Paraclius bilamellatus, Soares & Capellari & Ale-Rocha, 2023

Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S. & Ale-Rocha, Rosaly, 2023, Species of Paraclius Loew (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) with bi-lamellate antennal stylus: new combination, new synonym, and two new species, Zootaxa 5231 (1), pp. 37-51 : 40-44

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.5231.1.3
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9C938B40-376D-4AB0-A5E8-B267DD2D5725
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7574113
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9FCE6AFB-8538-400C-B07C-90E3F60E6EEA
taxon LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:act:9FCE6AFB-8538-400C-B07C-90E3F60E6EEA
treatment provided by	Plazi
scientific name	Paraclius bilamellatus
status	sp. nov.

Treatment

Paraclius bilamellatus View in CoL sp. nov.

( Figs 2 View FIGURE 2 , 3 View FIGURE 3 , 7 View FIGURE 7 )

Diagnosis (male). Clypeus slightly bulging, about 0.5X face height, lower margin straight, ending above lower eye margin ( Fig. 2C, D View FIGURE 2 ); face covered by dense golden pruinosity (MSSC) ( Fig. 2C View FIGURE 2 ). Postpedicel about 1.5X longer than wide, with rounded apex, as long as scape and pedicel combined ( Fig. 2G View FIGURE 2 ); arista-like stylus dorsal, arising at middle of postpedicel, two-segmented, shorter than eye height, with lamellae at middle and apex, almost bare, except for conspicuous pubescence at lamellae (MSSC) ( Fig. 2D, G View FIGURE 2 ).

