater degree than the other species. Thus, even though this species shows very little variation in degree of pigmentation of the hemelytra (pl. 3) compared to most other species of Pseudosaldula , its widespread occurrence probably also accounts for the rather large number of junior synonyms associated with the name chilensis .

We have examined the macropterous male holotype of Acanthia chilensis Blanchard , deposited in the Natural History Museum, Paris.

Kirkaldy (1899) noted that specimens of rogeri were deposited in his collection and that of the Perth Museum, indicating that he saw more than one specimen. Cobben (1961) designated a lectotype for Acanthia rogeri Kirkaldy ; it is deposited in The Natural History Museum, London. Cobben compared this specimen with a specimen labeled as the ‘‘type’’ of Acanthia araucanica Kirkaldy , and concluded that the two were synonymous. However, he did not believe that the specimen labeled as araucanica was actually one of those examined by Kirkaldy, based on his reading of Kirkaldy’s original description. Because the BM specimen bears the label ‘‘ Acanthia araucanica Kirk. TYPE’’ in what we judge to be Kirkaldy’s handwriting, and because we have been able to find no other specimens that appear to pertain to araucanica , we are treating it as the type, as indicated below. We agree with Cobben that araucanica and rogeri are synonyms and that both are junior synonyms of chilensis , the synonymy of araucanica and chilensis also being in accordance with the observations of Drake (1962).

Further comparison of the types of regilla Drake and angusta Drake indicates that both are synonymous with the concept of chilensis that we have defined above.

HOLOTYPE: Female: ‘‘Museum Paris. Chili Gay. 15–43.’’ ‘‘Type.’’ ‘‘ Lectotype Acanthia chilensis Blanch. ’’ ‘‘ Acanthia chilensis Bl. Type.’’ Deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Paris.

TYPES OF SYNONYMS: Lectotype Acanthia araucanica Kirkaldy : macropterous female, ‘‘Type; Mendosa, Reed, 1870; Pres. by Perth Museum. B.M. 1953-629; Acanthia araucanica Kirk. TYPE; Pseudosaldula rogeri

