Monstera oreophila Madison (1977: 54

Cedeño-Fonseca, Marco, Ortiz, Orlando O., Zuluaga, Alejandro, Croat, Thomas B. & Blanco, Mario A., 2021, A reexamination of Monstera oreophila (Araceae: Monsteroideae) and description of two new pinkish-spathed species of Monstera from Costa Rica and Panama, Phytotaxa 514 (3), pp. 205-220 : 206-211

Monstera oreophila Madison (1977: 54 , f. 39).

Type: — PANAMA. Chiriquí: vicinity of Boquete, Finca Collins , 5500 ft. [~ 1676 m], oak-laurel cloud forest, 24 July 1959, W. L . Stern , K. L . Chambers , J . D. Dwyer & J. E . Ebinger 1104 (holotype MO!, isotypes GH!, LE!, US!).

Robust nomadic vine, with appressed-climbing habit. SEEDLINGS bearing foliose leaves. JUVENILE PLANTS root climbers; stems light or dark green, smooth or rough, internodes 2–8 cm long, 3–6 mm diam.; petiole distinct, light or dark green, smooth or warty, 7–15 cm long, sheathed to the base of the geniculum; petiole sheath persistent or deciduous; blades lanceolate, ovate, subcordate to rounded at the base, acuminate at apex, 8–16 × 3–11 cm, not appressed to the phorophyte, with or without fenestrations. ADULT PLANTS root climbers; stems dark or light green, smooth or warty, cylindrical; internodes 1–5 cm long, 2–4 cm diam.; anchor roots black, feeder roots suberose; cataphylls light-green, warty or smooth, deciduous; petiole dark or light-green, smooth or distinctly warty, 25–70 cm long, sheathed to the base of the geniculum; petiole sheath deciduous with fibrous residues; geniculum smooth, sulcate adaxially, convex abaxially, 2–5 cm long; blades ovate to lance-ovate or oblong, asymmetrically cuneate to rounded or sub-cordate at the base, short to long-acuminate at apex, sub-coriaceous, drying yellowish, brownish, or very dark brown to almost black, 25–75 × 20–35 cm, 1.3–2.0 times longer than wide, decurrent on the geniculum, decurrent portions 0.5–2.0 mm wide; midrib sulcate adaxially, convex and smooth to markedly warty abaxially, drying blackish or yellowish; primary lateral veins 11–45 per side, departing midrib at 75–90°, rarely forked, sunken

adaxially, prominent abaxially, drying blackish or yellowish; tertiary veins parallel but becoming reticulated toward the margin; collective veins not visible; fenestrations present, the ones located along each side of the midrib small and roundish, the ones located farther from the midrib much larger and elongated; margins entire or pinnatilobed due to tearing of the perforations that extend to the margin, 3–7 lobes per side, the sinuses reaching halfway or all the way to the midrib, 0.5–6.0 cm wide. INFLORESCENCES produced on ascending stems, 1–5 per synflorescence, with or without subtending cataphylls; peduncle smooth or warty, 13–40 cm long; spathe acuminate to long-acuminate, glaucous-green externally during development, glaucous-green or pinkish externally and light orange-yellow internally at anthesis, becoming torn at base and hanging (reflexed) from the midrib base during the staminate phase of anthesis, deciduous soon after anthesis, 10–16 × 8–11 cm, up to 6 cm longer than the spadix; spadix white during development, yellow at anthesis, 7–15 cm long, 1.3–3.0 cm diam., 4.4–5.5 times longer than wide; sterile flowers 4–6 mm long, with a transparent secretion; fertile flowers 5–7 mm long; stamens with laminar filaments, 1.5–7.0 mm long; anthers 1.5–3.0 mm long; ovary rectangular and ribbed, 3–5 × 2.0– 3.5 mm; style hexagonal, 1.5–2.0 × 2–4 mm; stigmatophore absent or present, slightly columnar; stigma linear; berries with light green to creamy-white stylar caps during development, mature stylar caps creamy-white; pulp white; seeds black, oblong, 5–7 mm long.

Distribution and ecology:— Monstera oreophila ranges from Costa Rica to eastern Panama, at (700–) 800–2400 m, on both Pacific and Caribbean slopes, in Tropical wet forest, Premontane wet forest, Premontane rainforest and Lower montane rain forest life zones.

