Begonia fischeri Schrank

Moonlight, Peter. W., Jara-Muñoz, Orlando A., Purvis, David A., Delves, Jay, Allen, Josh P. & Reynel, Carlos, 2023, The genus Begonia (Begoniaceae) in Peru, European Journal of Taxonomy 881, pp. 1-334 : 132-142

29. Begonia fischeri Schrank

Figs 45A , 46

Plantae Rariores Horti Academici Monacensis 2: pl. 59 ( Schrank 1820).

– Type: BRAZIL – [Rio de Janeiro State] • prope urbem Rio de Janeiro ; [22°56′ S, 43°13′ W]; C.F.P. Martius s.n.; lectotype: M [ M-0145727 ], designated here; probable isolectotype: NY [ NY00453926 ].

de Candolle (1861: 346, 1864: 359); Smith & Wasshausen (1979: 246, 1984: 466, 1986: 48, 1989: 57); Brako & Zarucchi (1993: 192); Vásquez et al. (2005: 112–125); Wasshausen et al. (2014: 384); Burt-Utley (2015: 42); Delfini (2017: 8).

Begonia pauciflora Lindl. , The Botanical Register 6: t. 471 ( Lindley 1820).

– Type: lectotype: plate 471 in Lindl., The Botanical Register 6: t. 471 ( Lindley 1820), designated here.

Haworth (1821a: 197); Golding & Karegeannes (1984: 497).

Begonia palustris A.Hartw. ex Benth., Plantas Hartwegianas Imprimis Mexicanas: 184 ( Bentham 1845). – Begonia tovarensis var. palustris (A.Hartw. ex Benth.) L.B.Sm. & B.G.Schub. , Caldasia 4 (17): 89 ( Smith & Schubert 1946b). – Begonia fischeri var. palustris (A.Hartw. ex Benth.) Irmsch. (nom. inval.), Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 76: 24 ( Irmscher 1953).

– Type: COLOMBIA • Ad fossas prope Popayan ; [2°27′ N, 76°13′ W]; A. Hartweg 1022; lectotype: K [ K000536747 ], designated here; isolectotypes: B [ B100242105 , F neg. 20902], BM [ BM001008549 ], E [ E00299537 ], K [ K000536748 ], LD [ LD1404597 ], OXF, P [ P05495336 , P06841694 , P06841698 ].

de Candolle (1864: 303); Jacques & Mamede (2005: 581).

Begonia vellerea Klotzsch, Gattungen und Arten 1854: 152 ( Klotzsch 1855) .

– Type: BRAZIL • Serra de Estrella ; F. Sellow 2190; lectotype: B [ B100243043 , F neg. 20899], designated here.

Walpers (1858: 881); de Candolle (1861: 348, 1864: 302); Smith & Smith (1971: 49); Barkey & Golding (1974: 136) [as ‘vallerea’; Smith & Wasshausen (1984: 471)].

Begonia malvacea Klotzsch, Gattungen und Arten 1854: 153 ( Klotzsch 1855) . – Begonia fischeri var. malvacea (Klotzsch)Irmsch. (nom.inval.), Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 76: 24 ( Irmscher 1953).

– Type: BRAZIL • F. Sellow s.n.; lectotype: B [ B101068567 ], designated here.

Walpers (1858: 881); de Candolle (1864: 302); Smith & Schubert (1950: 245); Jacques & Mamede (2005: 580).

Begonia pohliana Klotzsch, Gattungen und Arten 1854: 153 ( Klotzsch 1855) . Begonia macroptera var. pohliana (Klotzsch) A.DC. , Flora Brasiliensis 4 (1): 346 ( de Candolle 1861).

– Type: BRAZIL • Pohl 1832; lectotype: B [ B100242113 ], designated by Jacques & Mamede (2005: 580); isolectotypes: K [ K000536642 ], W [ W0057221 ] • F. Sellow 446; syntype: B [ B100242112 ].

Walpers (1858: 881); de Candolle (1861: 346, 1864: 301); Smith & Schubert (1950: 245); Smith & Wasshausen (1984: 469); Jacques & Mamede (2005: 581).

Begonia brasiliensis Klotzsch, Gattungen und Arten 1854: 154 ( Klotzsch 1855) . – Begonia fischeri var. brasiliensis (Klotzsch) Irmsch. (nom. inval.), Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 76: 24 ( Irmscher 1953).

– Type: BRAZIL • Rio das Pedras ; 1820; F. Sellow 2191; lectotype: B [ B100242117 , F neg. 20895], designated here; isolectotype: B [ B100242116 ].

Walpers (1858: 881); de Candolle (1861: 347, 1864: 301); Smith & Schubert (1941b: 110, 1950: 245); Smith & Wasshausen (1984: 466); Jacques & Mamede (2005: 581).

Begonia macroptera Klotzsch, Gattungen und Arten 1854: 154 ( Klotzsch 1855) . – Begonia fischeri var. macroptera (Klotzsch) Irmsch. (nom. inval.), Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 76: 24 ( Irmscher 1953).

– Type: BRAZIL – Rio de Janeiro State • 1835; C. Gaudichaud-Beaupré 1068; lectotype: B [ B100242111 ], designated here; isolectotypes: G [F neg. 24193], G-DC, P [ P06841785 , P06841787 ], RB ex P [ RB00052761 ], US ex P [ US00115380 , US00314166 ].

Walpers (1858: 881); de Candolle (1861: 345, 1864: 300); Smith & Schubert (1944: 80, 1950: 245); Brade (1957: 155); Smith & Wasshausen (1984: 112); Jacques & Mamede (2005: 580).

