Hybotidae, Macquart, 1827

Sinclair, Bradley J. & Cumming, Jeffrey M., 2006, The morphology, higher-level phylogeny and classification of the Empidoidea (Diptera), Zootaxa 1180 (1), pp. 1-172 : 1-172

Hybotidae

Hybotinae Meigen, 1820 : x. Type genus Hybos Meigen, 1803 .

Hybotidae Macquart, 1827: 136 .

This family has long been recognized and for many years has been formally used in publications, especially by European workers. Its monophyly is not in doubt, characterized by the presence of a palpifer, fore tibial gland, gonocoxal apodeme restricted to anterolateral margin of hypandrium (lacking process), apex of antenna often with long, slender seta­like receptor, laterotergite bare and R 4+5 unbranched. This family is divided into the following subfamilies and unplaced genera:

Incertae sedis within Hybotidae

Stuckenbergomyia Smith —This genus was originally assigned to the Ocydromiinae ( Smith 1969) , but its placement remains in doubt. There are four known species confined to southern Africa ( Sinclair 2003b).

Trichininae rev. stat.

Trichinini Chvála, 1983: 112 , 114. Type genus Trichina Meigen, 1830 .

The subfamily Trichininae is here tentatively redefined to include only two genera,

Trichina Meigen and Trichinomyia Tuomikoski. These genera are grouped together mostly

for convenience and it is hoped that future analyses will resolve their assignment within the Hybotidae . This subfamily is distinguished from the remaining Hybotidae mostly on the basis of symplesiomorphies: dichoptic females, antennal style about half as long or shorter than the postpedicel, cell dm emitting three veins, proboscis short and directed downwards, ventral apodeme (see discussion under character 99) and postgonites absent.

Ocydromiinae

Ocydrominae Schiner, 1862 : lii, liii. Type genus Ocydromia Meigen, 1820 .

Ocydromiinae Melander, 1908: 222 .

This redefined lineage follows the definition of Sinclair & Cumming (2000), distinguished

by the following characters: short cell cu p with truncate apex, arista subapical or much

longer than postpedicel, proboscis short and directed downwards or recurved, 2–3 veins

emitted from cell dm, male terminalia asymmetrical and rotated through 90°, phallus

biarticulated, ventral apodeme and postgonites absent and epandrium with pair of

articulated surstyli. The Ocydromiinae is here restricted to include the following genera:

Abocciputa Plant , Apterodromia Oldroyd , Austropeza Plant , Chvalaea Papp & Földvári ,

Hoplopeza Bezzi , Leptodromia Sinclair & Cumming , Leptodromiella Tuomikoski ,

Leptopeza Macquart , Leptopezella Sinclair & Cumming , Neotrichina Sinclair &

Cumming, Ocydromia Meigen , Oropezella Collin , Pseudoscelolabes Collin , Scelolabes

Philippi, and Stylocydromia Saigusa ( Tuomikoski 1966; Chvála 1983; Saigusa 1986; Plant

1989; Sinclair & Cumming 2000; Papp & Földvári 2001).

Oedaleinae rev. stat.

Oedaleini Chvála, 1983: 112 , 162. Type genus Oedalea Meigen, 1820 .

In this lineage the female cercus is fused to tergite 10, female segment 8 is elongate, the

apical antennal style is often greatly shortened (shorter than postpedicel), mouthparts

directed obliquely forwards, cell cu p truncate apically and three veins emitted from cell

dm ( Tuomikoski 1966; Chvála 1983). The Oedaleinae include the following genera:

Allanthalia Melander , Anthalia Zetterstedt , Euthyneura Macquart and Oedalea ( Chvála

1983; Chvála & Kovalev 1989).

Tachydromiinae

Tachydromiae Meigen, 1822: vii. Type genus Tachydromia Meigen, 1803 .

This distinctive subfamily is generally characterized by the apomorphic loss of M 2 and cell dm (due to the loss of dm­cu crossvein), but the subfamily also lacks the wing pterostigma and pseudotracheae, as well as possessing secondary modifications of the hybotid male genitalic ground plan (i.e., phallus with simple apex and the ejaculatory apodeme not fused to phallus base). The subfamily is divided into three tribes, namely the new tribe Symballophthalmini , and the Tachydromiini and Drapetini ( Chvála 1975; Cumming 1990; Cumming unpubl. data).