There is a disjunction between the populations of Costa Rica and western Panama (Chiriquí and Bocas del Toro provinces) and those on eastern Panama (Darién province), but this is likely a consequence of the relative scarcity and inaccessibility of mountains higher than 1000 m in most of central Panama. It is possible that with further exploration, Monstera oreophila will be detected on the higher mountains of the Panamanian provinces of Ngäbe-Buglé, Veraguas , and Coclé.

Monstera oreophila was reported for Colombia by Galeano et al. (2016) on the basis of Gentry & Mori 13790 (MO), collected (nominally) on the Panamanian side of the Panamanian-Colombian border. It is possible that with further exploration, this species will be properly documented in the Chocó department of Colombia.

Phenology:— Flowering has been recorded in February-March, May, and October-November, and fruiting in February-April, July-August, October, and December.

Discussion:— The species is characterized by its short (1–5 cm) internodes which are minutely pale-speckled, sometimes more or less velvety, sometimes roughened (warty) and matte and minutely whitish-asperous. Petioles are sheathed to the geniculum and minutely speckled; the ultimately deciduous sheath has a narrowly C-shaped free portion on the geniculum. The blades often dry very dark brown and are usually rounded to obtuse at the base on one side, weakly subcordate on the other side, with perforations in one or two series and not pinnately divided (although some fenestrations occasionally break the margin), usually with few to many small, roundish perforations near the midrib, and larger, oblong-elliptic perforations that reach closer to the lateral margins. However, the color of the dry leaf blades is variable, and Grayum (2003) actually mentioned that they usually dry yellowish green. The inflorescence with the spathe green to olive-green (sometimes tinged pink) and glaucous outside, salmon-pink inside, with the spadix greenish white to white or cream is also characteristic of this species.

In the protologue of Monstera oreophila, Madison (1977) cited two collections as paratypes which we rather consider to be different species: Croat 14337 is M. gentryi (see below), and Lent 1006 is M. lentii Croat & Grayum in Grayum (1997: 46). We also provide an expanded and updated description of M. oreophila to better compare it with other species.

Specimens of Monstera oreophila which have leaf perforations broken through the blade margins can be confused with specimens of M. epipremnoides Engler (1905: 118) , but the latter species has persistent adult petiole sheaths and white spathes ( Grayum, 2003, Cedeño-Fonseca 2019).

At least in Costa Rica and Panama, two morphotypes of Monstera oreophila are present: some individuals have warty petioles ( Figs. 1 , 3C–F ) while others have smooth petioles ( Figs. 2 , 3 A-B), but both morphotypes have pink pendant spathes and deciduous adult petiole sheaths ( Cedeño-Fonseca [2019] considered the two morphotypes as different species, and treated the plants with warty petioles as ‟ Monstera sp. I ”). In Costa Rica, plants with smooth petioles are found in the Cordillera de Tilarán and near the border between Costa Rica and Panama, where they can be locally common ( Cedeño-Fonseca 2019).

Upon opening, the spathe of Monstera oreophila can remain in its initial boat-shaped, erect configuration for a brief time (minutes or hours) ( Fig. 3E ), but eventually (either with the help of the wind or by itself) it tears at the base (around most of its line of attachment and also along two short longitudinal lines at either side of the midrib base) and becomes reflexed and pendulous (attached by its midrib, Figs. 1 B-C, 2B, 3B-C,F) for a few hours or a few days ( Fig. 3F ) before falling, or falls immediately after tearing. This particular mode of spathe opening has been observed in plants in Costa Rica and Panama, and appears to be unique to (and diagnostic of) M. oreophila , although it is not apparent from herbarium material (the spathes of Monstera spp. usually become variously split when pressed, and open spathes of M. oreophila become detached when manipulated for herbarium preparation).

Herbivore damage on spathes and spadices of Monstera oreophila has been documented in Panama ( Fig. 3B , also Cedeño-Fonseca & Zuluaga 2020 Fig. 5 ). See also notes in the discussion of M. gentryi below.

Conservation status:— Monstera oreophila is a common species represented by numerous herbarium collections in both Costa Rica and Panama. It occurs in at least 10 protected areas in Costa Rica (Estación Biológica Las Cruces, Parque Internacional La Amistad, Parque Nacional Barbilla, Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo, Parque Nacional Guanacaste, Parque Nacional Tapantí, Reserva Biológica Alberto Manuel Brenes, Reserva Biológica Monteverde, Zona Protectora La Carpintera, Zona Protectora Las Tablas) and in at least four protected areas in Panama (Parque Internacional La Amistad, Parque Nacional Darién, Parque Nacional Volcán Barú, Reserva Forestal Fortuna). Thus, we propose to list this species as of Least Concern (LC).