(Kirk.), det. R. H. Cobben 1961.; Acanthia araucanica Kirkaldy , LECTOTYPE, det. R. T. Schuh and J. T. Polhemus.’’ Deposited in the BMNH. Pentacora regilla Drake :? macropterous male, ‘‘Puerto Puyuhuapi, Süd-Chile, leg. H. Schwabe; W 31 unten, 23.12.37; Type Pentacora regilla Drake ; C. J. Drake Coll. 1956.’’ Deposited in the USNM. Lectotype Acanthia rogeri Kirkaldy : macropterous female, ‘‘ Chile, Reed; Pres. by Perth Museum. B.M. 1953-629; Acanthia rogeri Kirk. 1899 TYPE; Lectotype Pseudosaldula rogeri (Kirk.) R. H. Cobben 1961 .’’ Deposited in the BMNH. Pentacora angusta Drake : macropterous male, ‘‘ Rio Negro, Argentina; C. J. Drake Coll. 1956; Holotype Drake.’’ Deposited in the USNM.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED: ARGENTINA: Catamarca: La Banderita, 22 Nov 1951, N. Kormilev, 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023869 ) ( MACN). Chubut: 108 km W of Rio Mayo, 45.56 ° S 71.26 ° W, 720 m, 21 Jan 1986, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00020893 ) ( AMNH). El Hoyo, 42.08 ° S 71.49 ° W, 230 m, 24 Apr 1963, A. Kovacs, 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00021170 ) ( AMNH). N shore of Lago Puela, 42.04 ° S 71.59 ° W, 160 m, 15 Jan 1986, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 33 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023930 ), 3 nymphs ( AMNH _ ENT 00023930 ), 123 ( AMNH _ ENT 00020669 – AMNH _ENT 000- 20680), 8♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020681 , AMNH _ ENT 00020684 – AMNH _ENT 000- 20690) ( AMNH). 2♀ ( AMNH _ENT 000- 20682, AMNH _ ENT 00020683 ) ( EELM). Jujuy: 12 km NE of Iturbe, 22.91 ° S 65.27 ° W, 1670 m, 15 Feb 1993, R.T. Schuh, J.T. Polhemus, E. Dominguez, 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023605 ) ( AMNH). 15 km NW of Abra Pampa, 22.51666 ° S 65.86666 ° W, 3920 m, 14 Feb 1993, R. T. Schuh, J. T. Polhemus, 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020897 ) ( AMNH). 16 km S of Tres Cruces, 22.97666 ° S 65.479 ° W, 3580 m, 11 Feb 1993, R.T. Schuh, J.T. Polhemus, E. Dominguez, 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020896 ) ( AMNH). 20 km S of Yoscaba, stream flowing into Lago Pozuelos, 22.26666 ° S 66.03333 ° W, 3710 m, 14 Feb 1993, R.T. Schuh, J.T. Polhemus, E. Dominguez, 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020874 ) ( AMNH). 7 km E of Cienaguillas, betw LaQuica / Cienaguillas, 22.1 ° S 65.8 ° W, 3750 m, 14 Feb 1993, R.T. Schuh, J.T. Polhemus, E. Dominguez, 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020900 ) ( AMNH). 9 km E of Iturbe, 22.21666 ° S 65.16666 ° W, 3460 m, 15 Feb 1993, R. T. Schuh, J. T. Polhemus, 43 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023297 – AMNH _ ENT 00023300 ), 23 ( AMNH _ ENT 00020882 , AMNH _ ENT 00020883 ), 4♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020878 – AMNH _ ENT 00020881 ) ( AMNH). 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020876 ) ( IMLA). Cienaga Grande, near S end of Lago Pozuelos, 22.45 ° S 66.01666 ° W, 3740 m, 14 Feb 1993, R. T. Schuh and J. T. Polhemus, 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020895 ) ( AMNH). Cuesta de Lipan , 28 km W of Parmamarca on Rt 52, 23.6815 ° S 65.62666 ° W, 3825 m, 16 Feb 1993, R.T. Schuh, J.T. Polhemus, E. Dominguez, 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020898 ) ( AMNH). along river just N of Yavi, 22.13333 ° S 65.45 ° W, 3500 m, 13 Feb 1993, R.T. Schuh, J.T. Polhemus, E. Dominguez, 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020873 ) ( AMNH). Neuquen: 51 km S of San Martin de los Andes, 44.45 ° S 70.43 ° W, 800 m, 12 Jan 1986, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023911 ), 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023911 ), 103 ( AMNH _ ENT 00020725 – AMNH _ ENT 00020728 , AMNH _ ENT 00020731 – AMNH _ENT 000- 20736), 6♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020729 – AMNH _ ENT 00020730 , AMNH _ ENT 00020737 – AMNH _ ENT 00020740 ) ( AMNH). 53 km S of San Martin de los Andes, Rio Pichi Traful , 40.32 ° S 71.38 ° W, 790 m, 12 Jan 1986, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023979 ), 253 ( AMNH _ ENT 00020691 – AMNH _ ENT 00020715 ), 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020716 ) ( AMNH). 4♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020717 – AMNH _ ENT 00020720 ) ( MACN). 4♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020721 – AMNH _ ENT 00020724 ) ( IMLA). Lago Lacar, Pucara, 40.18333 ° S 71.5 ° W, 1100 m, 09 Jan 1954, N. Kormilev, 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023863 ) ( USNM). Nahuel Huapi, 41.05 ° S 71.15 ° W, 880 m, 11 Jan 1986, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 23 ( AMNH _ ENT 00020889 , AMNH _ ENT 00020890 ), 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020891 ) ( AMNH). 23 ( AMNH _ ENT 00020887 , AMNH _ ENT 00020888 ) ( IMLA). Rio Negro: 47 km N of El Bolson, Rio Villegos , 41.59 ° S 71.5 ° W, 640 m, 15 Jan 1986, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 63 ( AMNH _ ENT 00020786 – AMNH _ENT 000- 20791) ( AMNH). 13 ( AMNH _ENT 000- 20792), 3♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020793 – AMNH _ ENT 00020795 ) ( MACN). Black Glacier, El Tronador, 41.17 ° S 71.79 ° W, 914 m, 05 Apr 1974, M.S. Polhemus, 23 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023318 , AMNH _ ENT 00023319 ), 2♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023320 , AMNH _ ENT 00023321 ), 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021168 ) ( JTPC). Lago Nahuel Huapi, Brazo Blest, 41.09 ° S 71.14 ° W, 640 m, 04 Apr 1974, M.S. Polhemus, 23 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021164 , AMNH _ ENT 00021165 ), 2♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00021166 , AMNH _ ENT 00021167 ) ( JTPC). Norquinco, 41.85 ° S 70.9 ° W, 900 m, 23 Dec 1963, A. Kovacs, 23 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021171 , AMNH _ ENT 00021172 ) ( AMNH). unknown, 01 Jan 1900, Unknown, Paratype of Junior Synonym, 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023861 ), 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023862 ) ( USNM). Salta: 