Echiniscus bigranulatus Richters, 1908a

Kaczmarek, Łukasz, Michalczyk, Łukasz & Mcinnes, Sandra J., 2015, Annotated zoogeography of non-marine Tardigrada. Part II: South America, Zootaxa 3923 (1), pp. 1-107 : 10-12

11. Echiniscus bigranulatus Richters, 1908a [T] [m]

Echiniscus bigranulatus n. sp. ( Richters 1908a)

Echiniscus bigranulatus mihi ( Richters 1911a)

Echiniscus bigranulatus Richters. ( Heinis 1914)

Echiniscus bigranulatus Richt. ( Marcus 1939)

Echiniscus (Echiniscus) bigranulatus Richters, 1907 ( Ramazzotti 1962a , Rossi & Claps 1980, Claps & Rossi 1981, 1984, 1988)

Echiniscus (Echiniscus) bigranulatus Richters, 1906 ( Ramazzotti 1964a) Echiniscus (Echiniscus) bigranulatus ( Ramazzotti 1964b) E. (E.) bigranulatus Richters, 1907 ( Rossi & Claps 1989) Echiniscus bigranulatus Richters, 1907 ( Garitano-Zavala 1995) E. bigranulatus ( Garitano-Zavala 1996)

Echiniscus bigranulatus ( Jørgensen et al. 2011)

Terra typica: Argentina (South America)

Argentina:

• 23°08′S, 64°19′W; 350 m asl: Salta Province, Orán [San Ramón de la Nueva Orán ], mosses on rock. Claps & Rossi (1984)

• 24°44′S, 65°29′W; 1,350 m asl: Salta Province, San Lorenzo, lichens on wood from soil in the mountains. Claps & Rossi (1984)

• 24°45′S, 65°28′W; 1,300 m asl: Salta Province, road from Salta to San Lorenzo, lichens on tree. Claps & Rossi (1984)

• 25°38′S, 65°39′W; 1,250 m asl: Salta Province, road from Cafayate to Salta, mosses on tree in the mountains. Claps & Rossi (1984)

• 25°58′S, 54°34′W; 200 m asl: Misiones Province, Arroyo Uruguai near Wanda, mosses on rocks. Claps & Rossi (1988)

• 26°47′S, 65°20′W; 750 m asl: Tucumán Province, Horco Molle, lichens on tree. Claps & Rossi (1984)

• 27°57′S, 58°48′W; 50 m asl: Corrientes Province, Empedrado, Paraje Sombrerito, mosses on fallen tree. Claps & Rossi (1988)

• 28°04′S, 55°41′W; 100 m asl: Misiones Province, Azara, road in the port, lichens on tree. Claps & Rossi (1988)

• 28°23′S, 57°53′W; 50 m asl: Corrientes Province, Concepción, Estancia Abuelita Justa, mosses on soil from cement. Claps & Rossi (1988)

• 31°43′S, 60°20′W; 50 m asl: Entre Ríos Province, Parque General San Martín, lichens on tree. Claps & Rossi (1988)

• 33°00′S, 58°31′W; 0 m asl: Entre Ríos Province, Gualeguaychú, lichens on tree. Claps & Rossi (1988)

• 36°22′S, 56°43′W; 0 m asl: Buenos Aires Province, San Clemente del Tuy, mosses on shaded soil and lichens on tree ( Eucalyptus ) (3 samples). Rossi & Claps (1980)

• 36°24′S, 56°57′W; 0 m asl: Buenos Aires Province, Port General Lavalle, lichens on trees (Tamarisk and Eucalyptus ) in full sun (2 samples). Rossi & Claps (1980)

• 36°24′S, 56°57′W; 0 m asl: Buenos Aires Province, General Lavalle, lichens on isolated tree ( Eucalyptus ). Rossi & Claps (1980)

• 36°24′S, 56°49′W; 0 m asl: Buenos Aires Province, road between San Clemente del Tuy and General Lavalle, lichens. Rossi & Claps (1980)

• 39°08′S, 71°17′W; 1,000 m asl: Neuquén Province, Aluminé, Ñorquinco Lake, moss and lichen on soil. Rossi et al. (2009)

• 39°12′S, 70°55′W; 900 m asl: Neuquén Province, Aluminé, Rucachoroi Lake, lichen on tree. Rossi et al. (2009)

• 39°25′S, 71°19′W; 1,000 m asl: Neuquén Province, Aluminé, Quillén Lake, lichen on tree and moss on soil (2 samples). Rossi et al. (2009)