Additional specimens studied:— COSTA RICA. Alajuela: San Carlos, at terminus of road out of Sucre toward Cerro Porvenir , 2000 m, 24 December 1974, Luteyn 4504 ( MO!) ; San Ramón, Ángeles, R. B. Alberto Manuel Brenes, Las Rocas , 2 Km al Oeste de Finca de Carlos González , 1000 m, 16 February 1994 , Herrera & Mora 6898 ( CR!, USJ!) ; San Ramón, San Rafael, N slope of Cerros Pata de Gallo, near summit, Montes del Aguacate , 1495 m, 18 November 1988, Grayum et al. 9098 ( CR!, MO!) ; Valverde Vega, North of Grecia , 1800 m, 2 June 1984, Murphy 1375 ( MO!) . Cartago: Paraíso, Orosi, Parque Nacional Tapantí , 1260 m, 14 June 2016, Cedeño & Fernández 900 ( USJ!) ; San Nicolás, Z. P. La Carpintera, ladera sur, finca Hacienda La Lima , 1816 m, 4 October 2007, Cascante 1823 ( CR!) ; Aguacaliente o San Francisco, Camino entre Navarro y Muñeco, ca. 3.0- 3.5 km del pueblo de Muñeco, 1530 m, 23 February 2010, Cascante & Chacón 2209 ( CR!) ; Mountains south of Muñeco , 5 April 1974, Utley et al. 790 ( CR!) . La Unión, Río Azul, Quebrada Quebradas , 9 km SE of San José, 1450 m, 19 December 1976, Lent 4005 ( CR!) ; Turrialba, Chirripó, P. N. Barbilla , Cuenca del Matina , Sendero Barthon , Quebrada Avispa , 1600 m, 8 March 2001, Mora 1888 ( CR!) ; La Unión, San Diego, Z. P. La Carpintera, Ladera norte con vista a Tres Ríos, entrando por finca de los Tinoco , 1520 m, 26 March 2008, Cascante et al. 1904 ( CR!) ; Tapantí , 1500 m, 22 October 1983, Chacón 1454 ( CR!, MO!) ; Jiménez, Pejibaye, El Copal , Sendero Gárvula , saliendo a Senderos Ron Ron y Mariposas , 900 m, 29 May 2005, Solano 2484 ( CR!) ; El Guarco, La Sierra , 2000 m, 14 January 1983, Gómez 19742 ( MO!) ; Turrialba, Along road between Moravia and Quebrada Plantanillo, 1200-1300 m, 30 June 1976, Croat 36642 ( MO!) ; Turrialba, Along camino Raíz de Hule , 1200-1400 m, 1 July 1976, Croat 36729 ( MO!) . Paraiso, Tapantí Reserve , 1500-1800 m, 29 September 1987, Croat 68244 ( MO!) ; Quebradilla, camino hacia poblado de Corralillo , ruta 228, 1890 m, 2 February 2017, Cascante & Trejos 2633 ( USJ!) ; Quebradilla, camino hacia poblado de Corralillo , ruta 228, 1890 m, 2 February 2017, Cascante & Trejos 2634 ( USJ!) ; Turrialba, Chirripo, Moravia de Chirripó , 1602 m, 20 December 2019, Cedeño et al. 1639 ( USJ!) ; La Unión, San Rafael, Z. P. La Carpintera, límite de propiedad del Campo Escuela Iztarú , 1854 m, 13 June 2007, Cascante et al. 1754 ( CR!) . Guanacaste: Tilarán, Tronadora, 5 km N Monteverde, Western margin of Reserva Biológica Monteverde , junction of road to San Gerardo valley with Río Negro , 1550 m, 23 December 1988, Haber & Zuchowski 8948 ( CR!) ; La Cruz, Santa Cecilia, Trail above Estación Pitilla , on east slope of Volcán Orosi 710 m, 30 December 1989, Gereau & Taylor 3475 ( CR!, MO!) ; Tilarán, Camino a Tilarán , 1325 m, 22 November 2018, Cedeño & Cascante 1511 ( USJ!) . Heredia: Barva , San José de la Montaña, Vicinity of Porrosatí, S slope Volcán Barva, 1980 m, 3 April 1987, Grayum et al. 8248 ( CR!, MO!) ; Cerro del Gallito , 1800 m, 20 November 1940, León 326 ( CR!) . San Rafael, Road between San Rafael and Río Las Vueltas, 2100-2200 m, 4 September 1979, Stevens 13992 ( MO!) ; San Rafael, Ángeles, Cordillera Volcánica Central , aprox. 