Cruentotrema, Rivas Plata, Papong, Lumbsch & Lücking, 2012

Polyiam, Jutarat Kalb Wetchasart, Plata, Eimy Rivas, Bawingan, Paulina A., Kalb, Klaus & Lücking, Robert, 2016, ‘ Missing links’ alive? Novel taxa represent morphological transitions between distinctive phenotypes among extant Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales), Phytotaxa 268 (2), pp. 110-122 : 113

Key to the species of Cruentotrema , Dyplolabia , and Enigmotrema

Distribution data are based on Lücking et al. (2014), with additions given in this paper.

1. Ascomata with (dark) red, K+ green pigment (isohypocrelline) ..................................................................................................... 2.

- Ascomata without pigment .............................................................................................................................................................. 6.

2. Ascomata remaining closed, perithecioid ( Fig. 2A ; ascospores 3-septate; Neotropics ( Costa Rica) ................................................. ............................................................................................................. Enigmotrema rubrum Lücking in Sipman et al. (2012: 66)

- Ascomata opening by rupturing into erect to recurved lobules; ascospores 3-septate to submuriform ( Cruentotrema p.p.) ......... 3.

3. Ascospores 3-septate; ascomata angular rounded to lirelliform ...................................................................................................... 4.

- Ascospores submuriform; ascomata angular-rounded .................................................................................................................... 5.

4. Ascomata lirelliform ( Fig. 2B–D ); eastern Paleotropics ( Thailand) ................................... Cruentotrema lirelliforme (see below)

- Ascomata angular-rounded ( Fig. 2E–F ); eastern Paleotropics ( Thailand) .......................................................................................... ................................................ Cruentotrema thailandicum Rivas Plata, Papong & Lumbsch in Rivas Plata et al. (2012a: 119)

5. Ascospores 15–20(–23) × 7–10 μm; disc bright red to pinkish ( Fig. 3A–D ); eastern Paleotropics ( Thailand, Australia, New Caledonia) .................................................................................................................................... Cruentotrema puniceum (see below)

- Ascospores 20–30 × 8–14 μm; disc (dark) red ( Fig. 3E–F ); Neotropics (Central and South America) and eastern Paleotropics ( Australia) .................. Cruentotrema cruentatum (Mont.) Rivas Plata, Lumbsch & Lücking in Rivas Plata et al. (2012a: 119)

6. Ascomata immersed-erumpent, opening by rupturing into erect to recurved thalline lobules which often fall off, with brownishgrey disc and thin carbonization ( Cruentotrema p.p.) ..................................................................................................................... 7.

- Ascomata prominent to sessile, lirelliform with distinct, well-carbonized labia with thick, (yellowish) white, C+ red cover, if erumpent and with irregular lobules, then also well-carbonized and lobules with thick, white, C+ red cover ( Dyplolabia ) ......... 8.

7. Ascospores 3-septate ( Fig. 4A–B ); Neotropics ( Brazil) ...................................................................................................................... ............................................................... Cruentotrema amazonum M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking in Cáceres et al. (2014: 92)

- Ascospores submuriform ( Fig. 4C–F ); eastern Paleotropics ( India, Thailand, Australia) .................................................................. ............................... Cruentotrema kurandense (Mangold) Rivas Plata, Lumbsch & Lücking in Rivas Plata et al. (2012a: 119)

8. Ascospores 3-septate; ascomata lirelliform ..................................................................................................................................... 9.

- Ascospores (sub-)muriform); ascomata angular-rounded or lirelliform ....................................................................................... 10.

9. Lirellae short, 1–3(–5) mm long, with white cover; ascospores 16–22 × 7–10 μm ( Fig. 5A–C ); pantropical ................................... ......................................................................................................... Dyplolabia afzelii (Ach.) A. Massal. in Massalongo (1854: 6)

- Lirellae very long, 10–30 mm, with yellowish white cover; ascospores 14–17 × 5–7 μm ( Fig. 5D–F ); eastern Paleotropics ( Sri Lanka, Thailand) ....................................................................................................................... Dyplolabia ochrocheila (see below)

10. Ascomata angular-rounded, often with irregular, white pseudocolumella; ascospores 25–30 × 15–20 μm ( Fig. 6A ); eastern Paleotropics ( Philippines) .................................................................................................................. Dyplolabia dalywaiana (see below)

- Ascomata lirelliform ...................................................................................................................................................................... 11.

11. Ascospores 19–27 × 10–14 μm ( Fig. 6B–D ); pantropical .................................................................................................................. ............................................................................... Dyplolabia oryzoides (Leight.) Kalb & Staiger in Kalb & Staiger (2000: 418)

- Ascospores 16–19 × 8–9 μm ( Fig. 6E–F ); eastern Paleotropics ( Thailand) ....................................................................................... ............................................................................................................ Dyplolabia chumphonensis J. Kalb & K. Kalb (see below)

Figures

FIGURE 2. A. Enigmotrema rubrum (holotype; thallus with ascomata). B–D. Cruentotrema lirelliforme (holotype; thallus with ascomata and ascospores). E–F. C. thailandicum (holotype; thallus with ascomata). Scale = 1 mm, in D = 10 μm.

FIGURE 3. A–D. Cruentotrema puniceum (A, D, Australia, Kalb s.n.; B, holotype of Thelotrema rhododiscum, C, Thailand, Kalb 33412; thallus with ascomata, section through ascoma showing excipulum, and ascospores). E–F. C. cruentatum (Brazil, Cáceres 1070; thallus with ascomata and ascospores). Scale = 1 mm, in C = 100 μm, D, F = 10 μm.

FIGURE 4. A–B. Cruentotrema amazonum (holotype; thallus with ascomata). C–F. C. kurandense (C, holotype; D, India, Lumbsch 19737l; E, India, Lumbsch 19736g; F, Thailand, Jariangprasert 1352; thallus with ascomata and ascospores). Scale = 1 mm, in F = 10 μm.

FIGURE 5. A–C. Dyplolabia afzelii (A, C, Brazil, Cáceres 245; B, Thailand, Sutjaritturakan 2931; thallus with ascomata and ascospores). D–F. D. ochrocheila (A, holotype; B, C, Sri Lanka, Thwaites 150; thallus with ascomata). Scale = 1 mm, in C = 10 μm.

FIGURE 6. A. Dyplolabia dalywaiana (holotype; thallus with ascomata). B–D. D. oryzoides (B, Brazil, Kalb 31120; C, D, Sri Lanka, Weerakoon 116; thallus with ascomata and ascospores). E–F. D. chumphonensis (holotype; thallus with ascomata and ascospores). Scale = 1 mm, in D, F = 10 μm.