Description. Male ( Fig. 2A View FIGURE 2 , holotype). Body length: 3.3–3.6 mm. Wing length: 3.0– 3.3 mm (n = 6). Head ( Fig. 2C, D, G View FIGURE 2 ). Slightly wider than high. Postocular setae white, ending in 1 stronger seta below, 6 upper-most black. Frons 2X wider than high, metallic green with bluish reflections, covered with weak yellowish gray pruinosity. Face slightly narrowing at middle and as wide as ocellar tubercle; ground color brown but obscured by dense golden pruinosity (all MSSC). Clypeus as long as wide, about 1/2 as high as face, covered with golden pruinosity at middle, silver at lateral margins, slightly bulging, clypeal suture visible, but incomplete, lower margin straight, ending above lower eye margin. Palpus short, oval, yellow, covered with short black setae, 1 stronger black seta at apex, shorter than palpus. Proboscis brown, labellum with a few short and slender setae. One pair of divergent strong ocellar setae and 2 pairs of tiny postocellar setae; 1 pair of strong convergent vertical setae; 1 pair of short paravertical setae, slightly longer than upper-most postocular seta. Postcranium dark green, covered with silvery pruinosity, lower margin of postcranium with 4 strong white setae, 1 strong white seta and a few slender white hairs below occiput. Antenna orangish yellow, except apical 2/3 of postpedicel and arista-like stylus dark brown; scape conical, dorsal surface covered with short black setae, inner and ventral surfaces with acute processes, inner process longer than ventral process; pedicel short, with crown of setae; postpedicel about 1.5X longer than wide, with rounded apex, covered with short pubescence, about as long as scape and pedicel combined; arista-like stylus dorsal, arising at middle of postpedicel, with two segments subequally long, shorter than eye height, with lamella at middle and apex, almost bare, except for conspicuous pubescence at lamellae (MSSC). Thorax ( Fig. 2A, I View FIGURE 2 ). Metallic green, except for narrow black spot between notopleura and sutural and postsutural intra-alar setae, and one black spot above wing base; mesonotum covered with coppery pruinosity, except notopleuron and one patch above postalar callus with silvery pruinosity, mesonotum with weak greenish and bluish reflections. Scutellum metallic green with coppery reflections. Pleura mostly metallic green, covered with silvery pruinosity; metepimeron dark grey. Chaetotaxy: pronotum with row of black setae; anterior 1/6 of mesonotum covered with short black setae; acrostichals biseriate, ending in 1 pair mostly offset at fifth pair of dorsocentral setae; 5 pairs of dorsocentral setae increasing in length posteriorly; 1 pre-, 1 sutural and 1 postsutural intra-alars; 2 strong supra-alar setae, 1 positioned between postpronotal lobe and notopleuron and 1 near postalar callus; 1 strong, 1 short and 1 minute postpronotals; 2 strong notopleurals, 1 at middle of lower edge and 1 at posterior margin of notopleuron, slightly shorter than anterior seta; 1 strong postalar; scutellum with 1 pair of strong medial setae, 1 pair of smaller setae laterad about 1/4 as long as medial scutellars, dorsal surface and apical margin of scutellum covered with a few short, slender setae; upper and lower surface of proepisternum with a few slender pale setae, 2–3 black setae anteriad to anterior spiracle and 1 stronger black seta directed anteroventrally; metepisternum with a few slender pale setae. Wing ( Fig. 2J View FIGURE 2 ). Membrane hyaline, slightly greyish. Costa ending before wing apex, at vein M 1; R 1 ending at basal 3/8 of wing; R 2+3 nearly straight, R 4+5 slightly curved posteriorly at apex; M 1 S-shaped, gently curving towards R 4+5 at apical 6/8 and ending almost parallel with R 4+5; maximum width of cell r 4+5 /length of dm-m: 0.9; bm+dm ending at basal 4.5/8 of wing, dm-m straight; M 4 and CuA+CuP not reaching wing margin; length of crossvein dm-m/last part of M 4 (“CuAx ratio”): 1. Lower calypter yellow with blackish cilia; halter yellow, except dorsal surface of stem black; ventral and posterior margin of knob of halter with comb of fine hairs; plumule yellow. Legs ( Fig. 2A View FIGURE 2 ). Yellow, except lateral surface of coxa II and base of coxa III brownish gray, It 5, tarsus II from apex of IIt 1 and entirely tarsus III brown. Leg I. Podomere ratios: 38, 34, 17/7/4/3/4. Anterior surface of coxa I covered by short black setae, outer edge with 1 strong seta after middle, apical edge with 4 strong black setae. Femur I covered with short vestiture of black setae, except ventral surface bare, 2 short antero- and 3 short posteroventral preapical setae. Tibia I with 2 pairs of anteroand posterodorsal setae, 1 short at 1.5/6 and 1 slightly longer at 2/6, 1 anterodorsal seta at 2.5/6 and one anterodorsal row of short setae from 3/6 to apex, 2 posterodorsal setae at 3.5/6 and near apex, 1 posterior and 1 posteroventral apical setae. It 1 with 1 more conspicuous basiventral seta; It 2–4 with posteroventral rows of fine erected setae (MSSC). Leg II. Podomere ratios 46, 47, 22/15/10/6/5. Anterior surface of coxa II covered by short black setae, outer edge with 2 strong black setae near middle, apical edge with 3–4 long setae, shorter than coxa. Femur II covered by short vestiture of black setae, except apical 1/2 of ventral surface bare, 1 strong anterior seta at 4.5/6, 4–5 anteroventral setae at apical half, 1 conspicuous posteroventral preapical seta. Tibia II with pairs of antero- and posterodorsal setae at 1/6 (about 1/2 as long as second pair), 1.5/6, 2.5/6 (slightly offset) and 4/6 (slightly offset), 1 ventral seta at 2.5/6 and 1 posteroventral at 4/6, one crown of apical setae: 1 antero- and 1 posterodorsal; 1 antero- and 1 posteroventral and 1 dorsal. Tarsus II unmodified. Leg III. Podomere ratios: 48, 62, 17/24/14/10/4. Apical edge of anterior surface of coxa III with 2 long setae, lateral surface with 1 strong seta near middle and 1 short near apex. Femur III covered by short vestiture of black setae, except apical 1/2 of ventral surface bare, one dorsal row of more erected setae from base to apical 4/6, one anteroventral row of short setae from base to apical 5/6, 1 strong anterodorsal seta at 4.5/6 and 1 slightly slender anteroventral seta at 5/6, 1 short posteroventral preapical seta. Tibia III with 3 pairs of antero- and posterodorsal setae at 0.5/6 (about 1/2 as long as second pair), 1/6, and 2.5/6 (offset), 1 anterodorsal seta at 4/6 and 2 posterodorsal at 3/6 and 5/6, 1 anteroventral seta at 4/6, 1 anterodorsal and 1 anteroventral preapical setae, one row of short, sparse and erected setae from basal 1.5/6 to 3/6. Tarsus III unmodified. Abdomen ( Figs 2A View FIGURE 2 , 3A View FIGURE 3 ). About 1.5X longer than thorax. Metallic green, with weak greenish reflections. Tergites 1–5 setose, posterior margin with long setae, short and weak lateral patches of silvery pruinosity. Tergite 6 bare, segment 7 brown, bare, short, and well sclerotized. Sternite 8 dark brown, homogeneously covered with long black setae. Hypopygium ( Fig. 3 View FIGURE 3 ). Epandrium yellow apically, with basal 1/3 to 1/2 brown, subrectangular, 2X longer than high, with 1 short medioventral seta ( Fig. 3A, B View FIGURE 3 ). Apicoventral epandrial lobe short, truncated at apex, with 3 short apical setae ( Fig. 3A–C View FIGURE 3 ). Hypandrium wide and covering phallus at basal 1/3, divided in two narrow arms at apical 2/3, as long as phallus ( Fig. 3B View FIGURE 3 ). Phallus plain, short, with 1 lateral, short preapical projection on each side. Ventral lobe of surstylus subtriangular, shorter than dorsal lobe of surstylus, narrowing apically, with 1 short seta at apex and 3–4 short setae at outer surface ( Fig. 3D View FIGURE 3 ). Dorsal lobe of surstylus with acute dorsal projection, with 1 preapical seta, apex of ventral part almost membranous, microtrichose and slightly curved dorsally, outer surface with a few short setae ( Fig. 3D View FIGURE 3 ). Postgonite plain, slightly curved ventrally. Sperm pump wide, spherical, longer than ejaculatory apodeme ( Fig. 3B, C View FIGURE 3 ). Ejaculatory apodeme wide basally, laterally flattened, somewhat fan-shaped and narrowing basally ( Fig. 3C View FIGURE 3 ). Proctiger plain, flattened at apex ( Fig. 3C View FIGURE 3 ). Cercus subtriangular, about 1/2 as long as epandrium, whitish yellow, outer surface covered with a few short setae, inner surface covered with long, curved setae, both inner and outer setae yellow ( Fig. 3A, B View FIGURE 3 ). Female ( Fig. 2B, E, F, H View FIGURE 2 ). Body length: 3.9–4.3 mm. Wing length: 3.0– 3.4 mm (n = 8). Similar to male, except for MSSC and following features: Face 1.7X wider than ocellar tubercle; eyes with parallel sides; clypeus bulging, slightly wider than high; second segment of arista-like stylus 2X longer than first segment and covered with short pubescence. Abdomen with 5 setose segments, ovipositor retracted into preceding segments, tergite and sternite 8 divided mesally into two rod-like sclerites, connected anteriorly; acanthophorite with 4–5 dorsal spines, with one seta laterally.

