Scolopia erythrocarpa H.Perrier

Applequist, Wendy L. & Schatz, George E., 2016, A synoptic revision of the Malagasy species of Scolopia Schreb. (Salicaceae, Scolopieae), Adansonia 38 (1), pp. 99-115 : 106-107

3. Scolopia erythrocarpa H.Perrier

Mémoires du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, n.s., 13: 277- 278 (1940).

— Type: Madagascar. Prov. Toamasina, forêts côtières de l’Est , fl., Louvel 213 (lecto-, designated by Sleumer [Blumea 20: 54 (1972)], P [ P00077413 ]!; fragment, L, photo seen).

Scolopia louvelii H.Perrier , Mémoires du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, n.s., 13: 279 (1940), as “ Louveli ”.

— Type: Madagascar. Prov. Toamasina, forêts côtières de l’E, fl., Louvel 204 (holo-, P [ P00077410 ]!; fragment, L, photo seen).

Richeopsis perrierii Arènes , Notulae Systematicae 15: 3-4 (1954). —

Type: Madagascar. Prov. Toamasina, environs de Maroantsetra , forêt littorale près de la mer, X.1912, fl., Perrier de la Bâthie 2023 (holo-, P[P00077411]! ; iso-, P[P00077412]!).

ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Madagascar. Prov. Antsiranana, forêt Ambodipont , Vinanivao , Antalaha , Parc Masoala , 15°44’45”S, 50°19’25”E, 0-10 m, 3.X.1996, fl., fr., Bernard 375 (MO, P, USMS) . —

Prov. Fianarantsoa. Fiv. Nosy Varika, fir. Ambahy , Ambahy , 20°46’20”S, 48°28’39”E, 13 m, 7.XII.2002, fr., Koopman et al. 126 (MO, P). — Sous-préfecture Nosy Varika, commune rurale Ambahy , 2.5 km au NE du village d’Ambahy, 20°44’22”S, 48°29’15”E, 14 m, 12.XI.2003, fl., Ludovic 459 (MO, P). — Préfecture Farafangana, commune rurale Mahabo-Mananivo , fokontany Nosiala , zone forestière d’Ampandramadinika, 23°12’38”S, 47°42’44”E, 18 m, 11.IV.2004, fr., Ludovic 710 (MO). — Préfecture Farafangana, commune rurale Mahabo-Mananivo , 23°11’06”S, 47°41’31”E, 21 m, 8.XII.2003, fr., Ludovic & Bona Kondro 501 (MO). — Préf. Brickaville, com. Amboniaonana , fok. Andravokoditra , forêt de Vohibola , piste Ambodinanto , partie S de Vohibola , 18°34’54”- 18°34’20”S, 49°14’42”-49°14’54”E, 53 m, 7.I.2003, fr., Ludovic & Rakotoarivony 214 (MO). — Fivondronana Farafangana, firaisampokontany Mahabo Mananivo , fokontany Nosy Ala , forêt d’Analazaha, 23°10’13”S, 47°43’27”E, 22 m, 26.VIII.2003, Rabehevitra et al. 552 (MO, P). — Fivondronana Nosy Varika, firaisana Ambahy , fokontany Ambahy , forêt d’Andohan’I Martin , 20°48’07”, 48°28’56”E, 9 m, 15.II.2004, fr., Rabehevitra et al. 891 (MO). — Environs 50 km de Farafangana , sur la route de Vangaindrano , 23°10’15”S, 47°42’29”E, 7.II.2001, fr., Rabevohitra & Rabenantoandro 3829 (MO). — 13 km au N de Manakara, 22°01’41”S, 48°04’10”E, 8.II.2011, fr., Rabevohitra & Rabenantoandro 3848 (MO). — Fivondronana Farafangana, commune rurale Mahabo-Mananivo , fokontany Mahabo , forêt de Mahabo , 23°10’36”S, 47°42’26”E, 16 m, 24.IX.2002, fl., Rabevohitra et al. 4089 (MO). — Fivondronana Nosy Varika, firaisana et fokontany Ambahy , forêt à l’E du village d’Ambahy, 20°46’47”S, 48°29’05”E, 23.III.2003, fr., Rabevohitra et al. 4709 (MO, P). — Fivondronana Mahanoro, commune rurale Ambodibonara , fokontany Ambalavontaka , forêt de Nakinà [ Nankinana ] à 5 km d’Ambalavontaka, 20°21’34”S, 48°36’21”E, 13.XI.2003, fl., Rabevohitra et al. 4764 (MO). — Fivondronana Nosy Varika, commune rurale Ambahy , fokontany Ambahy , forêt d’Ambahy à 500 m à l’E du fokontany, 20°46’57”S, 48°28’54”E, 17.XI.2003, fr., Rabevohitra et al. 4800 (MO, P). — Farafangana, Mahabo , 23°10’39”S, 47°42’24”E, 14 m, 11.XI.2002, fr., Razakamalala & Ludovic 314 (MO). — Région Atsimo-Atsinana, district Farafangana , commune Ankarana , Antakohandra , Réserve Spéciale de Manombo , parcelle II, forêt d’Analazaha, 23°02’21”S, 47°46’11”E, 18 m, 23.IX.2005, Razakamalala et al. 2242 (MO). — Pangalane [ Ampangalana ] Sud , 12.XII.1953, fr., Service Forestier 9899 (P). — Ambalavotaka, Mananjary , 7.I.1955, fr. Service Forestier 15456 (P). — Tsiazondrano, Nosy-Varika , 26.X.1955, fr., Service Forestier 15488 (P). — Nosiala , canton Efatsy, dist. Farafangana , 19.XI.1955, fr., Service Forestier 16204 (P). — Près de Farafangana , 15.X.1964, fr., Service Forestier 23572 (P).