0.7 km NE del Hotel El Tirol, 1820 m, 12 September 2017, Cascante et al. 2623 ( USJ!) ; Vara Blanca vicinity, 1800 m, 25 May 1972, Luteyn 3026 ( MO!) ; Sarapiqui, 7.5 km north of Vara Blanca in the vicinity of Río La Paz Grande , 1270-1350 m, 22 June 1976, Croat 36018 ( MO!) ; 4 miles north of Vara Blanca , 1350 m, 26 May 1976, Croat 35560 ( MO!) ; Varablanca, R. F. Cordillera Volcánica Central, Cuenca del Sarapiquí , 9 km NE de la casa de Pablo Serrano, Proyecto ALAS, 1450 m, 16 April 2005, Santamaría 1811 ( CR!, MO!) ; Varablanca, Cerro Chompipe (falda norte) San Rafael , 2100 m, 16 December 1993, Cascante et al. 137 ( CR!) ; Varablanca, Alto del Roble, ladera norte del Cerro Chompipe , por entrada a torres del ICE, 2044 m, 11 November 2008, Cascante et al. 2049 ( CR!) ; Forest along ridge between Río Sardinal and headwaters of Quebrada Arrayanes , 1850-2000 m, 20 April 1986, Grayum 7302 ( MO!) . Puntarenas: Buenos Aires, Potrero Grande, Estacion Tres Colinas , Finca Benito Acuna , 1700 m, 10 September 1996, Alfaro 765 ( CR!) ; Buenos Aires, Potrero Grande, Puesto Tres Colinas , Sendero Rompe Fuegos , 2100 m, 20 September 1996, Gamboa 711 ( CR!) ; Buenos Aires, Potrero Grande, Potrero Grande , La Lucha - Tres Colinas , Fila entre Cerro Seno y Cerro Kebé, 2100 m, 24 February 2008, Santamaría 7197 ( CR!) ; Coto Brus, Upper Río Burú , 2010 m, 19 August 1983, Gómez et al. 21704 ( CR!, MO!) ; Coto Brus, Sabalito, I Campamento ACLA, Camino a Cerro Echandi, 1900 m, 12 April 1998, Alfaro 1561 ( CR!) ; Coto Brus, Upper Río Burú , 2010 m, 19 August 1983, Gómez 2141 5 ( MO!) ; Coto Brus, Sabalito, Zona Protectora Las Tablas , Finca Sandí-Hartmann “El Capricho”, camino a El Surá , 2000 m, 30 April 2016, Cedeño et al. 883 ( USJ!) ; Coto Brus, San Vito, E. B. Las Cruces , Las Cruces Tropical Botanical Garden , 6 km W of San Vito de Java , 1200 m, 6 March 1984, Croat 57250 ( CR!, MO!) ; Coto Brus, Sabalito, Sendero a Cerro Echandi , 1580 m, 11 February 1998, Gamboa 2144 ( CR!) ; Coto Brus, San Vito, Along trail between Las Cruces Botanical Garden and Rio Jaba , ca. 3.5 Km SE of San Vito de Coto Brus, 1200 m, 12 September 1985, Grayum 5976 ( CR!) ; Coto Brus, San Vito, Fila Cruces. 1150-1200 m, 22 May 1995, Chacón 131 ( USJ!) ; Guacimal, Ojo de Agua , 1600 m, 20 April 1989, Bello 803 ( CR!, MO!) ; Puntarenas, Monteverde, Camino a Selvatura , 1590 m, 22 November 2018, Cedeño & Cascante 1507 ( USJ!) ; Puntarenas, Monte Verde, R. B. Monteverde, Cordillera de Tilarán , 1520 m, 19 August 1984, Grayum 3876 ( CR!, MO!) ; Puntarenas, Monte Verde, R. B. Monteverde, Cordillera de Tilarán , Sendero Tranquilo , 1.5 km SE of Cerro Amigos, 1400 m, 19 August 1995, Penneys et al. 671 ( CR!, MO!) . San José: Acosta, Palmichal, Cedral , Cerro Rabo de Mico , 2100 m, 25 July 1991, Morales 87 ( CR!, MO!) ; Aserrí, Tarbaca, Tranquerillas , 1500 m, 2 February 1941, Echeverría 237 ( CR!) ; Aserrí, San Gabriel, Tranquerillas-Aserrí , 1500 m, 2 February 1946, Echeverría 238 ( CR!) ; Dota, Copey, Quebrada Grande , Finca Cedrela Eco-Lodge , 1800 m, 9 February 2018, Cedeño et al. 1272 ( USJ!) ; Dota, Copey, San Gerardo de Dota , Sendero Los Robles , 2200 m, 21 May 1997, González 1908 ( CR!) ; Dota, Copey, Cedro Eco Lodge , 1900 m, 9 February 2018, Cedeño et al. 1272 ( USJ!) ; Dota, Copey, Cedro Eco Lodge , 1900 m, 9 February 2018, Cedeño et al. 1273 ( USJ!) ; Desamparados, San Miguel, Altos Tablazo , área no protegida, Aprox. 