Ancylorhynchus tricolor (Loew, 1863)
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.5733/afin.052.0214 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B75F77-C609-FF84-FE03-DF4EFD8FFAFA |
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treatment provided by |
Felipe |
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scientific name |
Ancylorhynchus tricolor (Loew, 1863) |
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Ancylorhynchus tricolor (Loew, 1863) View in CoL
Figs 26 View Figs 3–30 , 56 View Figs 51–60 , 132–134 View Figs 129–146 , 152 View Fig
Xiphocerus tricolor: Loew 1863: 11 View in CoL .
Xyphocerus maculatus Bigot, 1879: 428 View in CoL . Syn. n.
Ancylorrhynchus tricolor: Kertesz 1909: 102 (catalogue); Hull 1960: 217; Oldroyd 1974: 33.
Ancylorrhynchus maculatus: Kertesz 1909: 102 (catalogue); Hull 1960: 217; Oldroyd 1974: 31.
Ancylorrhynchus tricolor Reynaudii: Kertesz 1909: 102 (catalogue).
Ancylorrhynchus braunsi Bromley, 1936: 136 ; Hull 1960: 217; Oldroyd 1974: 33 (fig. 21 head). Syn. n.
Ancylorrhynchus tricolor reynaudii: Hull 1960: 217 .
Ancylorrhynchus reynaudii: Oldroyd 1974: 33 .
Ancylorhynchus tricolor: Oldroyd 1980: 360 View in CoL (catalogue).
Ancylorhynchus maculatus: Oldroyd 1980: 360 View in CoL (catalogue).
Ancylorhynchus braunsi: Oldroyd 1980: 360 View in CoL (catalogue).
Despite an extensive search I have not been able to locate the type specimen(s) of Xiphocerus tricolor Loew, 1863 View in CoL . As reported under reynaudii, Loew (1863) apparently ‘synonymised’ reynaudii with tricolor View in CoL , an action that does not make taxonomic sense as reynaudii takes precedence over tricolor View in CoL . Kertész (1909), inexplicably, responded by placing reynaudii as a subspecies of tricolor View in CoL , an arrangement maintained by Hull (1960). Oldroyd (1974) hesitatingly followed suite when he listed reynaudii in the synonymy of tricolor View in CoL , but placed ‘(? reynaudii Macquart )’ after the name tricolor View in CoL in his key to South African species. Another observation of possible significance is that Oldroyd (1974) acknowledged having used Bromley’s (1936) key in the construction of his own. However, Bromley inexplicably excluded both reynaudii and tricolor View in CoL from his key! This fact suggests that these two species were not known to Bromley – perhaps because the types of both species were unavailable even at that time.
The following redescriptions of taxa now considered synonymous with tricolor serve to characterise the species.
Female (based on holotype maculatus . Condition: Fair; right antenna broken off beyond pedicel; right wing missing (an incorrect wing has been attached with glue, but is clearly different from intact right wing); left halter missing; abdomen has been glued in place after having been broken off at base.).
Head: Dark red-brown to black, silver-gold pruinose, yellow, orange and red-brown setose. Antenna: Scape and pedicel orange, orange setose, postpedicel orange proximally becoming brown-orange distally, terminal stylus ‘segment’ present, orange-brown, tipped with pit-enclosed spine-like sensory element. Segmental ratios: 1:0.4:4.5:0.4. Face dark red-brown to black, strongly silver-gold pruinose (weakly medially between mystax and antennal bases), mystax shiny yellow occupying ventral ⅔ (approx.) of face. Frons and vertex dark red-brown to black, fine silver-grey pruinose (except for ocellar tubercle and adjacent parts), pale yellow setose; ocellar tubercle fine pale yellow setose (no macrosetae). Occiput dark red-brown to black, uniformly silvery pruinose, dorsal setae yellow, ventral setae red-brown. Palpus red-brown, red-brown setose, terminal palpomere swollen, apex projecting with terminal sensory pit. Proboscis dark red-brown, red-brown setose.