Prov. Toamasina. N of Soanierana-Ivongo, near village of Antanambao-Ambodimanga , 16°45’39”S, 49°42’29”E, 10 m, 19.V.2003, fr., McPherson et al. 18492 ( MO). — Environs de Maroantsetra, X.1912, fl., Perrier de la Bâthie 2023 (P×2). — Fivondronana Soanierana Ivongo, firaisana Manompana , fokontany Antanambaon’Ambodimanga, forêt d’Andakibe, 16°47’01”S, 49°44’23”E, 3 m, 4.X.2003, fl., Rabehevitra et al. 625 (MO, P). — Fivondronana Brickaville, firaisana Ambinaninony , fokontany Andrononkoditra , forêt de Vohibola du côté de l’hôtel Pangalane , 18°35’32”S, 49°14’02”E, 5 m, 11.II.2003, fr., Rabenantoandro et al. 1247 (MO, P). — District Brickaville, Ambila-Lemaitso forestry station , W of intersection going to Andevoranto and Ambila-Lemaitso village, c. 200 m on trail going W, 18°53’47”S, 49°07’45”E, 0-5 m, 13.X.1999, fl., Randrianasolo et al. 610 ( G, MO, P, USMS). — Analanjirofo region, commune Manompana , fokontany Antanambao-Ambodimanga , Pointe à Larrée , Ampanasanarato , 16°48’07”S, 49°44’32”E, 6-16 m, 22-29.IX.2010, fl., Razanatsoa et al. 517 (MO). — Ambila-Lemaitso, 14.X.1952, fl., Service Forestier 5865 (P). — Jardin botanique no. 21, village le plus proche Tampolo , canton Ampasina , dist. Fénérive , 3 m, 20.XI.1957, fr., Service Forestier 17806 (P). — Tampolo, au N de Fénérive , 28- 29.VIII.1957, fl., Service Forestier 18156 (P×2). — Environs de la Baie d’Antongil, Antoraka , 14.IX.1957, fl., Service Forestier 18267 (P×2). — Aux environs du Varingotra à l’W de Maroantsetra , 5.XI.1963, fl., Service Forestier 22877 (P×2). — Ambila-Lemaitso, 14.XII.1967, fr., Service Forestier 28021 (P). — Île Sainte-Marie, partie N de la forêt de Kalalao , à l’E de Maromandia-Tafondro , 16.V.1969, Service Forestier 28824bis (P).