17 km W of Santa Victoria, 22.2 ° S 65.06 ° W, 3488 m, 13 Feb 1993, R.T. Schuh, J.T. Polhemus, E. Dominguez, 43 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023293 – AMNH _ ENT 00023296 ), 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00020884 ), 2♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020885 , AMNH _ ENT 00020886 ) ( AMNH). just NW of Santa Rosa de Tastil on Rt 51, 24.4415 ° S 65.96683 ° W, 3215 m, 18 Feb 1993, R. T. Schuh and J. T. Polhemus, 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020899 ) ( AMNH). Tierra del Fuego: Lago Fagnano, 54.63333 ° S 68 ° W, 200 m, 23 Jan 1962, S. Coscaron, 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023644 ), 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023645 ) ( SEMC). Tucuman: 16 km W of Tafi del Valle on Rt 307, 26.7685 ° S 65.73083 ° W, 2900 m, 21 Feb 1993, R. T. Schuh and J. T. Polhemus, 33 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023924 ), 1♀ ( AMNH _ENT 000- 23924), 1 nymph ( AMNH _ ENT 00023924 ), 53 ( AMNH _ ENT 00020863 – AMNH _ ENT 00020864 , AMNH _ ENT 00020866 – AMNH _ ENT 00020868 ), 3♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020- 869 – AMNH _ ENT 00020871 ) ( AMNH). 23 ( AMNH _ ENT 00020861 , AMNH _ ENT 00020862 ) ( IMLA). 8 km W of Tafi del Valle, 26.87 ° S 65.77 ° W, 2500 m, 03 Jan 1982, R. T. Schuh and B. M. Massie, 93 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023314 – AMNH _ ENT 00023315 , AMNH _ ENT 00023466 – AMNH _ ENT 00023471 , AMNH _ ENT 00023945 ), 6♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023316 – AMNH _ ENT 00023317 , AMNH _ ENT 00023472 , AMNH _ ENT 00023945 ), 1 nymph ( AMNH _ ENT 00023945 ) ( AMNH). 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023669 ), 2♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023678 , AMNH _ ENT 00023679 ) ( JTPC). Siambon, 26.7 ° S 65.45 ° W, 1313 m, 01 Jul 1935, J.M. Bosq, 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023867 ) ( MLPA). Tafí del Valle , 26.85464 ° S 65.71341 ° W, 2000 m, 01 Oct 1957, Unknown, 1♀ ( AMNH _ENT 000- 23322) ( IMLA). CHILE: Aisen del Gen. Carlos Ibanez del Campo - Region XI: Aisen Prov.: Puerto Puyuhuapi, 44.38 ° S 72.62 ° W, 160 m, 23 Dec 1937, H. Schwabe, Paratype of Junior Synonym , 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023859 ), 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023860 ) ( USNM). Reserva Nac Rio Simpson , Rio Simpson btwn Coyhaique and Aisen, 45.4 ° S 72.53 ° W, 20 m, 20 Jan 1986, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 43 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023909 ), 4♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023909 ), 3 nymphs ( AMNH _ ENT 00023909 ), 313 ( AMNH _ ENT 00020631 – AMNH _ ENT 00020636 , AMNH _ ENT 00020640 – AMNH _ENT 000- 20664), 26♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020602 – AMNH _ ENT 00020627 ) ( AMNH). 33 ( AMNH _ ENT 00020637 – AMNH _ENT 000- 20639), 3♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020628 – AMNH _ ENT 00020630 ) ( MNNC). 23 ( AMNH _ ENT 00020665 , AMNH _ENT 000- 20666) ( USNM). 82 km S of Puyuguape, 45.13 ° S 72.62 ° W, 260 m, 19 Jan 1986, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023929 ), 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023929 ), 8 nymphs ( AMNH _ ENT 00023929 ), 113 ( AMNH _ ENT 00020824 – AMNH _ENT 000- 20834), 3♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020821 – AMNH _ ENT 00020823 ) ( AMNH). 89 km S of Puyuguape, 45.21 ° S 72.62 ° W, 220 m, 19 Jan 1986, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 23 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023910 ), 2♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023910 ), 6 nymphs ( AMNH _ENT 000- 23910), 123 ( AMNH _ ENT 00020741 – AMNH _ ENT 00020752 ), 14♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020753 – AMNH _ ENT 00020766 ) ( AMNH). 97 km S of Puyuguape, Lago de los Torres , 45.25 ° S 72.65 ° W, 190 m, 19 Jan 1986, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023933 ), 1 nymph ( AMNH _ ENT 00023933 ), 23 ( AMNH _ ENT 00020843 , AMNH _ ENT 00020844 ), 3♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020840 – AMNH _ ENT 00020842 ) ( AMNH). Antofagasta - Region II: Antofagasta Prov.: San Pedro (de) Atacama, Rio Valama , 22.91 ° S 68.22 ° W, 2300 m, 01 Apr 1969, L. E. Peña, 4♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023710 , AMNH _ ENT 00023722 – AMNH _ ENT 00023724 ), 33 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021- 160 – AMNH _ ENT 00021162 ), 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00021163 ) ( JTPC). San Pedro Atacama, Rio Valama , 22.9167 ° S 68.2167 ° W, 2300 m, 01 Apr 1968, L. E. Peña, 33 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023698 – AMNH _ ENT 00023700 ) ( JTPC). Valle El Yeso , 23.41666 ° S 70.58333 ° W, 2200 m, 05 Sep 1900, L. E. Peña, 2♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00021153 , AMNH _ ENT 00021154 ) ( JTPC). Araucania - Region IX: Cautin Prov. : 11.3 km E of Carahue, Rio Imperial , 38.76666 ° S 73.05 ° W, 90 m, 11 Nov 1994, S. Oygur & E. Barrera, 43 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023545 – AMNH _ ENT 00023548 ) ( AMNH). Lago Villarica at Villarica , 34.62 ° S 71.14 ° W, 180 m, 30 Jan 1986, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020894 ) ( AMNH). Malleco Prov. : 17 km E of Curacautin, 38.46 ° S 71.74 ° W, 750 m, 22 Nov 1981, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023918 ), 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023337 ), 103 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021280 – AMNH _ ENT 00021289 ), 2♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00021290 , AMNH _ ENT 00021291 ) ( AMNH). 5 km E of Curacautin, Puente Blanco , 38.46666 ° S 71.5 ° W, 700 m, 09 Nov 1994, S. Oygur and E. Barrera, 53 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023622 – AMNH _ ENT 00023626 ) ( AMNH). 9 km E of Manzanar, 38.46666 ° S 71.53333 ° W, 1250 m, 09 Nov 1994, S. Oygur and E. Barrera, 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023606 ), 2♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023607 , AMNH _ ENT 00023608 ) ( AMNH). 