Pachylis laticornis ( Fabricius, 1798 )

S., Wanessa da, Costa & Campos, Luiz A., 2022, Phylogeny of Pachylis Lepeletier & Serville, 1825 (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Coreinae) with Thasus Stål, 1865 as a new synonym, and the redescription of Pachylis laticornis (Fabricius, 1798), Zoosystema 44 (21), pp. 503-547 : 527-536

Pachylis laticornis ( Fabricius, 1798)

( Figs 20-27 )

Lygaeus femoratus Lichtenstein, 1796: 107 (name unavailable, ICZN opinion 1820).

Lygaeus laticornis Fabricius, 1798: 538 ; 1803: 208. — Latreille 1807: 121. — Thunberg 1823: 2. — Burmeister 1835: 339. — Amyot & Serville 1843: 194. — Stål 1870: 131. — Packauskas 2010: 177. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020.

Pendulinus bidentatus Thunberg, 1825: 6 . — Stål 1855: 347; 1870: 131. — Packauskas 2010: 177. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020.

Pendulinus maculatus Thunberg, 1825: 5 . — Stål 1855: 347 (larva); 1870: 132. — Packauskas 2010: 177. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020.

Pendulinus gigas Thunberg, 1825: 7 . — Stål 1855: 347; 1870: 131. — Packauskas 2010: 177. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020.

Pendulinus grossus Thunberg, 1825: 7 . — Stål 1870: 131. — Packauskas 2010: 177. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020.

Pachylis laticornis – Le Peletier & Serville 1825: 62. — Laporte 1833: 29. — Herrich-Schaeffer 1836: 63-64; 1851: 259; 1853: 146. — Spinola 1837: 135. — Blanchard 1840: 122. — Westwood 1842: 4. — Dallas 1852: 384. — Stål 1855: 347; 1858: 29; 1867: 158; 1868: 46; 1870: 131. — Uhler 1869: 323. — Walker 1871: 52. — Berg 1879: 64. — Distant 1881: 107; 1901: 327. — Lethierry & Severin 1894: 13. — Osborn 1904: 197. — Bergroth 1913: 144. — Torre-Bueno 1915: 218. — Pennington 1920: 13. — Campos 1925: 53. — Monte 1937: 70. — Blöte 1938: 303. — Schaefer & O’Shea 1979: 521. — O’Shea 1980: 211. — Froeschner 1981: 23. — Aldrich et al. 1982: 1369. — Schaefer & Mitchell 1983: 600. — Packauskas 2010: 177. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020.

Pachylis rufitarsis Spinola, 1837: 136 . — Stål (1870): 131. — Dallas 1852: 384. — Packauskas 2010: 177 (rufitarsusus). — CoreoideaSF Team 2020 (rufitarsus).

Pachylis grossus Westwood 1842: 13 . — Distant 1901: 327.

Thasus grossus – Stål 1870: 133. — Lethierry & Severin 1894: 14. — Distant 1901: 327.

Pachylis serus Berg, 1881: 260-261 . — Brailovsky & Guerrero 2014: 362. — Distant 1888: vii. — Lethierry & Severin 1894: 14. — Pennington 1920: 13. — Grazia-Vieira & Casini 1973: 61. — Conceição & Viana Filho 1994: 149. — Packauskas 2010: 177. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020.

Pachylis gigas – Ueshima 1979: 69. — Packauskas 2010: 177. — CoreoideaSF Team 2020.

Pachylis laticornis var. annulipes Blöte, 1938: 303 . — O’Shea 1980: 211.

Pachylis furvus Brailovsky & Guerrero, 2014: 369 . n. syn.

Pachylis laticornis laticornis – Costa et al. 2021: 326.

