Dyckia racemosa Baker, Handb. Bromel.
publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.11646/phytotaxa.349.3.8 |
persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03912B3E-FF97-5F43-97B2-BD37CBAABCDE |
treatment provided by |
Felipe |
scientific name |
Dyckia racemosa Baker, Handb. Bromel. |
status |
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Dyckia racemosa Baker, Handb. Bromel. View in CoL 132. 1889. ( Figs. 1 View FIGURE 1 , 2 View FIGURE 2 and 3 View FIGURE 3 )
Type:— BRAZIL. Tocantins: Arraias , dry hills, 12º56’S, 46º57’W, fl., February 1840, Gardner 4015 (holotype, K; photo, K!) GoogleMaps
Plant terrestrial, flowering 91-127 cm tall. Rhizome without side ramifications, populations formed by segregated single individuals not forming clumps. Leaves 15-22 in number, rigid, coriaceous, spreading-arched (basal leaves) to suberect-erect (median and upper leaves) and unilaterally curved, forming assymmetrical rosetes of 31-38 cm tall and 38-58 cm in diameter; sheaths broadly ovate to elliptic, 2.7-4.2 × 3.5-4.9 cm, greenish to cream colored, densely white lepidote on both surfaces, aculeate, thorns brown; blades linear-triangular, 41-60 × 1.2-1.8 cm, canaliculate, succulent, green often with spotty wine basal region of the adaxial surface, white lepidote, with trichomes concentrated between the ribs not fully obscuring the leaf color, upper half becoming glabrous, apex acute, pungent, margins glabrous, aculate, spines retrorse or rarely straight so, except the distal ones that are antrorse, spines 1.1-1.8 mm long, 0.4-0.6 mm wide at the base, 0.7-1.7 cm apart. Inflorescence simple or rarely compound, erect, 98-133 cm tall, sometimes with one single suberect basal branch of ca 10 cm long, with a stipe of 4.4 mm long and ca 4 flowered; peduncle terete, 82-100 cm long, green, glabrous and glabrescent in the upper third, white lepidote, with internodes 3.6-6.6 cm long in upper half; peduncle bracts shorter than the internodes, except in the lower third of the peduncle, those foliaceous,ovate or triangular, long acuminate, ending in a spine, stramineous with green base, carinate, margins inconspicuously serrulate or fimbriate, the upper ones 7.4-12 × 2.8-7.7 mm, white pubescent; rachis green, terete, flexuous, pubescent; primary bracts shorter than the stipe of the branches, triangular, 8.4 × 5 mm, similar as the upper peduncle bracts, Floral bracts ones shorter than the pedicel, stramineous, convex, carnate, white floccose, ovate to triangular, acute, pungent, 4.2-6.7 × 3.4-5.3 mm, margins erose. Flowers 18-26 in number, polistichous, lax, divergent to suberect, including pedicel 1.5- 2.2 cm long, corolla tubular; pedicel evident, (2.2) 5-9 mm long, 1.3-3.3 mm diameter, terete, green, white floccose; sepals reaching the midpoint of the petals or slightly above, 6.2-7.4 × 4.8-7.2 mm, elliptic to ovate, obtuse to acute, green to orange-green, imbricate, fleshy, white floccose, convex, margins fimbriate; petals orange to dark-orange, after anthesis with whitish margins, obovate, obtuse, 8.2-11.6 × 6-9 mm, convolute erect, sparcely white floccose, margins entire; stamens included; filaments yellowish, complanate, 6.7-7.5 mm long, adnate to the petals and forming a common tube of 0.3-2.2 mm with the petals, connate for 1.4-3.9 mm above the common tube; anthers triangular, 1.4- 2.5 mm long, attenuate, curved outward; ovary pyramidal, attenuately merging into the style, 4.3-6.8 mm long, orange to green; style orange to wine, 1 mm long; stigma conduplicate-spiral, 0.7-1.5 mm long, orange. Fruits unknown.