Begonia elata Klotzsch, Gattungen und Arten 1854: 155 ( Klotzsch 1855) . – Begonia fischeri var. elata (Klotzsch) Irmsch. (nom. inval.), Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 76: 24 ( Irmscher 1953).

– Type: BRAZIL • F. Sellow 135; lectotype: B [ B100242122 , F neg.20894], designated here, first stage designated by Jacques & Mamede (2005: 580); isolectotypes: B [ B100242121 , B100242123 , B100242124 , B100242125 ].

Walpers (1858: 882); de Candolle (1861: 345, 1864: 301); Smith & Schubert (1950: 245); Smith & Wasshausen (1984: 466); Jacques & Mamede (2005: 580).

Begonia ermanii Klotzsch, Gattungen und Arten 1854: 155 ( Klotzsch 1855) . – Begonia uliginosa var. ermanii (Klotzsch) A.DC. , Flora Brasiliensis 4 (1): 347 ( de Candolle 1861). – Begonia fischeri var. ermanii (Klotzsch) Irmsch. (nom. inval.), Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 76: 24 ( Irmscher 1953).

– Type: BRAZIL – Rio de Janeiro State • Erman s.n.; lectotype: B [ B100242115 , F neg. 20883]; designated here.

Walpers (1858: 881); de Candolle (1861: 347, 1864: 302); Jacques & Mamede (2005: 581).

Begonia setosa Klotzsch, Gattungen und Arten 1854: 151 ( Klotzsch 1855) .

– Type: BRAZIL • F. Sellow s.n.; lectotype: B [ B100247920 ], designated here; isolectotypes: B [2: B101068569 , F neg. 20898; B100247921 ] • ibid.; F. Sellow 4385; syntypes: B [ B100247917 , B100247918 , B100247919 ] .

Walpers (1858: 880); de Candolle (1861: 348, 1864: 302); Smith & Smith (1971: 52); Smith & Wasshausen (1983: 446).

Begonia moritziana Klotzsch (nom. illeg.; later homonym non Kunth & Bouché), Gattungen und Arten 1854: 151 ( Klotzsch 1855). – Begonia fischeri var. moritziana (Klotzsch) Irmsch. (nom. inval.), Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 76: 24 ( Irmscher 1953).

– Type: VENEZUELA • Colonia Tovar ; [8°20′ N, 71°45′ W]; Dec.–Jan.; J.W.K. Moritz 1705; lectotype: B [ B1010685554 , F neg. 20901], designated here; isolectotypes: BM [ BM001191433 ], K [ K000536749 ].

Walpers (1858: 880); de Candolle (1864: 303); Smith & Schubert (1950: 245, 1958: 57); Smith & Wasshausen (1984: 469); Jacques & Mamede (2005: 581).

Begonia tovarensis Klotzsch, Gattungen und Arten 1854: 151 ( Klotzsch 1855) . – Begonia fischeri var. tovarensis (Klotzsch)Irmsch. (nom.inval.), Botanische JahrbücherfürSystematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 74: 24 ( Irmscher 1953).

– Type: VENEZUELA • Cultivated (Hort. Berlin) from material collected in Venezuela; Jun. 1853; H. Wagner s.n.; lectotype: B [ B100242120 ], designated by Delfini (2017: 8).

Walpers (1858: 880); de Candolle (1864: 303); Schulz (1911: 25); Standley (1937: 747); Smith & Schubert (1941a: 200, 1944: 80, 1946b: 88, 1950: 245, 1958: 57); Smith & Wasshausen (1984: 467-470); Jacques & Mamede (2005: 581); Delfini (2017: 8).

Begonia uliginosa Schott ex Klotzsch, Gattungen und Arten 1854: 155 ( Klotzsch, 1855) .

– Type: BRAZIL • H.W. Schott 927; lectotype: B [ B100242118 ], designated here • ibid. [ Brazil]; H.W. Schott 928; syntype: B [ B100242119 ] .

Walpers (1858: 882); de Candolle (1861: 347, 1864: 301); Smith & Schubert (1950: 245); Smith & Wasshausen (1984: 470).

Begonia macroptera var. paludum A.DC., Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 4: 346 ( de Candolle 1861).

– Type: BRAZIL – Bahia State • P. Salzmann 473; holotype: G-DC.

de Candolle (1864: 301); Smith & Wasshausen (1984: 468); Jacques & Mamede (2005: 581).

Begonia tovarensis var. ocanensis A.DC., Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15 (1): 303 ( de Candolle 1864).

– Type: COLOMBIA –[Dept. Norte de Santander] • environs de Ocaña ; [8°15′ N, 73°21′ W]; 1220 m a.s.l.; Sep. 1850; L. Schlim 100; lectotype: G-DC, designated here; isolectotypes: BM [ BM001191434 ], K [ K000536753 ], P [ P05586606 ] .

Smith & Schubert (1946b: 89, 1958: 57); Smith & Wasshausen (1984: 470).

Begonia ulei C.DC. , Bulletin de L’Herbier Boissier II: 313 ( de Candolle 1908).

– Type: BRAZIL – Santa Catarina State • Am wasserfall des Ribeirão Fresco bei Blumenau ; [26°56′ S, 49°03′ W]; Feb. 1888; E. Ule 772; holotype: US [ US00115483 ] .

Smith & Wasshausen (1984: 470).