TYPE MATERIAL ( PHOTOS). — Lygaeus laticornis Fabricius, 1798 – possible synotype ♂ “Amer. Merid. Schmidt Müs. Jond Lund Lygaeüs laticornis Fabr ”, “Male”, ZMUC 00513668 • Pachylis grossus Westwood, 1842 – lectotype ♂; OUMNH, labels: “Type. Westw. (HOPE) C. Hemipt. 1842 Part II, p. 13 Distant, P.Z.S., 1901, p. 325-335”, “hec.(?) femoratus(?) front(?) acuminat(?)”, “Type”, “ Pachylis laticornis Fabr. ”, “ Coreus heteropus det. Hum(?)...(?)”, “ Cimex femoratins”, “Type Hem: 309 Pachylis grossus Westwood HOPE DEP. OXFORD ” • Pachylis laticornis annulipes Blöte, 1938 – holotype ♀, RMNH, labels: “ Holotypus VAR.”, “v. Lansberge, Caracas.”, “Museum Leiden. Pachylis laticornis F. Det : Blöte”, “Museum Leiden. Pachylis laticornis F. v. annulipes Blöte Det :” • Pachylis furvus Brailovsky & Guerrero, 2014 – holotype ♂; FMNH, data from Brailovsky & Guerrero (2014): Colombia: Meta, Villavicencio, 18.VII.1938, H. Dybas.

NON- TYPE MATERIAL. — Mexico • 1♂; Chiapas, S. slope of Cerro Vernal 13 mi. S. of Tonalá ; alt. 610 m; 5.X.1974; D. E. Breedlove & J. A. Breedlove .

Panama • 1 ♀; Fort Clayton , C. Z.; 15.III.45; K. E. Frick col.; CAS • 1♂; IV.44, K. E. Frick col.; CAS .

Guiana • 1♂; Demerara; 24.IV.01; R. J. Crew; CAS .