Symballophthalmini n. tribe

Type genus Symballophthalmus Becker, 1889 .

This new tribe includes the single genus Symballophthalmus Becker , formerly assigned to

the Tachydromiini . It is a distinctive group (defined on the basis of apically broadened

apomorphic wings) that retains numerous plesiomorphies (e.g., holoptic males), which

exclude it from the other two tribes.

Tachydromiini

In its new restricted sense, the Tachydromiini is defined by the following apomorphies: presence of a precoxal bridge and a weakened A 1. The tribe includes the following genera: Ariasella Gil , Charadrodromia Melander , Dysaletria Loew , Pieltainia Arias , Platypalpus Macquart , Tachydromia Meigen , Tachyempis Melander , and Tachypeza Meigen ( Chvála & Kovalev 1989; Cumming 1990).

Drapetini

Drapetini Collin, 1961: 26 . Type genus Drapetis Meigen, 1822 .

This tribe is diagnosed by the following apomorphies: eyes with ommatrichia, loss of CuA 1 and loss of tergite 10 in females (correlated with sternite 10 positioned below the cerci) ( Cumming & Cooper 1992; Solórzano Kraemer et al. 2005; Cumming unpubl. data). The Drapetini includes the following genera: Allodromia Smith , Atodrapetis Plant , Austrodrapetis Smith , Austrodromia Collin Chaetodromia Chillcott , Chersodromia Walker , Crossopalpus Bigot , Dusmetina Gil , Drapetis Meigen , Elaphropeza Macquart , Isodrapetis Collin , Megagrapha Melander , Micrempis Melander , Nanodromia Grootaert , Ngaheremyia Plant & Didham , Pontodromia Grootaert , Sinodrapetis Yang, Gaimari & Grootaert , and Stilpon Loew ( Chvála & Kovalev 1989; Cumming 1990; Cumming & Cooper 1992; Grootaert 1994; Plant 1997; Yang et al. 2004; Plant & Didham 2006).

Hybotinae

Hybotinae Meigen, 1820 : x. Type genus Hybos Meigen, 1803 .

This subfamily has been expanded to include the Bicellaria group of genera as suggested

by Sinclair & Cumming (2000). The Hybotinae are characterized by holoptic females

(except Lamachella and Leptocrytoma), proboscis often heavily sclerotized and projecting

obliquely or horizontally forwards, wings generally with well developed anal lobe, cell dm

emitting two veins and prosternum isolated and separated from proepisternum ( Smith

1969; Chvála 1983; Sinclair 1996). This subfamily is divided into two tribes:

Bicellariini n. tribe

Type genus Bicellaria Macquart, 1823 .

The Bicellariini is a distinctive group, defined on the basis of their unique wing venation:

cell dm absent and the branches of Mevanescent near mid wing (bases of veins

abbreviated). This new tribe includes three genera formerly assigned to the Ocydromiinae :

Bicellaria Macquart , Hoplocyrtoma Melander , Leptocyrtoma Saigusa.

Hybotini

This tribe is defined on a suite of characters including: cell dm emitting two veins, cell cu p often as long as or longer than cell bm, wing usually broad with developed anal lobe and hind femur often enlarged with long setae beneath. The genera of the Hybotini were divided into several groups by Sinclair (1996). The following genera are included in the Hybotinae : Acarterus Loew , Afrohybos Smith , Chillcottomyia Saigusa, Ceratohybos Bezzi , Euhybus Coquillett , Hybos Meigen , Lactistomyia Melander , Lamachella Melander , Neohybos Ale­Rocha & Carvalho , Parahybos Kertész , Smithybos Ale­Rocha , Stenoproctus Loew , Syndyas Loew , and Syneches Walker ( Smith 1967, 1975, 1980; Saigusa 1986; Ale­Rocha 2000; Ale­Rocha & Carvalho 2003).