Begonia hassleri C.DC. , Bulletin de la Société botanique de Genève, Sér. 2 8: 22 ( de Candolle 1916).

– Type: ARGENTINA – Prov. Misiones: Dept. San Ignacio • Oct. 1914; E. Hassler 460; lectotype: G [ G00085120 ], designated by Delfini (2017: 9); isolectotype: G [ G00085120 ].

Smith & Schubert (1941b: 112); Zanotti et al. (2020: 475).

Begonia cilibracteola C.DC., Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 69: 5 (de Candolle 1919). – Type: PANAMA • Ahorca Lagarto to Culebra ; [9°07′ S, 79°44′ W]; 9 Mar. 1905; J.F. Cowell 388; lectotype: US [ US00115281 ] designated here; isolectotypes: G, NY [ NY00112266 ] .

Smith & Schubert (1958: 57); Smith & Wasshausen (1984: 466).

Begonia roraimensis Tutin, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 78: 251 ( Tutin 1940) .

– Type: GUYANA • Roraima; 9 Dec. 1884; E.F. Thurn 141; holotype: K [ K000536713 ]; isotypes: BM, US [ US00062899 ].

Smith & Wasshausen (1984: 470).

Begonia fischeri var. brevipilosa Irmsch., Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 76: 98 ( Irmscher 1953).

– Type: BRAZIL – Minas Gerais State • Keller s.n.; holotype: B [ B101068555 ].

Jacques & Mamede (2005: 581).

Begonia fischeri var. crenato-glabra Irmsch. , Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 76: 98 ( Irmscher 1953).

– Type : BRAZIL – [Rio de Janeiro State] • Ipiranga, Apr. 1916, Leuderwaldt s.n.; lectotype: SP [ SP000031 ], designated by Jacques & Mamede (2005: 581) • ibid.; Feb. 1916; Leuderwaldt s.n.; syntype: SP [ SP000032 ] • Sao Paulo State; F. Sello 135; syntypes: B [ B100242121 , B100242122 , B100242123 , B100242124 , B100242125 ] .

Jacques & Mamede (2005: 581).

Begonia fischeri var. crenulato-glabra Irmsch ., Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 76: 98 ( Irmscher 1953).

– Type: BRAZIL – Minas Gerais State • Pouso Alegre;[22°14′ S, 44°56′ W]; 2 May 1928; Hoehne s.n.; holotype: SP [ SP000033 ] .

Jacques & Mamede (2005: 581).

Begonia fischeri var. klugii Irmsch., Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 76: 99 ( Irmscher 1953).

– Type: PERU – San Martín Region: [Prov. Moyabamba] • Zepelacio [ Jepelacio ], near Moyobamba; [6°07′ S, 76°55′ W]; 1100–1200 m a.s.l.; Dec. 1933; G. Klug 3389; holotype: US [ US00115310 ]; isotypes: B [ B100242114 ], K [ K000536751 ], MO [ MO-1642840 ], S [ S04-742 ], NY [ NY00118703 ].

Smith & Wasshausen (1986: 49); Brako & Zarucchi (1993: 192); Jacques & Mamede (2005: 581).

Begonia intercedens Irmsch., Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 76: 97 ( Irmscher 1953).

– Type: BRAZIL – Rio Grande do Sul State • H. von Ihering 399; holotype: SP [ SP000050 ] .

Smith & Wasshausen (1984: 468); Jacques & Mamede (2005: 581).

Begonia patula Fisch. ex Hornem. (nom. illeg.; later homonym non Haw.), Hortus Regius Botanicus Hafniensis, Supplement: 108 ( Hornemann 1819).

– Type: unknown.

de Candolle (1861: 346); Smith & Wasshausen (1979: 246).

Begonia obliqua Vell. (nom. illeg.; later homonym non L.), Florae Fluminensis Icones 10: t. 48 ( Vellozo 1831).

– Type: lectotype: plate 48 in Vellozo, Fl. Flum. Icones 10: t. 48 ( Vellozo 1831), designated by Jacques & Mamede (2005: 580).

Vellozo (1881: 406); Smith & Schubert (1950: 245); Smith & Wasshausen (1984: 469); Jacques & Mamede (2005: 580).

Begonia parvifolia Klotzsch (nom. illeg.; later homonym non Schott), Gattungen und Arten 1854: 153 ( Klotzsch 1855).

– Type: BRAZIL • F. Sellow s.n.; lectotype: B [ B100242107 , F neg. 20900], designated here. Syn. nov.

Walpers (1858: 881); de Candolle (1861: 349, 1864: 303); Smith & Schubert (1950: 245); Irmscher (1953: 20).

Begonia brasiliensis Klotzsch (nom. inval.; nom. nud.), Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1854: 122 ( Klotzsch 1854).

Begonia elata Klotzsch (nom. inval.; nom. nud.), Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1854: 122 ( Klotzsch 1854).

Begonia macroptera Klotzsch (nom. inval.; nom. nud.), Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1854: 122 ( Klotzsch 1854).

Begonia malvacea Klotzsch (nom. inval.; nom. nud.), Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1854: 122 ( Klotzsch 1854).

Begonia moritziana Klotzsch (nom. inval.; nom. nud.), Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1854: 122 ( Klotzsch 1854).

Begonia parvifolia (nom. inval.; nom. nud.), Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1854: 122 ( Klotzsch 1854).

Begonia pohliana Klotzsch (nom. inval.; nom. nud.), Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1854: 122 ( Klotzsch 1854).

Begonia setosa (nom. inval.; nom. nud.), Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1854: 122 ( Klotzsch 1854).