Peru • 1♀; Dept. Amazonas, Montenegro, forested, mtn. slopes; alt. 300 m; 22-25.I.1964; P. C. Hutchison and J. K. Wright col.; CAS • 1♀; Leoncio Prado, Tingo Maria, Monzon Valley; 10.XI.1954; E. I. Schlinger & E. S. Ross col.; CAS • 1♀; Satipo; VIII. 1944; P. Paprzyck [77256]; FIOC • 1♀; II.1944; P. Paprzyck [77255]; FIOC. Brazil • 1♂; Amapá, Serra do Navio, Rio Amapari, Diversitas Neotropica; 06.V.1994; Nr. Campo: 326; MZSP • 1♀; Amazonas, Alto Solimões; XII.1979; A. Lise leg. [14721]; MCNZ • 2 ♂; Amazonas; Benjamin Constant; Rio Javari; III.1961; Dirings; MZSP • 1♀; Amazonas, Manaus, BR 174 km; 18, 26.II.1980; C. Fonseca; INPA • 1♂; Amazonas, Manaus; 18.II.1963; [2499]; INPA • 1♀; Amazonas, Manaus; 17.XI.1978 (?1878); Cristovão; INPA • 1♀; Amazonas, Manaus; I.N.P.M.; III-IV.76; Montouchet & Buhrnhein col. [1758]; ZUEC • 1♀; Amazonas, Manaus; 17.XI.1978; Cristovão; INPA • 1♂; Amazonas, Manaus; 24.IV.76; Nilce; INPA • 1♂; Amazonas, Manaus, BR 174 km 45; V.82; E. Oliveira col.; INPA • ♂; Amazonas, Manaus; 27.II.1982; E. F. Ribeiro; INPA • 1♀; Amazonas, Manaus; 18.III.1976; Paraluppi; INPA • 1♂; Amazonas, Manaus; 25.V.82; F.U.R., Latorre L. R.; INPA • ♂; Amazonas, Manaus, Est. Aleixo km 4; IV.1975; P. Ivo Braga col.; INPA • 1♀; Pará, Ananindeua; 28.IX.1997; Moacir Ribeiro, [05017941]; MPEG • 4 ♂; Pará, Baker; CAS • 1♂; Pará, Belém; 22.V.1983; A. L. Henriques; INPA • 1♀; Pará, Belém; 15.IV.1980; A. Barreto [05017129]; MPEG • 2 ♂; Pará, Serra Norte; 25.VI.1985; N. Bittencourt [05015855; 05015856]; MPEG • 1♀; Paraíba; João Pessoa; VII.1955; Pe. Pereira [1788]; MZSP • 1♂; Paraíba; João Pessoa; VII.1977; Victor Daniel; INPA • 1♀, 2 ♂; Distrito Federal; Brasília; 29.XI.65; D. Suere M. Becker [004719; 004720; 004721]; MCNZ • 3 ♀, 2 ♂; Distrito Federal, Brasília, Campus UnB; 27.X.65; D. Suere M. Becker [004727; 004723; 004745; 004747; 004748]; MCNZ • 1♂; Distrito Federal, Brasília, Campus UnB, sobre cretifera; 27.X.65; C. Alho [004732]; MCNZ • 1♀; Distrito Federal, Brasília, Campus UnB, sobre cretifera; 23.X.65; C. Alho [004734]; MCNZ • 2 ♀; Minas Gerais; Alpinópolis; II.1961; Claudionor Elias [361317; 361318]; DZUP • 1♀; Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte, Base da Serra do Curral; 19°57’20”S, 43°54’30”W; 15.IV.2017; H. N. Vasconcelos, N. N. Vasconcelos & M. F. Vasconcelos [H640] ( ENT MCN PUC Minas • 1♀, 4 ♂; Minas Gerais; Ibiá; 11.X.1965; C. Elias leg. [361312; 361313; 361319; 361397; 361398]; DZUP • 1♀, 1♂; Minas Gerais; São Gonçalo do Rio Preto, Parque Estadual do Rio Preto; 18°07’07”S, 43°20’41”W; 28.V.2015; Moreira-Silva L. Paprocki H. [H973; H974]; ENT MCN PUC Minas • 1♀; Espírito Santo, Baixo Guandu; 23-31.XII.1970; C. Elias col. [361303]; DZUP • 1♀; Espírito Santo, Conceição da Barra; 26-30.XI.1968; Tadeu & C. Elias col. [363428]; DZUP • 1♂; Espírito Santo, Conceição da Barra; 24-30.IV.69; C. & C. T. Elias leg. [361441]; DZUP • 2 ♂; Espírito Santo, Linhares; 2-7.VIII.1974; C. Elias col. [363426; 363427]; DZUP • 2 ♀, 7 ♂; Espírito Santo, Santa Teresa; 7.XII.64; C. Elias leg. [361329; 361641; 361642; 361660; 361661; 361662; 361663; 361664; 361665]; DZUP • ♂; Rio de Janeiro, D.F. Corcovado; IX.1959; Alvarenga e Seabra [361330]; DZUP • 1♂; Rio de Janeiro, D.F. Corcovado; XII.1958; Alvarenga e Seabra [361394]; DZUP • 1♂; Rio D.F.; VIII.54; L. B. H.; MCNZ • 1♀; Rio de Janeiro, Manguinhos; I.86; Catharina M.E.G.F. [77253]; FIOC • 1♀; Rio de