Dolichocolon, Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00689.x |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887E7-CC2A-FFD8-FEFE-81CF9FA4FA79 |
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treatment provided by |
Valdenar |
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scientific name |
Dolichocolon |
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DOLICHOCOLON View in CoL View at ENA
Recently Cerretti (2009), discussing the monophyly of Dolichocolon + Kuwanimyia , failed to assess relationships between these two genera and Palesisa Villeneuve. Careful examination of all species ascribed to Palesisa by one of us (P. C.) suggested that it could be considered a good candidate as sistergroup of Dolichocolon + Kuwanimyia . Indeed, Palesisa shows the same combination of character states used by Cerretti (2009) to support a sister-group relationship between Dolichocolon and Kuwanimyia , namely: (1) ocellar setae well developed and proclinate; (2) facial ridge with a row of setae over most of its length; (3) parafacial entirely bare; (4) lateral scutellar setae not differentiated; (5) hypandrium without a bridge-like sclerite between the hypandrial arms; (6) epiphallus not differentiated; and (7) dorsal process of distiphallus well developed and sclerotized. None of these features is unique within the Goniini but their combination unequivocally identifies this group of genera, which could be considered monophyletic.
In this analysis, no apomorphies that support Palesisa reveal that it could be considered paraphyletic with respect to Kuwanimyia + Dolichocolon .
A sister-group relationship between Dolichocolon and Kuwanimyia is corroborated by the following four autapomorphic character states: second aristomere at least three times as long as wide [1: 1], facial ridge with a row of stout erect setae over most of its length [4: 1; 5: 1], and notopleuron with an additional seta [7: 1]; these states may be observed in other unrelated Goniini not included in the present analysis.
Monophyly of Kuwanimyia is here supported by the following autapomorphic character states: four katepisternal setae [8: 1], apical scutellar setae strongly erect [9: 1], and not crossed at mid point [10: 1].
At the present state of knowledge, monophyly of Dolichocolon is corroborated by the following autapomorphies: one strong and isolated upper reclinate orbital seta [3: 1] ( Figs 2A View Figure 2 , 3A View Figure 3 , 9A View Figure 9 , 13A View Figure 13 ), which is an unquestionable homoplasy because several other unrelated goniine and eryciine genera share this state, and wing cells dm and sc with a conspicuous bare dorsal surface ( Fig. 6A View Figure 6 ) [11: 1]. Interestingly, this latter character state is shared by all Dolichocolon specimens examined and was not found in any other goniines of which we are aware, providing strong autapomorphic support for the monophyly of Dolichocolon .
PHYLOGENY AND SPECIES- GROUP DEFINITIONS
Dolichocolon chiangmaiensis takes up a position as sister group to ‘Group A’ both under equal weights ( Fig. 1A View Figure 1 ) and implied weights ( Fig. 1C, D View Figure 1 ); this node also received good resampling support ( Fig. 1B View Figure 1 ). It is interesting to point out the number of plesiomorphies found in the male terminalia of D. chiangmaiensis (characters 13, 14, and 15).
‘Group A’ forms a relatively well-supported monophyletic assemblage characterized by having a wide posterior margin of lateral lobe of sternite 5 [13: 1], some long robust setae on sternite 5 [14: 1], and by having hypandrial arms not bent anteriorly [15: 1].
The angoramensis -group is characterized by having setae on medial extension of surstylus [23: 1], interpreted as secondarily lost in D. africanum , D. basilewskyi , D. caudatum , D. mesnili , and D. rude . The angoramensis -group, and the position of D. angoramensis as sister of the africanum -group, received no resampling support. The africanum -group is a well-corroborated assemblage of species that share the following apomorphies: long and robust median marginal setae on abdominal tergite 3 [12: 1], shovel- or paddle-like, laterally flattened surstylus [17: 1], distal 1/3 of surstylus strongly bent posteriorly [18: 1], and well-developed and pointed medial preapical tooth of cerci [35: 2]. The last three character states also appear, rarely and very scattered, in some other goniine genera, such as Frontina Meigen , Blepharipa Rondani , and Blepharella Macquart , whereas the first one appears more commonly in several other unrelated genera. With the sole exception of D. paradoxum , which is widespread in Africa, Mediterranean Europe, and the Middle East, all other species composing the africanum -group are strictly Afrotropical.
The phylogenetic positions of D. orientale as sister group of D. crosskeyi + vicinum -group, and of D. crosskeyi as sister of the vicinum -group, are indi- cated, respectively, by the evenly curved distal 1/2 of cerci [29: 1] and by the scarcely developed and rounded medial preapical tooth of cerci [35: 1]; both do not receive any resampling support. By contrast, monophyly of the vicinum -group is corroborated by two synapomorphies: stout and massive distal 2/3 of surstylus [17: 2] and presence of a wrinkled membrane between medial margin of surstylus and posterolateral margin of cerci [25: 1]. This group, although it consists almost entirely of Oriental and Australasian elements, reaches the Afrotropical region with D. paravicinum , for which a relatively well-supported sister-group relationship with the Oriental D. dali has been found. This species is known from Yemen and Nigeria and is possibly widespread through the Arabian Peninsula and Sahel.
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