Begonia tovarensis Klotzsch (nom. inval.; nom. nud.), Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1854: 122 ( Klotzsch 1854).

Begonia vellerea (nom. inval.; nom. nud.), Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1854: 122 ( Klotzsch 1854).

Begonia tovarensis Moritz ex Klotzsch (nom. inval.; nom. rej. pro syn. Begonia moritziana Klotzsch ), Gattungen und Arten 1854: 151 ( Klotzsch 1855).

Begonia patula Haw. pro parte in A.DC., Flora Brasiliensis 4(1): 348 ( de Candolle 1861); A.DC., Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15 (1): 302 ( de Candolle 1864).

Begonia lacustris Wright ex Griseb. (nom. inval.; nom. rej. pro syn. Begonia tovarensis Klotzsch ), Catalogus Plantarum Cubensis: 117 ( Wright 1866).

Begonia lacustris Wright ex O.E.Schulz (nom. inval.; nom. rej. pro syn. Begonia tovarensis Klotzsch ), Symbolae Antillanae 7 (1): 26 ( Schulz 1911).

Begonia villosa auct. non Lindl.: Gardner, London Journal of Botany 1: 186 ( Gardner 1842).

de Candolle (1861: 346); Smith & Wasshausen (1984: 471); Jacques & Mamede (2005: 581).

Begonia patula Haw. pro parte in Walp., Repertorium Botanices Systematicae 2: 215 ( Walpers 1843a); pro parte in Walp., Annales Botanices Systematicae 4: 879 ( Walpers 1858).

Begonia patula Haw. pro parte in Klotzsch, Gattungen und Arten 1854: 150 ( Klotzsch 1855).

Etymology

The protologue of Begonia fischeri cites “D. Ferd. Fischer in litt.” and the epithet means Fischer’s Begonia . We believe this refers to Friedrich Ernst Ludwig von Fischer.