2.5-3.0 km al Oeste del pueblo de Jericó , por la cruz de la avioneta, 1915 m, 5 March 2008, Cascante & Quesada 1877 ( CR!) ; Alto de la Palma on finca Porvenir Ca 5 km north of San Jeronimo , 1500 m, 18 August 1975, Utley et al. 2904 ( CR!, MO!) ; Montes de Oca , Cultivo en La Paulina [cultivated], 26 August 1971, Rodríguez 1311 ( CR!) ; Mora, Tabarcia, Cedral , 2250 m, 22 April 2004, Quesada 1404 ( CR!) ; Pérez Zeledón, Páramo, Hills around Rio Savegre , near Finca Zacatales , 2000 m, 1 August 1991, Gay 1559 ( CR!) ; Pérez Zeledón, Páramo, Cerca al Rio Quebradas ; Carretera Interamericana km 117; 1750 m, 9 December 1996, Hammel 20583 ( CR!, MO!) ; Santa Ana, Salitral, Cuenca alta del Río Uruca , arriba de Matinilla , 1950 m, 5 May 2009, Cascante et al. 2114 ( CR!) ; Tarrazú, San Carlos, No protegida, Cuenca del Pirrís-Damas , Región Tarrazu , 1500 m, 28 December 1998, Hammel & Morales 21834 ( CR!, MO!) ; Vázquez de Coronado, Dulce Nombre de Jesús, Entrando por San Jerónimo , Camino rural, conocido localmente como calle la torre, 1517 m, 24 February 2009, Cascante & Solano 2090 ( CR!) ; Vazquez de Coronado , Boundary between Province of San José and Province of Cartago, 1800-1900 m, 30 May 1985, Grayum 5292 ( MO!) . PANAMA. Bocas del Toro: La Fortuna dam area, north of dam; along continental divide trail west of oleoducto road, 1200-1300 m, 11 February 1986, Hammel & McPherson 14453 ( MO!) ; Along trail on divide separating Chiriqui and Bocas del Toro, 1150 m, 22 October 1985, McPherson 7214 ( MO!) . Chiriquí [including some areas currently part of Comarca Ngäbe Buglé]: End of road of Aguacata SW side of Volcán near waterfall, 7000 f [~ 2134 m], 12 April 1979, Hammel et al. 7011 ( MO!) ; Cerro Punta region, Alto los Guerra road W of Bambito , 1800-2200 m, 13 July 1983, Hamilton & Krager 3898 ( MO!) ; Audubon Camp, Cerro Punta , 1800 m, Jul 1972, Tyson 6601 ( GH!, MO!) ; Cerro Punta , 6000 ft [~ 1829 m], 06 March 1974, Tyson 7137 ( IBE!) ; 6 miles above Cerro Punta on the Boquete trail, 7500 ft [~ 2286 m], 07 March 1974, Tyson 7154 ( IBE!, MO!) ; Fortuna Dam region , above northern edge of lake, 1100 m, 27 April 1986, McPherson 9079 ( MO!) ; 3.7 km along road through Bajo Grande from bridge NE of Cerro Punta , 2250-2400 m, 09 November 1980, Sytsma & Stevens 2186 ( MO!) ; Cerro Horqueta , 1500-2000 m, 24 July 1966, Blum & Dwyer 2673 ( MO!) ; Camino entre Bambito y La Amenaza, región de Cerro Punta , 6000 ft [~ 1829 m], 21 Abril 1969, Correa 1275 ( MO!) ; Boquete, Tree Trek Mountain Resort, 1958 m, 24 August 2018, Ortiz et al. 3359 ( MO!, PMA!); Carretera hacia Rio Sereno , NE de Nueva California, Mount Totumas Cloud Forest (Cerro Totuna), Ortiz et al. 2809 ( MO!) ; Vicinity of Casita Alta, Volcán de Chiriquí, 1500-2000 m, 28 June 1938 - 2 July 1938, Woodson et al. 985 ( MO!) ; Near Continental Divide, Riverside , 1100 m, 21 March 1985, Hampshire & Whitefoord 792 ( BM!) ; Vicinity of Bambito, E of Volcán, 1630-1730 m, 15 June 1987, Croat 66192 ( IBE!, MO!); Cerro Colorado, along road between Río San Félix and Cerro Colorado mining exploration camp, W of Chame , 1400 m, 08 July 1988, Croat 69219 ( MO!) ; Vicinity of Monte Azul, 1.4 miles N of Entre Ríos on E slopes of Cerro Punta, 3 miles by road from town of Cerro Punta , 2250 m, 25 November 1979, Croat 48607 ( MO!) ; Along road to Quebrada Iglesia above I.D. A. A. N. water tower at the edge of Cerro Punta , 1980 m, 7 August 1974, Croat 26380 ( MO!) ; Gualaca-Chiriquí Grande road, vicinity of Fortuna Dam at junction of road to IRHE headquarters, 1200 m, 24 June 1987, Croat 66747 ( MO!) ; Cerro Pate de Macho ca. 5 mi NE of Boquete, along trail to Continental Divide which leads on to Finca Serrano ( Francisco Serrano ); Pacific slope, 1800-2200 m, 23 November 1979, Croat 48561 ( MO!) ; Along the road to the Fortuna Dam site, N of Gualaca , 22.7 mi beyond the bridge