9.5 E Malalcahuello , 39.28 ° S 72.31 ° W, 1190 m, 30 Nov 1982, A. Newton and M. Thayer, 23 ( AMNH _ ENT 00020818 , AMNH _ ENT 00020819 ), 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020820 ) ( AMNH). Lago Icalma , 38.8167 ° S 71.2833 ° W, 1181 m, 02 Jan 1968, L. E. Peña, 23 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023649 , AMNH _ENT 000- 23650), 3♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023651 – AMNH _ ENT 00023653 ) ( MNNC). Par. Nac. Nahuelbuta, 37.78 ° S 72.98 ° W, 1100 m, 19 Nov 1981, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 43 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023991 ), 3♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023991 ), 11 nymphs ( AMNH _ ENT 00023991 , AMNH _ ENT 00023992 ), 93 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021059 – AMNH _ ENT 00021067 ), 9♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00021050 – AMNH _ ENT 00021058 ) ( AMNH) ; 18 Nov 1981, T. Cekalovic, 43 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021130 – AMNH _ ENT 00021133 ), 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00021129 ) ( AMNH). Tolhuaca, 38.2 ° S 71.68 ° W, 1400 m, 09 Jan 1962, R. Usinger, 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00020668 ) ( UCR). BioBio - Region VIII: Arauco Prov.: 69.6 km S of San Pedro, Puente Ramadillas, Rio Carampangue , 37.3 ° S 73.23333 ° W, 5 m, 07 Nov 1994, S. Oygur and E. Barrera, 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023618 ) ( AMNH). Caramavida, Nahuelbuta Mt. , 37.68171 ° S 73.35204 ° W, 220 m, 31 Jan 1967, L. E. Peña, 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023686 ), 23 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021073 , AMNH _ ENT 00021074 ), 2♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00021075 , AMNH _ ENT 00021076 ) ( JTPC). Lago Lanalhue, 37.9 ° S 73.3 ° W, 10 m, 08 Nov 1994, S. Oygur and E. Barrera, 23 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023590 , AMNH _ ENT 00023591 ), 3♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023592 – AMNH _ ENT 00023594 ) ( AMNH). Nahualbuta Mt. , Caramavida, 37.6833 ° S 73.35 ° W, 220 m, 31 Jan 1967, L. E. Peña, 43 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023687 – AMNH _ ENT 00023690 ) ( JTPC). Parque Nacional Nahualbuta, 37.78 ° S 73.1 ° W, 1100 m, 19 Nov 1981, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023335 ) ( AMNH). 23 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023656 , AMNH _ ENT 00023657 ), 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023676 ) ( JTPC). Biobio Prov.: 4 km E of El Abanico, 37.33 ° S 71.47 ° W, 938 m, 21 Nov 1981, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 33 ( AMNH _ENT 000- 20961– AMNH _ ENT 00020963 ) ( AMNH). 4 km E of El Abanico, 37.33 ° S 71.47 ° W, 950 m, 21 Nov 1981, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 23 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023914 ), 2♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023914 ), 1 nymph ( AMNH _ ENT 00023914 ), 103 ( AMNH _ ENT 00020952 – AMNH _ ENT 00020958 , AMNH _ ENT 00021389 – AMNH _ENT 000- 21391), 13♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020943 – AMNH _ ENT 00020951 , AMNH _ENT 000- 21385– AMNH _ ENT 00021388 ) ( AMNH). 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023665 ), 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023677 ) ( JTPC). 5 km E of El Abanico, 37.4 ° S 71.45 ° W, 1000 m, 21 Nov 1981, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023943 ), 2♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023943 ), 5 nymphs ( AMNH _ENT 000- 23943), 83 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021377 – AMNH _ ENT 00021384 ), 6♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00021371 – AMNH _ ENT 00021376 ) ( AMNH). Negrete, 37.58 ° S 72.52 ° W, 75 m, 29 Jan 1951, Ross and Michelbacher, 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023709 ), 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00021101 ) ( JTPC). Nuble Prov. : Las Trancas, 8 km W of Termas de Chillan, 36.87 ° S 71.62 ° W, 1300 m, 15 Nov 1981, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023927 ), 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00020964 ), 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020965 ) ( AMNH). Termas de Chillan , 36.9 ° S 71.52 ° W, 1800 m, 14 Nov 1981, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 53 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023465 , AMNH _ ENT 00023913 ), 4♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023913 ), 10 nymphs ( AMNH _ ENT 00023913 ), 143 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021256 – AMNH _ ENT 00021269 ), 10♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00021270 – AMNH _ ENT 00021279 ) ( AMNH). 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023658 ) ( JTPC). Coquimbo - Region IV: Elqui Prov. : 3 km SE of Alcohuaz, Comunidad Estancia , 30.26472 ° S 70.48333 ° W, 1823 m, 24 Oct 1994, S. Oygur and E. Barrera, 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023609 ), 3♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023562 – AMNH _ ENT 00023563 , AMNH _ ENT 00023610 ) ( AMNH). Las Hedionditas, 10 Jan 1966, L. E. Peña, 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021151 ) ( JTPC). Limari Prov. : 23 km SE of Hurtado, Rio Hurtado , 30.15666 ° S 70.65 ° W, 1620 m, 27 Oct 1994, S. Oygur and E. Barrera, 63 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023549 – AMNH _ ENT 00023554 ), 5♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023556 – AMNH _ENT 000- 23560) ( AMNH). 6 km SW of Hurtado, Puento Morillos on Rio Hurtado , 30.28333 ° S 70.7 ° W, 1040 m, 28 Oct 1994, S. Oygur and E. Barrera, 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023561 ) ( AMNH). Libertador General Bernardo O’Higgins - Region VI: Colchagua Prov. : Camino Termas del Flaco (Del Flaco Hot Springs), 34.85 ° S 70.55 ° W, 1850 m, 24 Nov 1969, L. E. Peña, 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021152 ) ( JTPC). Los Lagos - Region X: Chiloe Prov. : 28 km S of Castro, 42.67093 ° S 73.67644 ° W, 25 m, 01 Dec 1981, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 33 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023946 ), 3♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023946 ), 15 nymphs ( AMNH _ ENT 00023946 ), 153 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021455 – AMNH _ ENT 00021469 ), 14♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00021470 – AMNH _ ENT 00021483 ) ( AMNH). 