Selected specimens examined

PERU – Loreto Region: Prov. Maynas • Dist. Pebas, quebrada “tuye”, margen derecha de río Ampiyacu, a 3 km del pueblo; [3°20′ S, 71°57′ W]; 13 May 1976; J. Revilla 587; US [ US00222127 ] • Dist. Iquitos, Carretera de Peña Negra , margen de pasto; [3°50′ S, 73°20′ W]; ca 120–150 m a.s.l.; 20 Jan. 1984; M. Rimachi Y. 7314; MO [ MO-2216528 ], US [ US00424988 ] • Tamshiyacu, Quebrada Blanco, río Tahuayo ; 4°15′ S, 72°55′ W; 135 m a.s.l.; 6 Apr. 1988; J. Ruiz 1167; K, MO [ MO-1835887 ]. – Prov. Loreto • Tacsha Cocha, río Samiria ; 4°50′ S, 74°20′ W; 130 m a.s.l.; 11 May 1985; R. Vásquez, C. Grandez & N. Jaramillo 6502; MO [ MO-1642820 ] • Dist. Nauta-Parinari, Reserva Nacional Pacaya-Samiria , Centro de Datos Para la Conservación ; 4°51′ S –5°12′ S, 73°50′ W –74°40′ W; 90 m a.s.l.; C. del Carpio 2115; MO [ MO-1835886 ], MOL, USM. – Prov. Requena • Sapuena, Jenaro Herrera ; 4°50′ S, 73°45′ W; 170 m a.s.l.; R. Vásquez & N. Jaramillo 9601; MO [ MO-1835904 ], USM. – Cajamarca Region: Prov. San Ignacio • ruta San Francisco-San Ignacio ; [5°00′ S, 78°55′ W]; 1600 m a.s.l.; 7 Jan. 1995; S. Leiva G., P. Lezema A. & P. Chuna 1668; MO [ MO-1642828 ], NY [ NY00454078 ] • Dist. Huarango, Poblado Huarandoza , Caserío El Edén ; 5°09′38″ S, 78°44′19″ W; 1598 m a.s.l.; 30 Jul. 2007; J. Perea & V. Flores 3515; MO, US [ US00990145 ] • Dist. San Ignacio, El Sauce , trocha entre la quebrada Orcón y la casa Adriano Correa; [6°08′ S, 79°12′ W]; 1700–1840 m a.s.l.; 18 Apr. 2003; S. Baldeón M. & M. García O. 5271; USM. – Prov. Cutervo • Beginning of path to Las Grutas ; 6°13′59″ S, 78°43′58″ W; 2259 m a.s.l.; 26 Jul. 2014; P.W. Moonlight & A. Daza 74; E [ E00835910 ], MOL • Pampa de La Rioja ; [6°14′ S, 78°38′ W]; 2500 m a.s.l.; 30 Apr. 1992; C. Ochoa & A. Salas 16097; US [ US00450297 ] • Margen izquierda del río Succino ( Cutervo-Socota ); [6°20′ S, 78°43′ W]; 1900 m a.s.l.; 23 May 1965; A. López & A. Sagástegui 5325; HUT, US [ US00222126 ]. – Prov. Chota • Dist. Antes de Paccha ; [6°30′ S, 78°25′ W]; 1950 m a.s.l.; 23 Jun. 1993; J.G. Sánchez V. 870; CPUN • Prov. Santa Cruz: Dist. Pulan, Chacato ; [6°42′ S, 78°56′ W]; 2600 m a.s.l.; 31 Jul. 2007; L. Santa Cruz 1921; USM • Dist. Pulan, Succhapampa ; [6°42′ S, 78°57′ W]; 2600 m a.s.l.; 31 Apr. 2006; L. Santa Cruz 298; USM. – Amazonas Region: Prov. Utcubamba • Nuevo Mundo trail from Huarango (Cajamarca) to Pisaguas (Amazonas) , ca 1 hr walk from crest at divide between Cajamarca and Amazonas; 5°15′40″ S, 78°39′42″ W; 1885 m a.s.l.; 28 Jan. 2016; P.W. Moonlight & A. Daza 124; E [ E00885869 ], MOL. – Prov. Bagua • El Porvenir, trail to Sunsunza ; 5°28′05″ S, 78°25′36″ W; 1094 m a.s.l.; 10 Jul. 1998; R. Castro et al. 19493; MO [ MO-2991147 ] • Dist. Amargo, Nueva Esperanza , camino hacia la Catarata; 5°28′27″ S, 78°21′57″ W; 1261 m a.s.l.; 10 Feb. 2017; A. Orejuela, M. Cueva & J. Castillo 2723; E [ E01053107 ], USM • Troca Nueva Esperanza a la catarata ; 5°29′54″ S, 78°20′00″ W; 1650 m a.s.l.; 15 Dec. 2001; R. Vásquez, R. Rojas & L. Campos 27337; HUT, MO [ MO-3009258 ]. – Prov. Bongará • 4 km N of Pocacochas on road to Rioja, trail down gorge to W of road; 5°40′ S, 77°22′ W; 2150–2200 m a.s.l.; 2 Jun. 1986; S. Knapp, P. Alcorn, J. Mallet & H. Esley 7485; MO [ MO-1642821 ], US [ US00672871 ], USM • Road from Florida to río Imaza ; 5°55′09″ S, 78°00′37″ W; 1250 m a.s.l.; 31 Jan. 2016; P.W. Moonlight & A. Daza 139; E [ E00885883 ], G, MOL • Vallée de l’Utcubamba, route de Chachapoyas a Pedro Ruíz , km 20–30; [6°05′ S, 77°54′ W]; Oct. 1990; F. Khan & F. Moussa 2789; USM [2]. – Prov. Rodríguez de Mendoza • Dist. Omia, Alrededores del río Tonchimiyo , El Dorado ; 6°16’40–56.8”S, 77°11’26.9–27”W; 1260 m a.s.l.; 5 Jun. 2008; V. Quipuscoa S., L. Cáceres M., I. Treviño Z. 4126; HUT. – Prov. Chachapoyas • Quebrada Molina 5 km below Chachapoyas; [6°13′ S, 77°50′ W]; 2200– 2400 m a.s.l.; 5 Jun. 1962; J.J. Wurdack 748; US [ US00222124 ], USM • Dist. Leimebamba, camino a Monumentos Históricos de Pajatén ; 6°34’23.76”S, 77°38’28.92”W; 1792 m a.s.l.; 28 Aug. 2004; V. Quipuscoa S., M. Vílchez T. & W. Meza E. 3165; HUT. – San Martín Region: Prov. Rioja • Dist. Pardo Miguel, Bosque de Protección Alto Mayo , on the way from El Afluente Pte to La Esperanza; 5°38’32.14–47.13”S, 77°41’00.41–44.6”W; 1370 m a.s.l.; 17 Jul. 2014; Y.F. Deng et al. 1368; USM • Aguas Verdes ; [5°41′ S, 77°38′ W]; 20 Aug. 2002; J. Campos & O. Diaz 8958; USM • Vista Alegre near Moyobamba ; [6°02′ S, 76°58′ W]; 1500 m a.s.l.; 16 Jun. 1947; F. Woytkowski 35292; MO [ MO-1642837 ]. – Pasco Region: Prov. Oxapampa • Dist. Chontabamba, La Suiza Vieja , antigua carretera hacia Cerro de Pasco; 10°40′23″ S, 75°31′28.6″ W; 1935–2415 m a.s.l.; S. Vilca C. & C. Rojas T. 512; HOXA, MO [ MO-2028316 ], USM • Gran Pajonal, vicinity of Chequitavo ; 10°45′ S, 74°23′ W; 1200 m a.s.l.; 26 Sep. 1983; D.N. Smith 5283; MO [ MO-1642824 ], US [ US00672870 ], USM • Dist. Villa Rica, Laguna el Oconal , 10°45′07″ S, 75°16′11″ W; 1504 m a.s.l.; 10 Jun. 2008; R. Rojas, L. Chuck, R. Rivera & C. Rojas 5744; HOXA, USM. – Madre de Dios Region: Prov. Tambopata • Laguna Coco Cocha , 5.2 km E of Lodge; [12°49′ S, 69°16′ W]; 3 Jun. 1986; V.A. Funk, B. Kahn & S. Wiser 8383; K, USM • ca 30 air km or 70–80 river km SSW of Puerto Maldonado at the affluence río La Torre (río D’Orbigny)/río Tambopata, Tambopata Nature Reserve ; 12°49′ S, 69°17′ W; ca 260 m a.s.l.; 21 Apr. 1980; P.J. Barbour 4876; MO [ MO-1642800 ] • Dist. Las Piedras, río Amigos , Campamen to CICRA , trocha Mirador ; 12°34′10.5″ S, 70°06′00.8″ W; 250 m a.s.l.; 14 Mar. 2003; H. Beltrán 5277; USM .

