Galeopsomyia, Girault, 1916

Hansson, Christer & Hanson, Paul E., 2023, HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA), 5 The genus Galeopsomyia Girault by Christer Hansson * & Paul E. Hanson **, Taxonomic Monographs on Neotropical Hymenoptera (Oxford, England) 3 (1), pp. 1-743 : 12-14

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.8372024
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D833085E-4DB3-48D3-964F-A41566442672
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10165547
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0399D61F-575E-FFF6-FE26-FF2EFC13573B
treatment provided by	Felipe
scientific name	Galeopsomyia
status

Treatment

Genus GALEOPSOMYIA Girault View in CoL View at ENA

Trichaporus Förster, 1856:84 . Type species: Euderus columbianus Ashmead (subsequent monotypy by Ashmead, 1900:561). Placed on Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology ( ICZN, 1985).

Trichoporus Ashmead, 1900:561 . Incorrect subsequent spelling of Trichaporus Förster. Placed on Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology ( ICZN, 1985).

Galeopsomyia Girault, 1916:348 View in CoL . Type species: Euderus columbianus Ashmead (1888) [= G. haemon (Walker) ], by original designation.

Galeopsomopsis Girault, 1917a:1 . Type species: Galeopsomopsis multisulcata Girault (1917a:1) , by original designation. Synonymized by LaSalle & Schauff (1992:29).

Diagnosis. Body strongly sclerotized, gaster not collapsing in dried specimens, all gastral tergites at least partly reticulate, usually strongly so. Head with a subocular fovea that is usually reticulate at the bottom ( Figs 15–17 View Figs 15–22 ). Propodeum ( Fig. 22 View Figs 15–22 ) with a strong median carina and with strong paraspiracular carinae, also with 1–2 transverse carinae on either side of median carina, one close to posterior margin (always present) and one in the middle ( Fig. 22 View Figs 15–22 ) (not present in all species). Female gaster short ovate to very elongate, 1.1–4.6× as long as wide in dorsal view.

All species included here have a unique set of features on the face below the toruli and eye ( Figs 29–34 View Figs 29–34 ). These features include three white areas (1–3) on dried specimens, and a swelling below the eye (4). The white areas are possibly membranes. When the head is treated with 10% KOH, to remove soft parts, these white areas appear as holes in the cuticle ( Fig. 33 View Figs 29–34 ). The swelling below the eye is possibly connected to the white areas, together forming a system with an unknown function. None of these features are present in any other group of the Eulophidae .