Janeiro; D. Mendes [0.006.828]; CEAH • 1♂; São Paulo, Campinas, Fazenda Santa Genebra; 17.XI.1977 [2387]; ZUEC • 1♂; São Paulo, Campinas, Santa Genebra; 20.X.2003; E. P.Teixeira col. [7778]; CEAH • 2 ♀; São Paulo, Guarulhos; I.1953; P. A. Blumer; MHNCI • 1♂; São Paulo, Ilha dos Búzios; 16.X-4. XI.1963 [1775]; MZSP • 1♂; São Paulo, Jundiaí; 28.X.1961; L. R. Silva col. [1777]; MZSP • 1♂; São Paulo, Jundiaí; 5.XII.1961; Werner col. [1783]; MZSP • 2 ♂; São Paulo, Mogi Guaçu, Faz. Campininha; 17-19.XI.1967; H. Reichardt col. [1784, 1785]; MZSP • 1♂; São Paulo, Represa R. Grande G.B.; 9.I.67; F. M. Oliveira leg. [361395]; DZUP • 1♀; São Paulo, Rio Claro, Lago Azul, leisure area hand collected; 25.X.2008; Cardoso, A. R. col.; FEIS • 1♂; São Paulo, Ypiranga; XI.19; Hempel [81045]; FIOC • 1♂; São Paulo, São Sebastião, Flamboyant; 29.III.89; Martines J. [0.006.834]; CEAH • 1♂; São Paulo, São Pedro, Cerrado; 18-25. IV.2002; Feitosa R. M. col.; MZSP • 2 ♀, 1♂; Paraná, Jaguariaíva, 3.XI.72, Pe. Moure leg. [361437; 361438; 361439]; DZUP • 1♂; Paraná, Jaguariaíva; 28.XII.66; F. Giacomel leg. [361331]; DZUP) • 2 ♂; Paraná, Jaguariaíva; 28.XII.1969; F. Giacomel leg. [361314; 361396]; DZUP • 1♀, 1♂; Paraná, Jaguariaíva; 2.IX.1974; Rosado Neto [361428; 361429]; DZUP • 1♂; Paraná, Ponta Grossa; XI.1942; MHNCI • 1♀, 1 ♂; Paraná, Ponta Grossa; XI.1945; MHNCI • 1♂; Paraná, Ponta Grossa, Pedreira ; XI.43 [361316]; DZUP • 1♀, ♂; Tibagi, Salto da Conceição; XII.57 [361299; 361393]; DZUP • 1♀; Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Gonçalves; II.55; E. Viana leg. [004756]; MCNZ • 1♀, 1♂; Rio Grande do Sul, Canoas; 27.XI.58; D. C. Redaelli leg. [02965; 02967]; MCNZ • 1♀; Rio Grande do Sul, Lageado; I.65; H. Bofinen leg. [02964]; MCNZ • 1♂; Rio Grande do Sul, Montenegro [004743]; MCNZ • ♂; Rio Grande do Sul, Montenegro; 1.XII.1977; A. Lise leg. [11505]; MCNZ • ♀; Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre; 16.I.76; L. N. Ramos [04923]; MCNZ • ♂; Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre; XII.73; F. Z. da Cruz [04937]; MCNZ • ♀; Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre; 17.XII.1980; M. Anaide leg. [46425]; MCNZ • ♀; Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre; 24.XI.1985; T. de Lema leg. [48574]; MCNZ • 2 ♀; Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre; XII.1981; T. de Lema leg. [46321; 46322]; MCNZ • ♀; Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre; 29.XI.1984; E. M. L. M. Santos leg. [48378]; MCNZ • ♀; Rio Grande do Sul,Porto Alegre; 20.XII.1977; A. Pereira leg. [14714]; MCNZ • ♀; Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre; 16.VIII.80; Antonio leg. [04924]; MCNZ • ♂; Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Verão 62/63 [004742]; MCNZ • ♂; Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Belém Novo; 6.XII.62 [04938]; MCNZ • ♂; Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Jardim Botânico; XI.1991; A. Pereira leg. [50441]; MCNZ • ♂; Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Jardim Botânico; 30.XI.1990 [50363]; MCNZ • ♀; Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, J. Botânico, XI.1991, A.Pereira leg. [50440]; MCNZ • ♂; Rio Grande do Sul, Triunfo, 27.X.1977, M. E. Lanzer leg. [11503]; MCNZ • 1♀; Rio Grande do Sul, Viamão, Águas Claras; 27.XII.1987; A. P. Nunes leg. [49775]; MCNZ • 1♂; Rio Grande do Sul, Viamão; XI.56; M. Palova leg. [004740]; MCNZ .