• 40°07′S, 71°39′W; 700 m asl: Neuquén Province, Hua Hum, Junín de los Andes, mosses on soil and rock. Rossi et al. (2009)

• 41°00′S, 71°30′W; 800 m asl: Neuquén Province, Isla Victoria, mosses on tree. Rossi & Claps (1989)

• 41°08′S, 71°20′W; 950 m asl: Rio Negro Province, Cerro Runge, very wet, mosses from forest. Claps & Rossi (1981)

• 41°11′S, 71°49′W; 1,800 m asl: Rio Negro Province, Nahuel Huapi National Park, Monte Tronador, lichens on rocks, tree and tree ( Nothofagus pumilio ) (3 samples). Rossi & Claps (1989)

• 41°13′S, 71°30′W; 2,250 m asl: Rio Negro Province, Nahuel Huapí National Park, Cerro Catedral, very wet, mosses on soil and semi-wet, lichens on tree ( Nothofagus sp.) (3 samples). Claps & Rossi (1981)

• 41°58′S, 71°29′W; 1,170 m asl: Rio Negro Province, El Bolsón, Piltriquitron Mt., mosses on bark and bases of trees in Nothofagus pumilio forest. Iharos (1963)

• 41°59′S, 71°31′W; 360 m asl: Rio Negro Province, El Bolsón, foot of Piltriquitron Mt., mosses on wet cliff of promontory, partly on soil. Iharos (1963)

• 41°59′S, 71°31′W; 350 m asl: Rio Negro Province, El Bolsón, foot of Piltriquitron Mt., mosses on rocks in shaded Libocedrus chilensis -Lomatia obliqua forest. Iharos (1963)

• 41°59′S, 71°30′W; 530 m asl: Rio Negro Province, El Bolsón, Piltriquitron Mt., mosses on tree trunk on southern slope. Iharos (1963)

• 42°13′S, 71°42′W; 220 m asl: Chubut Province, El Turbio, Puelo Lake, mosses on wet soil in primeval Nothofagus dombeyi - Libocedrus chilensis forest near the lake. Iharos (1963)

• 42°37′S, 71°53′W; 550 m asl: Chubut Province, Cistre [Rio Cisne]. Michalczyk & Kaczmarek (2006a)

• 48°47′S, 69°11′W: Undefined locality, Santa Cruz Province, Valle de la Florida, lichens on soil. Rossi & Claps (1989)

• 48°47′S, 69°11′W: Undefined locality, Santa Cruz Province, Arroyo Cerro de los Condores, mosses on tree. Rossi & Claps (1989)

• 50°06′S, 73°20′W; 200 m asl: Santa Cruz Province, Los Glaciares National Park, Bahia Onelli, mosses on tree, lichens on tree, lichens on tree ( Nothofagus betuloides ), mosses and lichens on tree ( Nothofagus betuloides ) (5 samples). Rossi & Claps (1989)

• 50°06′S, 73°18′W; 200 m asl: Santa Cruz Province, Los Glaciares National Park, shores of Argentino Lake, near the Onelli glacier, Nothofagus forests, in the shade, mosses and lichens on trees and rocks. Maucci (1988)

• 50°18′S, 72°48′W; 200 m asl: Santa Cruz Province, shores of Argentino Lake, La Bandera [Puerto Bandera] near El Calafate, lichens on rocks, in full sunlight. Maucci (1988)

• 54°47′S, 68°13′W; 100 m asl: Tierra del Fuego Province, Tierra Mayor ( Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego), moss ( Sphagnum sp.) on rocks. Rossi & Claps (1989)

• 54°48′S, 68°29′W; 200 m asl: Tierra del Fuego Province, Rio Pipo, lichens on tree ( Nothofagus betuloides ). Rossi & Claps (1989)

• 54°48′S, 68°18′W; 50 m asl: Type Locality: Tierra del Fuego Province, Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, Ushuaia. Richters (1908a)

• 54°51′S, 68°29′W; 0 m asl: Tierra del Fuego Province, Tierra del Fuego National Park, Bahia Ensenada, mosses and lichens on rocks. Rossi & Claps (1989)

Bolivia:

• 16°11′S, 68°35′W; 3,680–4,000 m asl: La Paz Department, Cordillera de la Real de los Andes, Huarina, moorland floor, cushion moss. Garitano-Zavala (1995, 1996)