Prov. Toliara. district de Fort-Dauphin , forêt de Mandena , 24°57’S, 47°00’E, 0-10 m, 25.X.1989, fl., Dumetz et al. 780 (MO, P). — N of Ft. Dauphin, S of Ste. Luce in Marokoky region, block S-1 of QIT-FER, 24°54’S, 47°06’E, 15 m, 23.X.1990, Faber-Langendoen et al. 2439 (MO, P) . Anosy region, Fort-Dauphin , Mahatalaky , Sainte Luce , Analavinaky Avaratra , 24°46’19”S, 47°08’55”E, 17 m, 20.X.2012, fl., Ramananjanahary et al. 829 (MO). — Région Anosy, district de Fort-Dauphin, commune Iaboakoho, FKT Ambankhazo , 24°40’00”S, 47°12’25”E, 16 m, 22.XI.2011, fr., Randrianaivo et al. 1920 ( G, MO). — Anosy region, Fort Dauphin , Mahatalaky , Tsiaroa Ampasy , Antongotranambo S6, Antongotranambo , 24°48’54”S, 47°08’32”E, 30 m, 22.X.2012, fl., Ratovoson 1992 (MO). — Sainte Luce, QMM Forestry Station , parcel 59, 1- 2 km from QMM Forestry trailhead, 24°46’05”S, 47°10’16”E, 11 m, 23.I.2006, Rogers et al. 956 ( G, MO).

Unknown locality. Forêts côtières de l’E, fl., Louvel 204 (P).

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. — Scolopia erythrocarpa is confined to littoral and sublittoral forests, on sand; it is widely distributed on Madagascar’s east coast where littoral forests survive ( Fig. 5 ). Prior literature on this species ( Perrier de la Bâthie 1940, 1946; Sleumer 1972a) wrongly states that it occurs at up to 800 or 900 m and that the types of both S. erythrocarpa and S. louvelii came from Analamazaotra. This arises from confusion involving Perrier 5976, originally a syntype of S. erythrocarpa that was collected at Analamazaotra; this collection is identifiable as S. taimbarina . Scolopia erythrocarpa is always found close to sea level.

REMARKS

Scolopia erythrocarpa is probably closely related to S. orientalis and S. delphinensis , sp. nov., likewise species of littoral forests. It is a tree growing to at least 15 m tall, with dbh to 80 cm; the bark is smooth and whitish, the flowers white to greenish, and the fruits red at maturity. It is distinguished by usually small, obovate to oblanceolate leaves with rounded apices and small dense inflorescences with very short pedicels even in fruit. The leaves do not dry greenish as consistently as those of the three other coastal species, and the stamens are 40 or fewer, rather than usually 100 or more as is typical of those species.

ETHNOBOTANY The wood of Scolopia erythrocarpa is used for construction (Ludovic 710; Ludovic & Bona Kondro 501; Service Forestier 16204, 17806).

VERNACULAR NAMES

Aferonakavy (Service Forestier 17806 [Betsimisaraka dialect]); Aferonkavy à p[etites] f[euilles] (Service Forestier 18156); Fotsirony (Service Forestier 16204 [Taisaka dialect]); Fotsivony (Ludovic 710); Hazofotsy (Rabevohitra et al. 4089, 4800; Ratovoson 1992); Hazomainty (Randrianaivo et al. 1920); Hazomboatronaka (Service Forestier 15456); Menahy (Service Forestier 5865); Menavahatra (Rabevohitra et al. 4764); Voatronakala (Louvel 204; Louvel 213; Rabevohitra et al. 4709; Service Forestier 15488); Votronakala (Koopman et al. 126); Zora (Rabevohitra & Rabenantoandro 3829).

CONSERVATION STATUS

Scolopia erythrocarpa is known from 20 locations and has an Extent of Occurrence of 46 498 km 2. However, it is restricted to littoral forest, a highly threatened ecosystem of which only fragments remain, with an estimated minimum Area of Occupancy of 120 km 2. The degree of fragmentation suggests that S. erythrocarpa be assigned a preliminary assessment of Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii)). The species occurs in the Protected Areas of Mahabo, Mandena, Masoala, and Sainte Luce.

Figures

FIG. 5. — Distribution of Scolopia erythrocarpa H.Perrier (●), S. hazomby H.Perrier (▲), and S. septentrionalis Capuron & Sleumer (■).