DIAGNOSIS. — Black to light brown, usually without evident bands or stains, except for antennomeres III, always with the basal articulation yellow. Antennomeres III expanded, the external expansion larger than the internal. Pronotum semitrapezoidal, with protruding humeral angles, not forming spines, and slightly sloping. Genital capsule with the expansion of the superior layer of ventral rim rounded or triangular; upper lateral process with rounded ventral margin. Proximal conduit of the spermatheca elongated with no more than three turns; spermathecal pump as wide as long.

REDESCRIPTION

Coloration

General color. Black to light brown ( Figs 20 ; 21 ). Head usually with bands and spots lighter than the general color, such as the union between the mandibular plates, maxillary plates, and clypeus, in addition to macules on the side of the ocelli. Black or light brown, with a light spot at the base and apex of labial segment II, occasionally the lateral margin of segment I is yellow. Antenniferous tubercles black, often with a lighter outer margin. Antennomeres I and II completely black, sometimes apical portion of antennomers II yellow; III with black apical half and yellow at base; IV yellow at base and all the rest black. Pronotum black to brown. Black scutellum and in some cases lighter, but not contrasting, lateral margins and apex. Ostioles and peritremes brown, lighter than the pleura. Hemelytral veins rarely lighter than the general color. Light brown coxae and femora, the latter distally black. Tibiae and trochanters usually black, sometimes with yellow tones in the proximal portion. Tarsomeres I and II with black ends and a larger, central yellow portion. Dorsal abdomen light brown, contrasting with the connexivum; abdominal glands scars usually yellow. Connexival segments usually with yellow spots on the central portion and the posterior margin; spiracles sometimes yellowish; abdominal sternites light brown and posterior margin usually yellow. Female sternite VII brown to reddish brown, with darker lateral margins and posterolateral angles; plica usually contrasting, yellow or black. Genital capsule dark reddish brown.

Morphology

Head. Subquadrangular, covered by tiny bristles, mainly in the dorsal surface and antennae. Deflected clypeus, extending beyond the antenniferous tubercles and mandibular plates. Deflected and concave mandibular plates. Antennomeres ratio: IV>I>II>III; antennomere I slightly more robust than II and IV; antennomere III usually expanded between the median portion and the apex, the external expansion larger than the internal, the latter grooved; antennomere IV fusiform.

Thorax. Semitrapezoidal pronotum; collar marked dorsally, laterally not projected in relation to the head and posterior margin slightly concave; anterior pronotal angles subtly projected to the sides, without spine; smooth anterolateral margins, with tubercles close to the humeral angle; salient humeral angles, not forming a spine, in some specimens slightly sloping in posterior view; posterolateral margin truncated and smooth. Pronotal disc with tiny protrusions, usually imperceptible with the thin layer of bristles, which gives a velvety appearance to the surface; pronotal calli smooth, without bristles and not protruding; posterior portion of the pronotal disc deflected in relation to the central portion, giving the impression of a low carina. Scutellum as wide as long; wider than long in some females; generally with wrinkles irregularly distributed. Hemelytra reaching the last abdominal segment; corium covered by tiny bristles; hemelytral membrane with 4 to 5 basal cells followed by many parallel longitudinal veins. Pleura with few and sparse bristles; in some specimens, tufts of yellowish bristles lateral to the coxal sockets. Scent gland ostiole larger than peritreme; elongated peritreme, with the anterior portion larger than the posterior.Reduced prosternum, due to the closeness of the procoxae; meso- and metasternum smooth. Unarmed coxae and trochanters, except the male hind legs. Pro- and mesofemora with a pair of distal spines, positioned side by side and on two reduced carinas; smooth dorsal and lateral margins, including in the metafemora. Metafemora with 4-7 spines arranged in two rows, which may vary in the same individual; the male central and distal spines larger than the others, which may be greater in number than in females; when the female distal spine is robust, subsequent spines progressively smaller towards the femoral apex. Pro- and mesotibiae subtriangular in cross section, without spines, grooved dorsally and with thickened distally.Ventrally expanded metatibiae, the expansion reduced in the female; grooved anteriorly, longitudinally curved in the male and straight in the female; with a ventral row of 3-4 tiny apical spines, one of them larger in the male. Tarsomeres I and II triangular in cross section with numerous setae covering the ventral margin; tarsomere III club-shaped.