Additional specimen examined: –– BRAZIL, Bahia, Barreiras, road to Cachoeira do Redondo , 11º58’23”S, 45º30’53”W, 17.IV.2013, fl., R. C. Forzza 7451 ( RB!) GoogleMaps . Goiás, Posse, vicinity of Posse, Rio da Prata, Serra Geral de Goiás , 14º13’S, 46º37’W, 09.IV.1966, fl., H. S. Irwin et al. 14528 ( NYBG!; UB!) GoogleMaps . Maranhão, Fortaleza dos Nogueiras, Agrosserra, Cuzcuzeiro, 328 m elev. 6°54’05”S, 45°58’16”W, 06. VI.2015, fl.cult., E. A. E. Guarçoni 2352 & A. W. C. Ferreira ( BMA) GoogleMaps ; fl., E.A.E. Guarçoni 2353 & A.W.C. Ferreira (BMA); Serra da Croeira, toward Agrosserra, Cachoeira Recanto da Águia, 340 m elev., 06º57’21”S, 46º00’08”W, 08.II.2016, fl., E. A. E. Guarçoni 2416, A. W. C. Ferreira & E. O. Silva ( BMA). Mirador, Parque Estadual do Mirador , 06º37’49”S, 45º52’25”W, 06.VI.2015, fl., E. A. E. Guarçoni 2348 & A. W. C. Ferreira ( BMA) GoogleMaps ; fl.cult., E.A.E. Guarçoni 2351 & A.W.C. Ferreira (BMA).
Distinctive characters:–– Dyckia racemosa may be confused with D. dissitiflora Schultes & Schultes (1830: 1194) and D. maracasensis Ule (1908: 197) when having a simple inflorescence and with D. irwinii Smith (1967: 483) when having a compound inflorescence ( Table 1).
The species can be distinguished from D. dissitiflora by having larger leaves (41.3–59.4 vs. ca. 20 cm), white-lepidote on both leaf surfaces (vs. on the abaxial surface only); lower floral bracts, ovate to triangular (vs. lanceolate), smaller than pedicels (vs. equal in length or longer); longer pedicels (5.9–9.2 vs. 3–4 mm) and longer flowers (1.5–2.2 vs. 1.2–1.3 cm).
From D. maracasensis, D. racemosa it can be distinguished by having larger rosettes (31.8–37.8 vs. 20 cm tall); the leaf sheaths ovate to elliptical (vs. suborbicular); smaller spines (1.1–1.8 vs. 2 mm); leaf blades white-lepidote adaxially (vs. glabrous); peduncle white-glabescent or glabrous (vs. densely ferruginous-flocculose near the apex); rachis white-glabrescent (vs. ferruginous-flocculose); polystichous flowered (vs. distichous or sometimes spreading and secund); petals obovate (vs. elliptic).
Dyckia racemosa can be differentiated from D. irwinii by having smaller spines (1.1–1.8 vs. 2 mm), glabrous or glabrescent peduncle (vs. lepidote); glabrous or glabrescent rachis (vs. ferruginous-lepidote); lower floral bracts 4.2– 6.7 mm long (vs. 10 mm); pedicels largers (5.9–9.2 vs. 5 mm); anthers triangular (vs. linear).
Distribution and habitat:––Until now, Dyckia racemosa had only been known to occur at the Brazilian states of Bahia, Goiás and Tocantis, in Cerrado areas ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 ). The species distribution pattern is associated to regions on hillsides of Serra Geral, between 247–800 m elevation. Our new findings extends the distribution of the taxon to about 595 km north from its nearest known collection site.
In Maranhão, Dyckia racemosa was observed growing terrestrial on a Cerrado like rocky soil ( Fig. 2a View FIGURE 2 ), being either partially or totally exposed to the sun. We found three populations composed of a few individuals, all were at adult stage, growing as isolated rosettes.
Phenology: —February to June.
Conservation status: —Despite having an extensive geographic distribution area (EOO), of 66,955.635 km 2, D. racemosa has a restricted area of occupancy area (AOO), estimated 28 km 2. The area of occupation is highly fragmented and the individuals therein are distributed in seven small, isolated populations ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 ), which thereby increases the risk of extinction.