23 ( AMNH _ ENT00021451 , AMNH _ ENT 00021452 ) ( EELM). 23 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023654 , AMNH _ ENT 00023655 ) ( JTPC). 33 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021448 – AMNH _ ENT 00021450 ) ( MNNC). 23 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021453 , AMNH _ENT 000- 21454) ( USNM). 5 km N of Quellon, 43.05 ° S 73.6 ° W, 110 m, 01 Dec 1981, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023917 ), 8 nymphs ( AMNH _ENT 000- 23917), 133 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021401 – AMNH _ ENT 00021413 ), 9♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00021392 – AMNH _ ENT 00021400 ) ( AMNH). Chepu, 42.055 ° S 74.03161 ° W, 10 m, 28 Nov 1981 – 29 Nov 1981, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023928 ), 2♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023336 , AMNH _ ENT 00023928 ), 1 nymph ( AMNH _ENT 000- 23928), 63 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021108 – AMNH _ ENT 00021113 ), 6♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00021102 – AMNH _ ENT 00021107 ) ( AMNH). Chiloe I W Quemchi , 42.13944 ° S 73.48804 ° W, 34 m, 07 Apr 1968, L. E. Peña, 2♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023711 , AMNH _ ENT 00023712 ), 23 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021077 , AMNH _ENT 000- 21078), 2♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00021079 , AMNH _ ENT 00021080 ) ( JTPC). Chonchi, 42.61277 ° S 73.80916 ° W, 46 m, 02 Dec 1966, J. Moreau, 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023647 ) ( MNNC). Dalcahue, Chiloe Island, 42.37814 ° S 73.65133 ° W, 4 m, 18 Jan 1962, R. Usinger, 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020667 ) ( UCR) ; 01 Feb 1967, L. E. Peña, 53 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023680 – AMNH _ ENT 00023684 ), 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023685 ), 2♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00021098 , AMNH _ENT 000- 21099) ( JTPC). Isla Calbuco, 41.76666 ° S 73.13333 ° W, 07 Feb 1937, H. Schwabe, 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00021100 ) ( JTPC). Isla Chiloe, Lago Huillinco , 42.67473 ° S 73.90071 ° W, 25 m, 09 Feb 1981, T. Cekalovic, 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00020967 ), 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020966 ) ( AMNH). W of Quemchi, 42.125 ° S 73.5183 ° W, 07 Apr 1968, L. E. Peña, 63 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023691 – AMNH _ ENT 00023696 ) ( JTPC). near Chepu at mouth of Rio Butalcura , 42.05 ° S 73.98 ° W, 4 m, 28 Nov 1981, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 23 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023908 ), 2♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023908 ), 12 nymphs ( AMNH _ ENT 00023908 ), 63 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021006 – AMNH _ ENT 00021010 , AMNH _ ENT 00021134 ), 10♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020996 – AMNH _ ENT 00021005 ) ( AMNH). Llanquihue Prov. : 2.5 km W of Saltos de Petrohue, margin of Rio Petrohue , 41.13333 ° S 72.4465 ° W, 190 m, 13 Dec 1981, R. T. Schuh and B. M. Massie, 83 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023324 – AMNH _ ENT 00023325 , AMNH _ ENT 00023932 ), 8♀ ( AMNH _ENT 000- 23326– AMNH _ ENT 00023327 , AMNH _ ENT 00023932 ), 1 nymph ( AMNH _ ENT 00023932 ), 483 ( AMNH _ ENT 00020845 – AMNH _ ENT 00020846 , AMNH _ ENT 00020932 – AMNH _ ENT 00020942 , AMNH _ ENT 00021509 – AMNH _ ENT 00021543 ), 12♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020926 – AMNH _ ENT 00020931 , AMNH _ ENT 00021544 – AMNH _ ENT 00021549 ) ( AMNH). 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023660 ) ( JTPC). 26 km E Puerto Varas, 41.3162 ° S 72.6718 ° W, 100 m, 26 Nov 1981, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 43 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023921 ), 3♀ ( AMNH _ENT 000- 23921), 143 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021242 – AMNH _ ENT 00021255 ), 17♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00021225 – AMNH _ ENT 00021241 ) ( AMNH). 33 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023661 – AMNH _ ENT 00023663 ), 2♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023674 , AMNH _ ENT 00023675 ) ( JTPC). 28.1 km W of Ensenada, Rt 225, Lago llanquihue, 41.21666 ° S 72.65 ° W, 150 m, 12 Nov 1994, S. Oygur & E. Barrera, 23 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023602 , AMNH _ ENT 00023603 ), 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023604 ) ( AMNH). 4 km SE Puerto Montt, 41.4871 ° S 72.9014 ° W, 30 m, 11 Dec 1981 – 12 Dec 1981, R. T. Schuh, 93 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023328 , AMNH _ENT 000- 23923, AMNH _ ENT 00023952 ), 2♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023330 , AMNH _ ENT 00023952 ), 1 nymph ( AMNH _ ENT 00023923 ), 173 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021484 – AMNH _ENT 000- 21500), 8♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00021501 – AMNH _ ENT 00021508 ) ( AMNH). 6.2 km SE of Ensenada, 41.21666 ° S 72.65 ° W, 115 m, 12 Nov 1994, S. Oygur & E. Barrera, 53 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023611 – AMNH _ ENT 00023615 ), 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023616 ) ( AMNH). Osorno Prov. : Lago Puyehue E of Entre Lagos, 40.68 ° S 72.37 ° W, 160 m, 24 Nov 1981, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 123 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023338 – AMNH _ ENT 00023339 , AMNH _ ENT 00023915 ), 11♀ ( AMNH _ENT 000- 23340, AMNH _ ENT 00023915 ), 10 nymphs ( AMNH _ ENT 00023915 ), 453 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021329 – AMNH _ ENT 00021357 , AMNH _ ENT 00021432 – AMNH _ENT 000- 21447), 27♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00021362 – AMNH _ ENT 00021370 , AMNH _ ENT 00021414 – AMNH _ ENT 00021431 ) ( AMNH). 2♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00021360 , AMNH _ ENT 00021361 ) ( EELM). 1♀ ( AMNH _ENT 000- 23672) ( JTPC). 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021358 ), 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00021359 ) ( USNM). Puente El Avion, 16.5 km W of Puancho, 40.41666 ° S 73.35 ° W, 150 m, 11 Nov 1994, S. Oygur & E. Barrera, 63 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023595 – AMNH _ ENT 00023600 ), 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023601 ) ( AMNH). vic. Termas de Puyehue , 40.66426 ° S 72.2854 ° W, 200 m, 24 Nov 1981, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 43 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023333 , AMNH _ ENT 00023925 , AMNH _ ENT 00023931 ), 3♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023925 , AMNH _ ENT 00023931 ), 10 nymphs ( AMNH _ ENT 00023925 , AMNH _ ENT 00023931 ), 93 ( AMNH _ ENT 00020987 – AMNH _ ENT 00020995 ), 11♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020976 – AMNH _ ENT 00020986 ) ( AMNH). Palena Prov. : 12 km W of jct of Futalefu and Palena roads, 43.47 ° S 72.12 ° W, 50 m, 16 Jan 1986, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 53 ( AMNH _ ENT 00020835 – AMNH _ENT 000- 20839) ( AMNH). 20 km N of Chaiten, 42.74158 ° S 72.76319 ° W, 50 m, 17 Jan 1986, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023916 ), 3♀ ( AMNH _ENT 000- 23916), 2 nymphs ( AMNH _ ENT 00023916 ), 83 ( AMNH _ ENT 00020849 – AMNH _ ENT 00020856 ), 4♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020857 – AMNH _ ENT 00020860 ) ( AMNH). 70 km S of Chaiten, 43.45386 ° S 72.40718 ° W, 500 m, 18 Jan 1986, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023926 ), 3♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023926 ), 10 nymphs ( AMNH _ ENT 00023926 ), 173 ( AMNH _ ENT 00020796 – AMNH _ ENT 00020812 ), 5♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020813 – AMNH _ ENT 00020817 ) ( AMNH). 90 km S of Chaiten on Rio Frio, S of Santa Lucia, 43.63 ° S 72.33 ° W, 80 m, 18 Jan 1986, R. T. Schuh, 23 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023912 ), 2♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023912 ), 5 nymphs ( AMNH _ ENT 00023912 ), 73 ( AMNH _ ENT 00020769 – AMNH _ ENT 00020775 ), 10♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020776 – AMNH _ ENT 00020785 ) ( AMNH). Chaiten , 42.92144 ° S 72.71462 ° W, 17 Jan 1986, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00020892 ) ( AMNH). Chaiten , 42.92144 ° S 72.71462 ° W, 8 m, 06 Dec 1981, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023919 ), 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023919 ), 15 nymphs ( AMNH _ ENT 00023919 ), 353 ( AMNH _ ENT 00020971 – AMNH _ ENT 00020975 , AMNH _ ENT 00021175 – AMNH _ ENT 00021204 ), 22♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020968 – AMNH _ENT 000- 20970, AMNH _ ENT 00021206 – AMNH _ ENT 00021224 ) ( AMNH). 13 ( AMNH _ENT 000- 23659), 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023673 ) ( JTPC). Valdivia Prov. : Lago Panguipulli , 37 km SE of Panguipulli, 39.75 ° S 72.33333 ° W, 300 m, 14 Nov 1994, S. Oygur & E. Barrera, 33 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023619 – AMNH _ENT 000- 23621) ( AMNH). Tres Esteros, Cord. San Jose, Stgo., 40.68333 ° S 72.88333 ° W, 105 m, 16 May 1947, L. E. Peña, 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT00021174 ) ( JTPC). Magallanes y Antartica Chilena - Region XII: Magallanes Prov. : 20 km S Punta Arenas, 53.3204 ° S 70.95856 ° W, 30 m, 17 Dec 1981, R. T. Schuh and B. M. Massie, 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023334 ), 83 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021035 – AMNH _ ENT 00021042 ), 4♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00021043 – AMNH _ ENT 00021046 ) ( AMNH). 2♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00021047 , AMNH _ ENT 00021048 ) ( MNNC). 61 km SE of Puerto Natales, 52.04 ° S 71.73 ° W, 100 m, 18 Dec 1981, R. T. Schuh and B. M. Massie, 113 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023331 , AMNH _ ENT 00023920 ), 6♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023332 , AMNH _ENT 000- 23920), 263 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021120 – AMNH _ ENT 00021124 , AMNH _ ENT 00021292 – AMNH _ ENT 00021296 , AMNH _ ENT 00021304 – AMNH _ ENT 00021319 ), 16♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020847 , AMNH _ENT 000- 21114– AMNH _ ENT 00021119 , AMNH _ ENT 00021320 – AMNH _ ENT 00021328 ) ( AMNH). 23 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021300 , AMNH _ ENT 00021301 ) ( EELM). 33 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021297 – AMNH _ENT 000- 21299) ( MNNC). 23 ( AMNH _ENT 000- 21302, AMNH _ ENT 00021303 ) ( USNM). Laguna Amarga, 50.98333 ° S 72.75 ° W, 130 m, 28 Feb 1969, L. E. Peña, 33 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021068 – AMNH _ENT 000- 21070), 2♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00021071 , AMNH _ ENT 00021072 ) ( JTPC). Laguna Figueros (villa laguna), 28 Jan 1976, T. Cekalovic, 23 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021148 , AMNH _ ENT 00021149 ) ( AMNH). N Mina Río , 16 Mar 1967, L. E. Peña, 2♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00021158 , AMNH _ ENT 00021159 ) ( JTPC). v. Punta Arenas , 53.15 ° S 70.91667 ° W, 30 m, 01 Dec 1962, P.J. Darlington, 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00021169 ) ( AMNH). Ultima Esperanza Prov. : 6 km SE Puerto Natales, 51.75871 ° S 72.4259 ° W, 90 m, 18 Dec 1981 – 20 Dec 1981, R. T. Schuh, B. M. Massie, 183 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021011 – AMNH _ ENT 00021028 ), 7♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00021029 – AMNH _ ENT 00021034 , AMNH _ ENT 00021049 ) ( AMNH). 33 ( AMNH _