Abdomen. Connexivum and sternites with few sparse bristles. Connexiva III-VII with apical spine, usually larger in the male and absent in the female connexivum VII. Spiracles III-VII large, elliptical, and with slightly projected margins. Grooves and punctures near spiracles III-VII.Posterior margin of male’s sternite VII uniformly convex, with a median longitudinal fissure. Posterior margin of female’s sternite VII strongly concave, with truncated posterolateral margins not extending beyond the posterior margin of valvifers VIII; presence of a longitudinal fissure with overlapping margins and with the posterior and central margins projected over valvifers VIII. Female plica concave to straight and anterior to the spiracles. Anterior margin of the female tergite IX projected anteriorly.

Male genitalia ( Figs 22-24 ). Genital capsule covered by bristles posteriorly ( Figs 22 ; 23 A-C), piriform in dorsal and ventral views and rounded in posterior view; superior layer of ventral rim expanded in two rounded or triangular lateral projections ( Figs 22 ; 23B : Vlp); posterior margin of the inferior layer of ventral rim straight to sinuous ( Figs 22 ; 23B : Pls). Parameres not visible in rest position, thin and sclerotized; head hook-shaped, foot slightly wider than the body; inner margin grooved (probably the ‘inner camber’ by Tsai et al. (2011)) and covered by long bristles ( Fig. 23D ). Phallotheca markedly sclerotized ventrally ( Fig. 24B : Ph). Ductus seminis long and not spiraled, completely enveloped by the membranous vesicle ( Fig. 24A : Ds). Disticonjunctiva with an elongated and dorsally slender process ( Fig. 24C : Dp); ventrolateral process truncated and striated ( Fig. 24B : Vp); lateral inner process rounded ( Fig. 24C : Bsp); upper lateral process larger than the others, with the dorsal margin hook-shaped and the ventral rounded and elongated ( Fig. 24B : Usp).

Female genitalia ( Figs 25 ; 26 ). Triangular laterotergites VIII ( Fig. 25 : Lt VIII), as long as wide, with spiracles closer to the anterior margin; triangular valvifers VIII ( Fig. 25 : Vf VIII), with rounded and slightly narrow posterior margin, never exceeding the posterior margin of laterotergites VIII; valvifers IX visible externally ( Fig. 25 ; 26A : Vf IX); triangular laterotergite IX ( Fig. 25 : Lt IX) tapering to apex; valvulae VIII elongated and semitriangular ( Fig. 26C : Vv VIII), lateral margin lined with bristles ( Fig. 26C : Br), internally the posterior apex truncated and covered by lobular papillae ( Fig. 26C : Pp); anterior fibula first branch ( Fig. 26C : Fb) parallel to the internal side of valvulae VIII, not extending beyond the posterior margin; tubular valvulae IX ( Fig. 26A : Vv IX), elongated, with posterior margin covered by long, thick bristles ( Fig. 26D : Br); convergent and hook-shaped process on the inner side of the valvulae IX posterior margin ( Fig. 26D : Hp); gynatrium with marked straps, posterior opening biconcave, sclerotized, and forming a tiny central spine ( Fig. 26D : Sn); proximal spermathecal conduit elongated with up to three turns ( Fig. 26A : Pc); spermathecal pump as wide as long, coupled-type, where the proximal and distal conduits are heavily sclerotized and difficult to delimit ( Fig. 26B : Spm); distal spermathecal shorter than proximal, and with a greater number of turns, generally intertwined ( Fig. 26A : Dc); sickle-shaped spermathecal bulb ( Fig. 26A : Bb), often covered by a thin membrane.

Measurements. Male and female, mean respectively. Body length – 28.4; 28.0. Head length – 1.9; 1.9 / width – 2.9; 3.0. Antennomere I – 4.9; 4.7 / II – 4.1; 4.1 / III – 3.6; 3.6 / IV – 5.9; 5.5. Length of labial segments I – 1.2; 1.1 / II – 1.2; 1.2 / III – 1.3; 1.2 / IV – 1.7; 1.6. Pronotum length – 6.8; 6.6 / width – 10.1; 11.6; Scutellum length – 4.0; 4.2 / width – 4.0; 4.6.