• 16°13′S, 68°13′W; 4,550–4,700 m asl: La Paz Department, Cordillera de la Real de los Andes, Tuni, subnival floor, cushion moss. Garitano-Zavala (1995, 1996)

• 16°18′S, 68°17′W; 4,300–4,400 m asl: La Paz Department, Cordillera de la Real de los Andes, Wila Kunka, high Andean floor, cushion moss. Garitano-Zavala (1995, 1996)

Chile:

• 30°25′S – 37°45′S [30 ° 40′S, 71 ° 41′W]; 600–620 m asl: Region IV Coquimbo (Región de Coquimbo), Fray Jorge (near Ovalle, 420 km north of Santiago), mosses from moist temperate (fog) forest, completely surrounded by steppe zones. Ramazzotti (1962a)

• 30°25′S – 37°45′S [32 ° 58′S, 71 ° 01′W]; 1,900 m asl: Region V Valparaíso (Región de Valparaíso), Cerro El Roble (45 km. east of Valparaiso), mosses and lichens from deciduous forest of Nothofagus obliqua var. macrocarpa . Ramazzotti (1962a)

• 32°58′S, 71°00′W; 1,170 m asl: Region V Valparaíso (Región de Valparaíso), Cerro El Roble, mosses and leaf litter leaves. Ramazzotti (1964a)

• 30°25′S – 37°45′S [34 ° 10′S, 70 ° 45′W]; 1,000 m asl: VI Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region (VI Región del Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins), Rancagua (“El Arrayàn”) (80 km south of Santiago), moss from steppe formations and shrubs of the Andean foothills. Ramazzotti (1962a)

• 30°25′S – 37°45′S [37 ° 43′S, 73 ° 02′W]; 1,100 m asl: Region IX Araucania (Región de la Araucanía), Cordillera Nahuelbuta (south of Concepción), lichens from moist mixed rainforest of Araucaria araucana , Nothofagus obliqua and N. dombeyi . Ramazzotti (1962a)

• 42°37′S, 73°49′W; 50–100 m asl: Region X Los Lagos (Región de Los Lagos), Chiloé Island, mosses (2 samples). Ramazzotti (1964b)

• 50°59′S, 73°00′W; 1,200 m asl: Region XII Magallanes (Región de Magallanes y de la Antártica Chilena), Torres del Paine National Park, mosses on trees and rocks, nearly all in half sunlight. Maucci (1988)

• 51°34′S, 72°36′W; 200 m asl: Region XII Magallanes (Región de Magallanes y de la Antártica Chilena), Ultima Esperanza, near Cueva del Milodón, mosses on rocks, in sunlight. Maucci (1988)

• 51°34′S, 72°36′W; 200 m asl: Region XII Magallanes (Región de Magallanes y de la Antártica Chilena), Milodon Cave [Cueva del Milodón]. Jørgensen et al. (2011)

• 53°38′S, 70°59′W; 50 m asl: Region XII Magallanes (Región de Magallanes y de la Antártica Chilena), San Juan (Punta Arenas), mosses on soil. Binda & Pilato (1999b)

• 55°14′S, 66°33′W; 200 m asl: Tierra del Fuego Province, Isla Nueva, moss on soil. Michalczyk & Kaczmarek (2006a)

Colombia:

• Unidentified locality: Heinis (1928) indicating the presence of this species in Colombia. This may have been a new addition to the Heinis (1914) list or a re-examination of slides identified in that publication.

Ecuador:

• 00°11′S, 78°36′W; 4,500 m asl: Pichincha Province, Pichincha Volcano, soil sample. Pilato et al. (2001)

• 00°22′S, 78°09′W; 4,000 m asl: Napo Province, Papallacta Pass, moss ( Leptodontium viticulosoides ). Pilato et al. (2001)

Paraguay:

• 25°20′S, 57°13′W; 200 m asl: Cordillera Department, Cordillera de Altos, Tucangua, mosses and lichens on palm tree ( Acrocomia sclerocarpa ). Richters (1911a)

Record numbers: Argentina: 38, Bolivia: 3, Chile: 11, Colombia: 1, Ecuador: 2, Paraguay: 1; total: 56.

Remarks: This bona fida species belongs to the Neotropical and Antarctic bigranulatus group and, is easily mistaken for other members of the group (see: Michalczyk & Kaczmarek 2006a, 2007), thus all records prior to 2006 require confirmation. There is a single record from China ( Yang 2007) but as this genus appears to have a Gondwanan distribution the Chinese specimen(s) should be considered dubious and must be reevaluated.