Description

Caulescent herb, to 150 cm high. Stem trailing at the base to erect, branching, rooting at the lower nodes; internodes to 18 cm long, to 7 mm thick, succulent, pale green to red, glabrous to sparsely villous. Stipules late deciduous, lanceolate, 3–12 × 2–4 mm, apex acuminate, translucent, light green to pale brown, glabrous, margin entire to lacerate, long-ciliate. Leaves> 5, alternate, basifixed; petiole 0.4–3.5 cm long, pale green to dark red, sparsely to densely villous; blade asymmetrical, transversely deltoid to ovate, to 6 × 3 cm, succulent, apex obtuse, base obliquely cordate, basal lobes not overlapping, sinus to 15 mm deep, margin crenate to dentate, ciliate, upper surface green to dark green, pilose, lower surface pale green, the veins sometimes red, sparsely pilose, densely villous on the major veins, veins palmate, 3–7 veined from the base. Inflorescences 1–3 per stem, bisexual, axillary, erect, cymose, with 2 branches, bearing up to 2 staminate flowers and 4 pistillate flowers, protandrous; peduncle to 2.5 cm long, red, densely villous, bracts persistent, ovate, 3–4 × 2–3 mm, translucent, brown, glabrous, apex truncate, margin lacerate, long-ciliate. Staminate flowers: pedicels to 8 mm long, densely villous; tepals 4, spreading, outer 2 ovate, 5–8 × 4–7 mm, apex rounded, white to pink, glabrous, margin entire, aciliate, inner 2 elliptic, 3–6 × 1.5–3 mm, apex rounded, white to pink, glabrous, margin entire, aciliate; stamens 12–20, projecting, yellow, filaments 0.5–1 mm long, free, anthers elliptic, 1–1.5 × 0.25 mm, dehiscing via lateral slits, connectives extending ca 0.1 mm, symmetrically basifixed. Pistillate flowers: pedicels to 12 mm long; bracteoles 2, positioned directly beneath the ovary, ovate, 3–4 × 2–3 mm, apex truncate, translucent, white to brown, glabrous, margin lacerate, ciliate; tepals 5, subequal, late deciduous in fruit, spreading, ovate, 4–7 × 1.5–3 mm, apex rounded, white to pink, glabrous, margin entire, aciliate; ovary body ovoid, 4–6 × 3–4 mm, white to pink, villous, unequally 3-winged, wings the largest triangular, ascending, largest 6–9 × 4–5 mm, smallest semi-circular, 5–8 × 2–3 mm; 3-locular, placentae branches divided, bearing ovules on both surfaces; styles 3, yellow, free, 1.5–2 mm long, once-divided, stigmatic papillae in a spirally twisted band. Fruiting pedicel to 20 mm long. Fruit body ovoid, to 14 × 12 mm, drying brown, wings same shape as in ovary, the largest expanding to 30 × 15 mm, the smallest to 14 × 8 mm.

Proposed conservation assessment

Widespread and common, both within and outside of Peru, and within disturbed areas. We assess B. fischeri as Least Concern (LC).

Typification notes

In 1820, Schrank published the name B. fischeri , citing plants growing in the warm house in Munich botanical gardens from Rio de Janeiro in Brazil ( Schrank 1820: pl. 59). The protologue also included an illustration of these plants and stated that the same species had also been sent by C.F.P. von Martius. There is an excellent specimen collected by von Martius in Munich herbarium (M-0145727), which is a good match for Schrank’s description and illustration. We therefore designate this as the lectotype of B. fischeri . There is also a part of a specimen collected by von Martius in New York herbarium with a label stating it is a “Fragm. ex hb. Acad. Monac” (NY00453926). This may have been part of the lectotype collection, and we assume it was in Munich in 1820, because New York herbarium was not established until 1895. We therefore tentatively treat this sheet as an isolectotype of B. fischeri .

The protologue of B. patula Fisch. ex Hornem. cites material introduced from ‘horto Garenkano’ ( Hornemann 1819: 108). Jens Wilken Hornemann, who published the name, was primarily based in Copenhagen herbarium but examined additional material at other herbaria including BM, HBG, K, KIEL, LE, P, S, and W. It is possible that there is cultivated material seen by Hornemann in any one of these herbaria that could be designated as a lectotype. We refrain from designating a neotype of B. patula before a thorough search for original material has been carried out, with a specific focus on Copenhagen herbarium.

The protologue of B. Pauciflora Lindl. consists mainly of a letter written by Lindley describing a plant that flowered at the Colville Nursery in London ( Lindley 1820: t. 471). No specimens are known that match Lindley’s description, so we lectotypify this name based upon the excellent illustration in the protologue.

George Bentham described B. palustris A.Hartw. ex Benth. based upon the collection A. Hartweg 1022 and cited no herbarium ( Bentham 1845: 184). There are duplicates of this collection in at least seven European herbaria, but Bentham was based at Kew, so we chose a lectotype from there. We select the sheet K000536747 as the lectotype because it has more material than the alternative sheet and has the protologue citation written upon it in what may be Bentham’s handwriting.

Klotzsch’s description of B. brasiliensis Klotzsch included a reference to the collection F. Sellow 2191 ( Klotzsch 1855: 154). Jacques & Mamede (2005) stated incorrectly that there is a holotype in Berlin herbarium, but as no herbarium was cited there is no holotype. There are two collections of this collection in Berlin herbarium. We choose B100242117 as the lectotype of B. brasiliensis because it includes illustrations by Klotzsch indicating he used it to describe this taxon and because there are photographs of it in various herbaria (F neg. 20895).