REMARKS

The absence of a macula in the connexival segments or limited only to the anterior margin and the black tarsomeres III were considered diagnostic characteristics to distinguish P.laticornis from P. furvus ( Brailovsky & Guerrero 2014). Pachylis furvus , in turn, would have the central portion of the connexival segments spotted, in some specimens extending to the anterior margin, and bicolor or black tarsomeres III ( Brailovsky & Guerrero 2014). We observed different combinations of those characteristics overlapping between species. The presence of connexival macula and the tarsomeres color are even variable between segments in the same individual ( Fig. 27 ). The P. laticornis type specimens has the same color pattern as the P. furvus holotype ( CoreoideaSF 2020). Morphological characteristics, which are markedly different between Pachylis species, do not vary between these two species, such as: shape of the posterior margin of the superior layer of ventral rim of the genital capsule; size and position of the posterior projections of the genital capsule; shape of the ventral margin of the upper lateral process of the disticonjunctiva; proportion of the spermathecal pump in relation to the proximal conduit. Considering the above, we conclude P. furvus is a junior synonym of P. laticornis .

The presence of a median longitudinal fissure in the male sternite VIII distinguishes P. laticornis , P. tenuicornis , P. bipunctatus , and P. nervosus from the other species of Pachylis s.l. In turn, P. laticornis can be distinguished from these three species by the mandibular plates positioned between the antenniferous tubercles. Pachylis tenuicornis differs from P. laticornis in not having the grooved antennomere III and having a median process on the ventral margin of the female sternite VII. Pachylis laticornis differs from P. bipunctatus by the irregular anterolateral margins of the pronotum, auricleshaped peritreme, and grooved metasternum. Unlike P. laticornis , Pachylis bipunctatus and P. nervosus do not have a spine in the male sternite VII. The females of P. laticornis are distinguished by the proximal conduit of the elongated spermatheca, with at most three turns, and the spermathecal pump with as long as wide.

Figures

FIG. 20. — Pachylis laticornis (Fabricius, 1798) male. A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, lateral. Scale bars: 5 mm.

FIG. 21. — Pachylis laticornis (Fabricius, 1798) female: A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, lateral. Scale bars: 5 mm.

FIG. 22. — Genital capsule of Pachylis laticornis (Fabricius, 1798): A1-6, dorsal; B1-6, dorsolateral; C1-6, dorsoanterior. Abbreviations: Pls, posterior leaflet sur- face; Vlp, lateral projections of ventral rim. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIG. 23. — Genital capsule (A-C) and paramere (D) of Pachylis laticornis (Fabricius, 1798):A1-6, lateral; B1-6, posterior; C1-6, ventral; D1-6, paramere.Abbreviations: Pls, posterior leaflet surface; Vlp, lateral projections of ventral rim. Scale bars: A-C, 1 mm; D, 0.5 mm.

FIG. 24. — Aedeagus of Pachylis laticornis (Fabricius, 1798): A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, lateral. Abbreviations: Bsp, bottom side process; Dp, dorsal process; Ds, Ductus seminis; Ph, Phallothecae; Usp, upper side process; Vp, ventral process. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIG. 25. —. Female genital plates of Pachylis laticornis (Fabricius, 1798): A-F, ventral. Abbreviations: Lt VIII, laterotergite VIII; Lt IX, laterotergite IX; Vf VIII, valvifer VIII; Vf IX, valvifers IX. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIG. 26. — Female genital inner of Pachylis laticornis (Fabricius, 1798): A, B, D, ventral; C, dorsal. Abbreviations: Bb, spermathecal bulb; Br, bristles; Dc, distal spermathecal conduit; Fb, first branch;Hp,hook-shaped process;Pc, spermathecal proximal conduit; Pp, lobular papillae;Sn, spine;Spm: spermathecal pump; Vf IX, valvifers IX; Vv VIII, valvulae VIII; Vv IX, valvulae IX; Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

FIG. 27. — Variations in connexiva color (A1-6) and tarsomere III (B1-6) of Pachylis laticornis (Fabricius, 1798): A1-6, dorsal; B1-6, lateral.Scale bars: A1-6.5 mm; B1-6.1 mm.