Type material. HOLOTYPE ♁, labelled: “BRA [ Brazil], GO [Goiás], Varjão, Chácara N. | Sra. Aparecida, Malaise | pomar [malaise trap in an orchard], 17°01′52.04″S 49°33′ | 17.39″W, 03.iii–07.iv.2019 | Lopes W. R. col.”; “HOLOTYPE | Paraclius bilamellatus | Soares, Capellari & Ale-Rocha” [red label] ( MZUSP) . Holotype in excellent condition, terminalia not dissected. PARATYPES: Same data as holotype (1 ♁ dissected, 2 ♀, MZUSP) ; same data as holotype except, 05.v.–16.vi.2019 (1 ♁ dissected, INPA) ; 08.xii.2018 – 02.i.2019 (1 ♁, 2 ♀, one female dissected, INPA; 1 ♁, 2 ♀, one female dissected, MZUSP) ; 02.i.–03.ii.2019 (2 ♀, MZUSP) .

Additional examined material. BRAZIL: Espírito Santo, Baixo Guandu [ca 19°30′42.5″S 41°00′57.3″W], ix.1970, P.C. Elias col. (1 ♁ dissected, MZUSP) GoogleMaps .

Remarks. Paraclius bilamellatus sp. nov. differs from the other species with bi-lamellate arista-like stylus by the length of arista, shorter than eye height, arista-like stylus two-segmented, with segments subequally long, face higher than clypeus and entirely covered with golden pruinosity, dorsal surface and apical margin of scutellum covered with a few short and slender setae and the epandrium brown basally and yellow apically. This species has the apicoventral epandrial lobe with 3 apical setae, a wide and spherical sperm pump, dorsal lobe of surstylus with acute dorsal projection and the inner surface of male cercus is covered with long and curved setae, which are also found in some recently described Paraclius species from Atlantic Forest biome ( Capellari & Amorim, 2009): P. amphiatheratus Capellari & Amorim , P. dicrophallus Capellari & Amorim , P. parenti Capellari & Amorim and P. sagittatus Capellari & Amorim.

Etymology. From Latin bi = two and lamella = plate, referring to the bi-lamellate arista-like stylus of male.

Distribution. Brazil (states of Espírito Santo and Goiás) occurring in Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes ( Fig. 7 View FIGURE 7 ). It is notable that all specimens from the state of Goiás were collected with a Malaise trap installed in an orchard.