PHORIDAE, Curtis, 1833
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.1111/zoj.12208 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039987A3-BD4C-2973-605D-FDFC2BB58B12 |
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treatment provided by |
Felipe |
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scientific name |
PHORIDAE |
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FAMILY PHORIDAE View in CoL
This family includes Sciadocerinae , which was until recently considered a separate family (Disney, 2001), and the Euphorida ( Brown, 2007).
1. Costa extends: (0) to vein M 1, (1) to, or just past, vein R 4+5 ( Fig. 10A–F View Figure 10 ).
Reduction of costal length has not been described in sufficient detail in the literature, although it has been used in some analyses. In the platypezids we examined, the thickened part of the costa extends to vein M 1 ( Fig. 10A View Figure 10 ), whereas it is shortened to only slightly beyond R in Ironomyia ( Fig. 10B View Figure 10 ). In Lonchoptera and phorids ( Fig. 10C–F View Figure 10 ), the costa extends only to vein R 4+ 5 in most species. Cumming et al. (1995) considered the costa of Lonchoptera to extend completely around the wing, i.e. a circumambient costal vein, but examination of a microscopic slide mount shows that the costa narrows considerably after R 4+5 ( Fig. 10C View Figure 10 ). Genus Opetia Meigen has the costal thickening ending shortly after R 4+5 ( Chandler, 2001). If the cladogram in Cumming et al. (1995) is correct, with Opetia being the sister group to other Cyclorrhapha, character state 0 is the derived one at this level, and would be a synapomorphy of Platypezidae . More recent phylogenetic studies of the Diptera , however, such as Wiegmann et al. (2011), show the Opetiidae within the Platypezoidea. This character varies greatly among more distant outgroups ( Sinclair & Cumming, 2006).
2. R 4+5: (0) connected to costa at apex, (1) not connected to costa at apex ( Fig. 11A–D View Figure 11 ).
4+5
The apex of R 4+5 is clearly fused to C in most dipterans ( Fig. 11A View Figure 11 ), while in the phorids there is a break just before the apex ( Fig. 11B–D View Figure 11 ). There may be a more basal contact between R 4+5 and C (such as in some Chonocephalus ), but this is interpreted to be secondary.
3. CuA+CuP: (0) complete, (1) interrupted just distal to point of fusion of CuA and CuP ( Fig. 12A–D View Figure 12 ).
Although many wing venation characters have been used to justify the Phoridae , this is the first time that interruption of the CuA vein has been noticed. The Platypezidae have the plesiomorphic condition seen in other cyclorrhaphan families ( Fig. 12A View Figure 12 ). In some phorids CuA+CuP is even more strongly disconnected from its base.
4. R ending: (0) at wing tip, (1) before wing tip, (2) at most at the distal third of the wing length ( Fig. 13A–H View Figure 13 ).
4+5
The reduction of the extension of R 4+5 is a recurrent feature among families of Diptera . In the Platypezoidea, the plesiomorphic condition is seen in the Platypezidae ( Fig. 13A View Figure 13 ), Opetiidae , Ironomyiidae and Lonchopteridae ( Fig. 13B View Figure 13 ). R 4+5 ending before the wing tip, within the superfamily, is a synapomorphy of Phoridae . A small reduction is seen in the Sciadocerinae genera ( Fig. 13C View Figure 13 ), as well as in the fossil Sciadophora ( Brown, 1992) . In Chonocephalus ( Fig. 13D View Figure 13 ), R 4+5 extends until just beyond the middle of the wing, as is also seen in some other genera ( Fig. 13E– H View Figure 13 ), such as Latiborophaga and Trophithauma . Even more extreme reductions, which are not coded here, are seen in the Termitoxeniinae and in some metopinine genera.
5. Limit between anepisternum and katepisternum: (0) with a suture on the posterior half of the contact, both sclerites continuous anteriorly, (1) with a furrow curving anteriorly to proepimeron, (2) with a furrow almost reaching the ventral margin of the thorax ( Fig. 14A–F View Figure 14 ).
In all platypezoid families except Phoridae , the katepisternum anterior margin is continuous with the anepisternum–proepimeron (e.g. Fig. 14A, B View Figure 14 ). The anterior limit between katepisternum and anepisternum in all Phoridae , differing from other platypezoid families, is marked by a furrow (the suture itself ending more posteriorly). In sciadocerines and Chonocephalus ( Fig. 14C View Figure 14 ) there is a depression between both sclerites, but in termitoxeniines and other phorids ( Fig. 14D– F View Figure 14 ), a well-characterized furrow can be seen along the line of the anapleural suture to the anterior margin of the thorax. The metopinines and some phorines have an additional modification, the furrow curving dorsally and ending almost at the level of the insertion of the forecoxa. This produces a distinctive concavity above the forefemur. In a group of higher phorines, including thaumatoxenines and hypocerines, a suture extends to the ventral margin and the katepisternum does not extend anteriorly.
6. Hind coxa: (0) with scattered setae on ventral half, (1) setae on ventral half concentrated in anteroventral corner ( Fig. 15A–F View Figure 15 ).
This character is associated with narrowing of the apex of the hind coxa anteroventrally. In the platypezid groundplan condition, there is setation on the ventral two-thirds of the coxa ( Fig. 15A View Figure 15 ). In the sciadocerines and chonocephalines, there is a restriction of the hind coxa setation to its ventral half ( Fig. 15B, C View Figure 15 ). Termitoxeniines, metopinines and phorines, however, have the setation restricted to an anteroventral projection ( Fig. 15D–F View Figure 15 ).
7. R 1 reaching at least: (0) distal third of wing length, (1) distal half of wing length, (2) basal third of wing length ( Fig. 13A–H View Figure 13 ).
The reduction of the radial veins has been noted by other authors, especially McAlpine & Martin (1966). Most platypezid genera we examined, as well as Opetia and Ironomyia , have the plesiomorphic condition ( Fig. 13A View Figure 13 ). Character state 1 refers to the stage found in the Sciadocerinae ( Fig. 13C View Figure 13 ) and the fossil Sciadophora , while character state 2 is synapomorphic for the rest of the Phoridae (= Euphorida). The Lonchopteridae have extremely short R 1 ( Fig. 13B View Figure 13 ), an apomorphic condition apparently derived independently from that seen in the euphorids ( Fig. 13D–H View Figure 13 ).
8. Alular setae: (0) plain, (1) feathered, (2) absent ( Fig. 16A–E View Figure 16 ).
Feathered setae are found on the alula of sciadocerines ( Fig. 16C, D View Figure 16 ), metopinines and phorines ( Fig. 16E View Figure 16 ). The alula and calypteres of chonocephalines and termitoxeniines have been lost, while the alula of
442 B. V. BROWN ET AL.
Ironomyia ( Fig. 16A View Figure 16 ) and Lonchoptera ( Fig. 16B View Figure 16 ) show the plesiomorphic condition, with long, unfeathered setae.
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