According to the criteria adopted by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN 2010), D. racemosa can be considered as Endangered. [EN; B2a, b (ii, iii, iv)]. In addition, the species distribution is severely fragmented, and its area of occupation is subject to periodic fire, extractivism (illegal removal of plants from the environment) and illegal human Activities.
Acknowledgment
The authors want to thank the reviewers and editor Thorsten Krömer and Eric Gouda, for their comments and suggestions, to improve the manuscript; Reinaldo Monteiro, for making the illustration; FAPEMA (UNIVERSAL-00855/17) for the financing of research; Profa. Patrícia Maia Correia de Albuquerque (Laboratory of Bee Studies— L.E.A.—UFMA) and biologist Roberth Ricard Diniz Pereira, for providing support during field work; Chico Mendes Institute (ICMBIO nº 47854-2) and the Maranhão State Secretariat for the Environment and Natural Resources, for granting us permits for collecting of botanical material; and herbaria K, NYBG, RB and UB, for making material of their collections digitally available.
References
Baker, J.G. (1889) Handbook of the Bromeliaceae. Georg Bell & Sons, London, 132 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.51681
Dyckia in Flora do Brasil 2020 em construção. (2017) Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Disponível em: http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov. br/reflora/floradobrasil/FB6046 (accessed 18 January 2017)
Gouda, E.J., Butcher, D. & Gouda, C.S. (cont.updated) Encyclopaedia of Bromeliads, Version 3. University Botanic Gardens, Utrecht. Available from: http://encyclopedia.florapix.nl/ (accessed 18 January 2017)
IUCN (2010) The IUCN red list of threatened species, version 2010.4. IUCN Red List Unit, Cambridge. U.K. Available from: http://www. iucnredlist.org/ (accessed 19 January 2017)
Krapp, F., Pinange, D., Benko-Iseppon, A., Leme, E.M.C. & Weising, K. (2014) Phylogeny and evolution of Dyckia (Bromeliaceae) inferred from chloroplast and nuclear sequences. Plant Systematics and Evolution 300: 1591–1614.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-014-0985-0
Mez, C. (1891 –1894) Bromeliaceae. In: Martius, C.F.P. Flora Brasiliensis, Part. 3. Monachu: Lipisiae apud Fleish in Comm, pp. 173– 634.
Radford, A.E., Dickison, W.C., Massey, J.R. & Bell, C.R. (1974) Vascular plant systematics. New York, Harper and Row., 891 pp.
Schultes, J.A. & Schultes, J.H. (1830) Systema Vegetabilium ed. 15. J.G. Cottae Stuttgardtiae: Sumtibus JG Cottae, pp. 1817–1830.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.825
CRIA — Centro de Referência e Informação Ambiental (2011) Specieslink network. Available from: http://www.splink.org.br/index (accessed 9 August 2017)
Silva, I.V. & Scatena, V.L. (2011) Anatomia de escapos de espécies de Bromeliaceae da Amazônia, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Hoehnea 38: 51–59.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S2236-89062011000100005
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https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201162204
Silva, I.V. & Scatena, V.L. (2011) Anatomia de raízes de nove espécies de Bromeliaceae (Poales) da região amazônica do estado de Mato
Grosso, Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 25: 618–627.
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Smith, L.B. (1958) Trés Bromeliáceas novas do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Série Botânica II 1: 1–5.
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Thiers, B. (2018) [continuously updated] Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/ (accessed 14 May 2018)
K |
Royal Botanic Gardens |
R |
Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile |
C |
University of Copenhagen |
RB |
Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro |
H |
University of Helsinki |
S |
Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History |
NYBG |
New York Botanical Garden |
UB |
Laboratoire de Biostratigraphie |
VI |
Mykotektet, National Veterinary Institute |
E |
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh |
A |
Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum |
W |
Naturhistorisches Museum Wien |
O |
Botanical Museum - University of Oslo |
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