Description. Antennae in both sexes attached in lower half of frons; scape not reaching to upper level of vertex, flagellum with two short anelli; females with three funiculars and three clavomeres with variation in the delimitation between C1 and C2, and rarely also between C2 and C3, from no constriction (solid clava) ( Fig. 37 View Figs 35–43 ) to having a strong constriction between clavomeres ( Fig. 38 View Figs 35–43 ); regardless, the flagellum is here regarded as always having three clavomeres, C3 with a ±distinct apical spicule; males either with a dorso-basal whorl of long setae on F1–F4 and on C1–C2, sometimes with a ventro-basal whorl of long setae on C1 & C2, and sometimes with a dorso-basal whorl of long setae present only on F1 & F2, these setae usually much longer than the flagellomere to which they are attached ( Fig. 953 View Figs 951–954 ), or with scattered short setae on all flagellomeres ( Fig. 975 View Figs 974–976 ); males with a dorso-basal whorl of long setae on the flagellomeres have four funiculars and three clavomeres, with clava usually very long and narrow ( Fig. 953 View Figs 951–954 ), males with scattered setae on the flagellomeres have only six flagellomeres (clava undifferentiated) ( Fig. 975 View Figs 974–976 ); male scape with a sensory plaque on ventral margin, usually situated in apical half of scape ( Fig. 971 View Figs 971–973 ), or extending along ±entire length of scape ( Fig. 965 View Figs 965–967 ). Head with malar sulcus complete and straight; with a subocular fovea (a.k.a. malar pit/malar fovea) that is reticulate at the bottom; with or without genal carina ( Figs 15–17 View Figs 15–22 ), if present then varying in length from very short and situated close to mouth opening ( Fig. 16 View Figs 15–22 ), to extending from mouth opening up to above level of lower margin of eye ( Fig. 17 View Figs 15–22 ); clypeal margin bidentate ( Fig. 30 View Figs 29–34 ). Head below level of toruli with weak to strong reticulation but with clypeal area smooth or with very weak reticulation, frons with strong reticulation to rugose between eyes and antennal scrobes, scrobes usually with small-meshed weak (usually) to strong (rarely) reticulation; with scattered setae, except scrobes which are always bare; face with pale areas and swelling as described above under diagnosis. Vertex usually with strong reticulation outside ocellar triangle, inside ocellar triangle with wrinkled sculpture or reticulation, usually with a carina between lateral ocelli in posterior part, and with a strong sulcus from eye margin to lateral ocelli and continuing from there to median ocellus ( Figs 933–950 View Figs 933–950 ). Occipital margin usually rounded, but in some species with a carina or sharp edge. Pronotum with strong reticulation, meshes isodiametric, with posterior margin smooth, always without a transverse carina on collar. Mesoscutum with an incomplete (present in posterior part) to complete median groove, or median groove absent; midlobe with a varying number of setae close to notauli (adnotaular setae), some species with setae in a single ( Fig. 152 View Figs 152–155 ) or scattered row close to inner margin of notauli ( Fig. 250 View Figs 248–251 ), and a few species with setae scattered all over midlobe ( Fig. 636 View Figs 636–639 ); many species with part of midlobe close to notauli papillate, i.e. with attachment points of setae as small nobs ( Fig. 620 View Figs 620–623 ), or rugose. Axillae with strong reticulation and advanced ⅓–½ their length in front of transscutal articulation. Mesoscutellum transverse to elongate, usually convex but in a few species ±flat; submedian grooves usually present and separating a median part from lateral parts; with a ±wide groove along posterior margin that is usually subdivided by longitudinal short carinae (costulae) ( Fig. 911 View Figs 907–914 ). The submedian grooves of the mesoscutellum can be distinct with both inner and outer margins distinct and complete ( Fig. 926 View Figs 924–932 ), with inner margin distinct but outer margin indistinct or missing ( Figs 917, 920 View Figs 915–923 ), or with both inner and outer margins indistinct ( Fig. 908 View Figs 907–914 ); straight or curved, parallel, diverging towards posterior part, or diverging towards both anterior and posterior parts, with ( Fig. 916 View Figs 915–923 ) or without ( Fig. 915 View Figs 915–923 ) transverse costulae. Setation on the mesoscutellum is usually confined to the lateral parts and there may be several setae scattered over entire lateral part, or with two pairs of setae – one pair always attached close to posterior margin (these setae are always the longest) and one pair either attached in median or in anterior part of mesoscutellum; a few aberrant species have setae over the entire surface of the mesoscutellum ( Fig. 932 View Figs 924–932 ). Dorsellum varying from shiny with weak sculpture to strongly reticulate or with other strong sculpture, with ( Fig. 22 View Figs 15–22 ) or without a complete median carina. Propodeum with a complete and strong narrow to wide median carina, usually expanding both in posterior and anterior parts, also with a strong and curved paraspiracular carina on either side, and a transverse carina close to posterior margin, and many species also have a median transverse carina reaching from paraspiracular carina towards median carina; part between median carina and paraspiracular carina either with strong reticulation ( Fig. 144 View Figs 144–147 ), or a combination of strong reticulation and strong irregular carinae ( Fig. 146 View Figs 144–147 ); spiracles covered by a small flap on the outer side of spiracle; callus with 2–11 setae. Coxae with very weak to very strong reticulation, mid coxa usually with weakest reticulation; some species with a sharp edge along posterior margin of fore coxa and/or a carina along posterior margin of hind coxa ( Figs 18, 19 View Figs 15–22 ); hind coxa with ( Fig. 21 View Figs 15–22 ) or without ( Fig. 20 View Figs 15–22 ) a carina along posterior margin. Wings usually completely hyaline, but in a few species with infuscate parts, veins yellowish-brown to yellowish-white; fore wing with 2–13, but usually 4–5, setae on dorsal surface of submarginal vein, sometimes with different number of setae on left and right wing on same specimen (given as x&x); costal cell with a row of setae on ventral surface (here referred to as costal setal row), row either unbroken ( Fig. 35 View Figs 35–43 ) or with setae absent in median part ( Fig. 36 View Figs 35–43 ) and then referred to as broken; postmarginal vein absent or very short, always distinctly shorter than stigmal vein; costal cell 10–27× as long as wide; speculum closed, or open below and/or towards base of wing. Petiole varying from very short, just a narrow band, to about 0.5× as long as wide with dorsal part with or without strong irregular sculpture or a few longitudinal carinae. Female gaster 1.1–4.6× as long as wide, strongly sclerotized and not collapsing after death, with strong or weak reticulation; medio-basal Gt 1 with an incision that can be either ±semicircular ( Fig. 23 View Figs 23–28 , 42 View Figs 35–43 ) or ±rectangular ( Fig. 43 View Figs 35–43 ), in the latter case there are usually flat areas on either side of the incision ( Fig. 43 View Figs 35–43 ), with ( Figs 24 View Figs 23–28 , 41, 42 View Figs 35–43 ) or without ( Figs 23 View Figs 23–28 , 43 View Figs 35–43 ) a transverse carina or edge above attachment point of petiole, this part sometimes with short longitudinal carinae ( Figs 27, 28 View Figs 23–28 ); with longest cercal seta usually at least twice as long as next longest, and curved or sinuate but never kinked. Female hypopygium reaching about half the length of gaster.

Many important distinguishing characters for the species are found in the female only, in the antennae and the gaster, i.e. sexually dimorphic characters. As males do not have these features it is difficult to link female and male of the same species based on morphological characters. Unless males can be linked to conspecific females by way of non-sex related morphological characters or through the biology (specimens reared from the same host and collecting event) only females are described and included here. As most males are unknown it seems pointless to include them in an identification key. However, all known males are included in the descriptions.

Distribution. The New World, being most abundant and diverse in the subtropical and tropical parts. Very few species are recorded from temperate parts of North America and none thus far from temperate parts of South America.

Biology. Associated with galls and seeds, either as inquilines ( Hawkins & Goeden 1984) or as parasitoids ( Table 1 View Table 1 ). The species G. fausta is an exception as it targets leafmining Lepidoptera ( Cobo Nuñez 1996, LaSalle & Peña, 1997). See above under “Biology”.