over the Río Estí , 11.8 mi N of Los Planes de Hornito, 10.7 mi N of jct. to tunnel, 1400 m, 26 November 1979, Croat 48657 ( MO!) ; Vicinity of Fortuna Dam in valley of Río Chiriquí; along aquaduct to water source for IRHE facilities near dam, 1200-1300 m, 22 June 1987, Croat 66611 ( MO!) ; Vicinity of Las Nubes, Parque La Amistad ; 3.5 mi W of Cerro Punta, 2 km inside park 800 m, 28 March 1993, Croat 74889 ( MO!) ; Along road in vicinity of branch in road to Cerro Colorado and Escopeta, above Río San Félix near town of San Felix (ca. 13 miles N of Río San Félix bridge), 800-1200 m, 15 March 1976, Croat 33453 ( MO!) ; Along road in vicinity of branch in road to Cerro Colorado and Escopeta, above Río San Félix near town of San Felix (ca. 13 miles N of Río San Félix bridge), 800-1200 m, 15 March 1976, Croat 33508 ( MO!) ; Methodist Youth Camp between Nueva Swissa and Cerro Punta, 1870 m, 6 Aug 1974, Croat 26273 ( MO!) ; Along road between Fortuna Lake and Chiriquí Grande ; 4.5-5 km N of dam over Fortuna Lake , 1100-1135 m, 08 March 1985, Croat 60003 A ( MO!) ; Las Nubes near Cerro Punta , 2000 m, 07 August 1974, Croat 26464 A ( MO!) ; Along road between Gualaca and Fortuna dam site ; 10 mi NW of Los Planes de Hornito , 1260 m, 10 Apr 1980, Croat 50098 ( MO!) ; Fortuna Dam Area , Fortuna-Chiriquí Grande, 0.7 m ; NW of center of dam, 1080 m, 27 June 1994, Croat & Zhu 76478 ( K!, MO!) ; Fortuna Dam Area, Trail to Meteorological Station of Río Hornito , beginning 0.5 km S of Centro de Cientificos, 23 June 1994, Croat & Zhu 76312 ( AAU!, CM!, MO!, OOM!, US!) ; Parque Nacional Volcán Barú, Sendero Los Quetzaltes , 2239 m, 22 julio 2017, Vergara 2 ( MO!, PMA!) ; Ca. 3.7 km E of bridge NE of Cerro Punta on road through Bajo Grande , 2250-2400 m, 09 November 1980, Stevens 18163 ( MO!) ; Boquete, Corregimiento Los Naranjos, Parque Internacional La Amistad , entrando por el sitio llamado Bajo de Mono , 700-900 m, 28 January 2013, Zuluaga et al. 910 ( PMA!) ; Southwestern slopes of Cerro Horquete about 6 km northwest of Boquete , 1700-1800 m, 28 December 1971, Wilbur et al. 15459 ( DUKE!) ; East of Boquete on Cerro Azul near Quebrada Jaramillo , 1620-1700 m, 11 August 1974, Croat 26812 ( MO!) ; East of Boquete on Cerro Azul near Quebrada Jaramillo , 1620-1700 m, 11 August 1974, Croat 26893 ( MO!) ; At Monte Rey, above Boquete , 1170 m, 21 July 1971, Croat 15711 ( MO!) ; At Monte Rey, above Boquete , 1170 m, 21 July 1971, Croat 15792 ( MO!) ; Gualaca, Corregimento Hornto, Reserva Forestal Fortuna , senderos cerca al centro de investigaciones Jorge L. Arauz , 1200-1500 m, 31 January 2013, Zuluaga 918 ( PMA!) ; Corregimiento Hornito, Reserva Forestal Fortuna, senderos cerca al centro de investigaciones Jorge L. Arauz , 1200- 1200 m, 30 January 2013, Zuluaga 915 ( PMA!) ; Reserva Forestal Fortuna. Sendero Samudio , 1205 m, 06 November 2013, Ortiz et al. 1774 ( MO!) . Darién: Parque Nacional Darién, Cerro Pirre , 1600 m, Zapata et al. 1616 ( PMA!) ; Cerro Tacarcuna Expedition, Cerro Mali base camp, Colombian border, 1500 m, 22 January 1975, Gentry & Mori 13790 ( MO!) ; Serranía de Pirre , trail ca. 1 mi SSW of Cerro Pirre summit, 1200 m, 15 Jul 1977, Hartman et al. 467 9 ( MO!) ; Serranía Pirre, 1.5-2.5 mi S on ridge from intersection with trail down to Rancho Frío , 900-1000 m, 11 July 1977, Hartman et al. 4499 ( MO!) ; Serranía de Pirre, along ascent of Serranía de Pirre above Cana gold mine between Río Cana and Río Escucha Ruido, 1310-1430 m, 27 July 1976, Croat 37817 ( MO!) .