ENT 00023666– AMNH _ ENT 00023668 ), 2♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023670 , AMNH _ ENT 00023671 ) ( JTPC). 7 km SE Puerto Natales, 51.78 ° S 72.44 ° W, 125 m, 20 Nov 1981, R.T.Schuh and B. Massie, 23 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023922 ), 193 ( AMNH _ ENT 00020901 – AMNH _ ENT 00020919 ), 6♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00020920 – AMNH _ ENT 00020925 ) ( AMNH). Maule - Region VII: Curico Prov.: Vegas de Vagara, Rio Teno , 34.98333 ° S 71.38333 ° W, 2700 m, 20 Jan 1964, L. E. Peña, 4♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023713 , AMNH _ENT 000- 23719– AMNH _ ENT 00023721 ) ( JTPC) ; 20 Jan 1964, L. E. Peña, 23 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023706 , AMNH _ ENT 00023707 ), 63 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021081 – AMNH _ENT 000- 21084, AMNH _ ENT 00021144 – AMNH _ ENT 00021145 ), 13♀ ( AMNH _ENT 000- 21085– AMNH _ ENT 00021088 , AMNH _ ENT 00021135 – AMNH _ ENT 00021143 ) ( JTPC). Talca Prov. : 55.8 km E of San Clemente, Rio Maule, 35.76666 ° S 70.98333 ° W, 510 m, 06 Nov 1994, S. Oygur & E. Barrera, 73 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023531 – AMNH _ ENT 00023537 ), 7♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023538 – AMNH _ ENT 00023544 ) ( AMNH). Metropolitana De Santiago: Cordillera Prov. : La Parva, 33.3 ° S 70.2667 ° W, 3700 m, 01 Dec 1983, G. A.S., 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023648 ) ( MNNC). Santiago Prov.: Farellones, 33.3 ° S 70.25 ° W, 2700 m, 08 Sep 1962, L. E. Peña, 33 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021125 – AMNH _ ENT 00021127 ), 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00021128 ) ( AMNH). 5♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023714 – AMNH _ ENT 00023718 ), 63 ( AMNH _ ENT 00021089 – AMNH _ ENT 00021094 ), 3♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00021095 – AMNH _ ENT 00021097 ) ( JTPC). Farellones, 33.3 ° S 70.25 ° W, 2700 m, 08 Apr 1962, L. E. Peña, 43 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023702 – AMNH _ ENT 00023705 ) ( JTPC). Laguna de Aculeo, 33.856 ° S 70.926 ° W, 375 m, 12 Nov 1981, R.T. Schuh and N.I. Platnick, 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023342 ), 1♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023341 ) ( AMNH). Valparaiso - Region V: Los Andes Prov. : 40 km E of Los Andes, 32.90388 ° S 70.25 ° W, 1500 m, S. Oygur & E. Barrera, 123 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023564 – AMNH _ ENT 00023575 ), 14♀ ( AMNH _ ENT 00023576 – AMNH _ ENT 00023589 ) ( AMNH). Quillota Prov. : 9 km W jct Rts 60 & 5, Rio Aconcagua , 32.66972 ° S 71.2 ° W, 240 m, 01 Nov 1994, S. Oygur & E. Barrera, 13 ( AMNH _ ENT 00023555 ) ( AMNH) .