Begonia elata Klotzsch was described based upon material collected by Friedrich Sellow in Brazil and no herbarium was cited ( Klotzsch 1855: 155) so it is appropriate to designate a lectotype. There are five duplicates of the collection F. Sellow 135 in Berlin herbarium that all match this description and Jacques & Mamede (2005) designated a lectotype in Berlin herbarium. Unfortunately, they did not specify which of the five duplicates they intended to be the lectotype so only effected the first stage of lectotypification. We select the duplicate B100242122 as the lectotype because a photograph of this sheet is in several herbaria (F neg. 20894) so it has been treated as the de facto type since the 1940s.

Klotzsch cited the collection C. Gaudichaud-Beaupré 1068 in the protologue of B. macroptera Klotzsch but cited no herbarium ( Klotzsch 1855: 154). Jacques & Mamede (2005) cited the holotype of this name as a duplicate in Paris herbarium; however, as no herbarium was cited in the protologue, no holotype exists (McNeil 2014). Jacques & Mamede’s citation does not count as an effective lectotypification, because since 1990 a lectotypification is only effective if the word “ lectotypus ” or a modern equivalent is used ( Turland et al. 2018: Article 9.23). Klotzsch’s home herbarium was Berlin and a duplicate in this herbarium includes illustrations demonstrating it was used by Klotzsch to describe B. Macroptera (B100242111). We designate this sheet the lectotype of B. macroptera .

Begonia malvacea Klotzsch was described based upon material collected by Friedrich Sellow in Brazil ( Klotzsch 1855: 153). Jacques & Mamede (2005) were unable to lectotypify this name because they could not find any suitable material. There are numerous sheets of B. fischeri collected by Sellow in Brazil, but we have only found one that is determined by Klotzsch as B. malvacea (B101068567). We designate this as the lectotype of B. malvacea . We also note that there is a fragment of a photograph in Kew (F neg. 20897) that supposedly shows material of B. malvacea collected by Sellow in Berlin herbarium. This also shows B. fischeri but is not the same specimen as our lectotype. We have not been able to match it to any of the online material of B. fischeri in Berlin herbarium. This may be an isolectotype of B. malvacea .

Klotzsch published the name B. moritziana Klotzsch and cited material collected by Johann Wilhelm Karl Moritz in Colonia Tovar, near Caracas in Venezuela ( Klotzsch 1855: 151). There are duplicates of the collection J.W.K. Moritz 1705 in the herbaria of Berlin, the British Museum, and Kew that match Klotzsch’s description. We designate the duplicate in Berlin as the lectotype of B. moritziana because it has illustrations drawn by Klotzsch, indicating he used this sheet when describing B. moritziana . We note Jacques & Mamede (2005) cited a duplicate of a collection “ Moritz s.n. ” in Berlin as the holotype of this name. We have not seen any unnumbered specimens collected by Moritz in Berlin and as no herbarium was cited in the protologue there is no holotype.

Begonia parvifolia Klotzsch , like many of the names published by Klotzsch, was described based upon material collected by Friedrich Sellow in Brazil ( Klotzsch 1855: 153). A sheet in Berlin herbarium (B100242107) is labelled with his name in Klotzsch’s handwriting. This sheet was also photographed as the type of B. parvifolia in the 1940s and the photograph distributed to several herbaria (F neg. 20900). We designate this the lectotype of B. parvifolia .

Klotzsch described B. setosa Klotzsch based upon material collected by Friedrich Sellow in Brazil ( Klotzsch 1855: 151). There are several sheets of at least one collection made by Sellow and annotated by Klotzsch as B. setosa , including F. Sellow s.n. (B100247920), 4385 (B100247917, B100247918, B100247919). There are also sheets annotated as B. setosa in another hand, including F. Sellow s.n. (B100249721, B101068569). We designate the unnumbered collection annotated by Klotzsch (B100247920) as the lectotype of B. setosa . Klotzsch typically cited collection numbers where available so we rule out all duplicates of F. Sellow 4385. We also rule out all specimens that do not have Klotzsch’s handwriting.

The protologue of B. vellerea Klotzsch cites material collected in Serra de Estrella in Brazil by Friedrich Sellow ( Klotzsch 1855: 152). No herbarium was cited but there is a specimen that matches this description in Berlin herbarium (B100243043). We designate this collection the lectotype.

The protologue of B. ermaniii Klotzsch cites material collected near Rio de Janeiro by Professor Erman ( Klotzsch 1855: 155) and, as no herbarium is cited, there is no holotype. Jacques & Mamede (2005) incorrectly cited a holotype in Berlin herbarium but as this was after 1990, this was not an effective lectotypification ( Turland et al. 2018: Article 9.23). We designate the sheet B100242115 as the lectotype of B. ermaniii and the later combinations of the basionym. This sheet was determined by Klotzsch as B. ermaniii and a photograph of the sheet is present in various herbaria (F neg. 20883), so it has previously been used as a de facto type.

Klotzsch described B. uliginosa Schott ex Klotzsch based upon material collected by H.W. Schott in Brazil ( Klotzsch 1855: 155). There are two matching collections in Berlin herbarium: H.W. Schott 927 (B100242118) and 928 (B100242119). We designate the former as the lectotype of B. uliginosa because it is the most complete collection and includes illustrations suggesting it was used by Klotzsch to describe the species.

Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle described B. tovarensis var. ocanensis A.DC. ( de Candolle 1864: 303) based upon material of the collection L. Schlim 100. There is a specimen of this collection in the de Candolle’s herbarium (G-DC) and we designate this the lectotype of this name. The specimen citation in the Prodromus says “in Linden” and it may be that de Candolle was attempting to cite a specimen “in h. Linden”, which is his usual way of citing Brussels herbarium. If this were the case, any specimen of this collection would supersede our lectotype ( Turland et al. 2018: Article 9.3). We have however been unable to locate any specimen matching this description in Brussels herbarium so assume this is not the case.

The protologue of B. cilibracteola C.DC. cited the collection J.F. Cowell 388 but cited no herbarium (de Candolle 1919: 12) so all duplicates are syntypes. The author was based in Geneva herbarium, which includes a duplicate of this collection. This duplicate comprises a single leaf in a capsule, which is not suitable to function as a lectotype. We designate the syntype in the US National herbarium ( US 00115281) as the lectotype because it has a determination slip by Anne Casimir Pyramus de Candolle. The duplicate in the New York herbarium (NY00112266) is more complete, but we cannot confirm that de Candolle saw it.

Synonymy notes

We clarify here why B. fischeri is the correct name for this taxon. Four names have been applied to this taxon and were published in 1819 and 1820: B. patula Haw. (May 1819) , B. patula Fisch. ex Hornem. (1819) , B. fischeri (April to May 1920), and B. pauciflora . (July 1920). We have no evidence that B. patula Haw. refers to the same taxon as our concept of B. fischeri so exclude it from our concept (see Excluded names). Begonia patula Haw. may however invalidate B. patula Fisch. ex Hornem. as a later homonym. The exact date of publication of B. patula Fisch. ex Hornem. is unknown, but if it predates May 1918, it is the earliest correct name for our concept of B. fischeri . If it was published later, it is an illegitimate later homonym. For this reason, Jacques & Mamede (2005) suggested rejecting this name if a type is found. The first name that applies to our concept and can be proven to be legitimate is therefore B. fischeri , which precedes the publication of B. pauciflora by two or three months.

In 1842, Gardner mistakenly identified one of his own collections (G. Gardner 106) as B. villosa Lindl. , which is a synonym of B. hirtella . This collection in fact falls within our concept of B. fischeri . This has been recognised since 1861, when Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle cited “ Begonia villosa Lindl. ” As a synonym of B. hirtella ( de Candolle 1861: 345) and “ Begonia villosa Gardn. … non Lindl.” as a synonym of B. macroptera ( de Candolle 1861: 346) . Jacques & Mamede (2005) however cited “ Begonia villosa Gardner ” as an illegitimate later homonym of Lindley’s name and discussed its typification. We clarify here that this is a misapplied name and not an illegitimate later homonym.

We newly synonymise B. parvifolia Klotzsch with B. fischeri . This species was synonymised with B. patula by Smith & Schubert (1950) and Irmscher (1953) suggested that B. parvifolia should be combined with B. palustris but did not formalise the change. Smith & Wasshausen (1984) transferred most of the synonyms of B. fischeri into its synonymy; however, we cannot find any evidence that B. parvifolia has been transferred into synonymy with B. fischeri . Begonia parvifolia falls within our concept of B. fischeri so we transfer it into synonymy herein.

In 1953, Edgar Irmscher attempted to publish new combinations for several Begonia species as varieties of B. fischeri ( Irmscher 1953) . These were B. fischeri var. palustris (A.Hartw. ex Benth.) Irmsch. ; B. fischeri var. brasiliensis (Klotzsch) Irmsch. ; B. fischeri var. elata (Klotzsch) Irmsch. ; B. fischeri var. ermanii (Klotzsch) Irmsch. ; B. fischeri var. macroptera (Klotzsch) Irmsch. ; B. fischeri var. malvacea (Klotzsch) Irmsch. ; B. fischeri var. moritziana (Klotzsch) Irmsch. ; and B. fischeri var. pohliana (Klotzsch) A.DC. All these names are invalid because Irmscher only provided an indirect reference to the protologues of these names’ respective basionyms ( Turland et al. 2018: Articles 41.5, 41.8d).

Identification notes

Begonia fischeri is a common species in disturbed and wet, open habitats in lowland and montane Peru. It is the only annual species of Begonia in Peru with deltoid leaf blades. It is almost always in flower and fruit and the ascending, triangular ovary and fruit wings are very distinctive.

Distribution and ecology

Known from Cuba, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and Brazil. Within Peru, collected in Loreto, Cajamarca, Amazonas, San Martín, Pasco, and Madre de Dios Regions ( Fig. 45A ). Found in Amazonia, northwest Peruvian relict montane forest, and lower and middle montane forest at an elevation of 90– 2600 m a.s.l. Begonia fischeri is also rarely found in permanently wet localities in dry forests and scrubland, such as canyons, drainage ditches, and beneath waterfalls. B. fischeri is a fast-growing annual herb and unusually among Begonia species is frequently collected growing in full sunlight.

Figures

Fig. 45. Distribution of Begonia sect. Ephemera Moonlight in Peru and surrounding countries. A. B. fischeri Schrank (red). B. B. hirtella Link (red). Black lines indicate country borders, grey lines indicate major administrative divisions, blue lines indicate rivers, and shading indicates elevation.

Fig. 46. Begonia fischeri Schrank. A. Habitat. B. Habit. C. Staminate flower. D. Pistillate flower. All photographs taken by P.W. Moonlight from P.W. Moonlight & A. Daza 143 in Bongará Province, Amazonas Region and 74 in Cutervo Province, Cajamarca Region.