Figures

FIGURE 1. Monstera oreophila from Panama. A. Developing inflorescence. B. Inflorescence with pendent spathe (torn at base) showing the internal (adaxial) surface. C. Inflorescence with pendent spathe (torn at base) showing the external (abaxial) surface. D. Fertile flower, in lateral view (left), and longitudinal section (right). E. Stylar plate, top view (left), and individual stamen (right). F. Sterile flower in lateral view (left) and in longitudinal section (right). G. Portion of adult shoot. (Based on Ortiz et al. 3359).

FIGURE 2. Monstera oreophila from Costa Rica. A. Developing inflorescence. B. Front and back views of open inflorescence with pendent spathe (torn at base). C. Mature infructescence. D. Fertile flower, in lateral view (left), and in longitudinal section (right). E. Stylar plate, top view (left), and individual stamen (right). F. Sterile flower in lateral view (left) and in longitudinal section (right). G. Seeds. H. Portion of juvenile shoot. I. Portion of adult shoot. J. seedling. (Based on M. Cedeño et al. 1272).

FIGURE 3. Monstera oreophila from Panama (A–D) and from Costa Rica (E–G). A. Adult plant with smooth petioles. B. Inflorescence with pendent spathe (torn at base) showing the internal (adaxial) surface and the spadix with herbivore damage. C. Adult plant with pendent spathe showing the internal (adaxial) surface. D. Petiole with tiny white warts. E. Adult plant with erect spathe (not torn at base yet). F. Inflorescence with pendent spathe (torn at base) showing the internal (adaxial) surface. G. Petiole with tiny white warts.

FIGURE 5. Monstera gentryi from Panama. A. Adult plant. B. Mature infructescence, most stylar plates detached. C. Longitudinal cut of the inflorescence in female anthesis with Scarabaeidae beetles inside. D. Inflorescence with herbivory.