Figures

Map 5. Distribution of Pseudosaldula bruesi.

Map 6. Distribution of Pseudosaldula chilensis.

Fig. 1. Parandria of 14 Pseudosaldula spp. and two Saldula spp.

Fig. 8. Pseudosaldula bruesi (scanning electron micrographs): Left paramere. A. General view of ventral face. B. Detail of setae on processus sensualis from ventral face. C. Apicodorsal view of setae on processus sensualis. D. Apex of paramere showing short setiform sensors.

Fig. 2. Parameres of Pseudosaldula andensis–penai. Note: The point of insertion of many setae on the paramere cannot be seen because the paramere is heavily sclerotized and nearly opaque. Setae are therefore not drawn to show their exact distribution in many cases, but only to show their lengths and numbers. Nonetheless, the setae of the processes sensualis are drawn so as to accurately portray their number and distribution.

Fig. 9. Pseudosaldula chilensis (scanning electron micrographs). A. Lateral view whole specimen. B. Frontolateral view of face showing structure of transverse swelling across base of clypeus. C. Dorsal view of pronotum, scutellum, and base of hemelytra showing setae on dorsum and contrast between polished pronotum and scutellum and dull hemelytron covered with microtrichia. D. Detail of clavus showing common setae and microtrichia. E. Close-up view of microtrichia in 15D. F. Gland pore on paramere. G. Ventrolateral view of apical third of left paramere. H. Lateral view of apical region of paramere, including processus sensualis. I. Detail view of setae on processus sensualis. tvs, transverse swelling.

Fig. 10. Pseudosaldula chilensis, adult (scanning electron micrographs). A. Foreleg, showing small number of spines and distal antennal cleaner on tibia. B. Detail of pretarsus of foreleg showing reduced parempodia and absence of dorsal arolium. C. Middle leg, showing moderate number of spines on tibia. D. Detail of pretarsus of middle leg showing reduced parempodia and presence of dorsal arolium. E. Hind leg, showing large number of spines on tibia. F. Detail of pretarsus on hind leg showing reduced parempodia and presence of dorsal arolium. da, dorsal arolium.

Fig. 11. Pseudosaldula chilensis (scanning electron micrographs). A. Elongate seta on ventral surface of hind femur. B. Detail of base of elongate seta on ventral surface of hind femur. C. Ventral view of base of right forewing showing hypocostal ridge and wing coupling mechanism. D. Dorsal view of abdomen of male. E. Doral view of pygophore (detail) showing parameres in repose. F. Abdominal grasping organ in male, left side. G. Abdominal grasping organ in male, right side. aga, abdominal grasping apparatus.