Thorax: Dark red-brown to black with orange areas dorsally, fine silver pruinose (especially lateral margins of mesonotum and pleura), white and pale yellow setose. Prothorax entirely dark red-brown, fine silver pruinose, pale yellow setose. Mesonotum dark red-brown to black except for orange postpronotal lobes, posterior region (including postalar lobes and intervening area) and scutellum, fine silver-grey pruinose, fine moderately long white and pale yellow setose. Mesonotal macrosetae (orange when present): dc confined to posterior to transverse suture, 3–4 npl, 2 spal, 3 pal. Scutellum entirely orange, fine silver pruinose, disc sparsely pale yellow setose, hind margin with c. 4 pale yellow weakly developed macrosetae accompanied by minor setae. Pleura entirely dark red-brown to black, entirely silver-grey pruinose, setae white to pale yellow confined to anepst, kepst and ktg. Anatg and mes pnot black, contrasting with orange scutellum. Legs: cx black, silver pruinose, white setose; tro dark red-brown; fem, tib and tar uniformly orange, entirely yellow setose, claws dark red-brown with orange proximal parts. Wings ( Fig. 56 View Figs 51–60 ): 10.3× 3.7 mm. Veins orange anteriorly brown posteriorly. Membrane extensively microtrichose (some proximal cells partly bare), distal cells pale brown (from about first fork of Rs), proximal cells somewhat transparent. Haltere orange-brown.
Abdomen: Dark red-brown to black with orange to orange-brown patches laterally, fine silver-grey pruinose, white and pale yellow setose. T1 blackish, white setose; T2–4 blackish with orange patches posterolaterally; T5–6 dark red-brown to black with orange-brown hind margins; T7–8 entirely orange. Sternites similar to tergites but orange areas along entire posterior margins.
Male (based on holotype braunsi . Condition: Good; left antenna broken off beyond pedicel; hind margins of wings slightly broken.).
Head: Black, fine silver-grey pruinose, pale yellow, yellow and red-brown setose. Antenna ( Fig. 26 View Figs 3–30 ): Scape and pedicel orange, pale yellow setose, postpedicel orange proximally becoming orange-brown distally, terminal stylus ‘segment’ present, tipped with pit-enclosed spine-like sensory element. Segmental ratios: 1:0.4:3.9:0.2. Face black, uniformly fine silver-grey pruinose, mystax shiny yellow occupying ventral ⅔ of face. Frons and vertex black, fine silver-grey pruinose, pale yellow setose; ocellar tubercle fine pale yellow setose (no macrosetae). Occiput black, uniformly fine silver-grey pruinose, dorsal setae pale yellow ventral setae red-brown. Palpus red-brown, red-brown setose, terminal palpomere swollen, apex projecting with terminal sensory pit. Proboscis red-brown, pale yellow setose.
Thorax: Black with orange areas dorsally, fine silver-grey pruinose (especially lateral margins of mesonotum), white and pale yellow setose. Prothorax entirely black, fine silver-grey pruinose, pale yellow setose. Mesonotum black except for orange postpronotal lobes, posterior region (including postalar lobes and intervening area), fine silver-grey pruinose, fine moderately long white and pale yellow setose. Mesonotal macrosetae (pale yellow when present): dc pale yellow confined to posterior to transverse suture, c. 4 npl, 1 spal, 2 pal. Scutellum entirely orange, fine silver pruinose, disc sparsely pale yellow setose, hind margin with c. 4 pale yellow weakly developed macrosetae accompanied by minor setae. Pleura entirely black, entirely silver-grey pruinose, setae white to pale yellow confined to anepst, kepst and ktg. Anatg and mes pnot black, contrasting with orange scutellum. Legs: cx black, silver pruinose, white setose; tro red-brown; fem, tib and tar uniformly orange, entirely yellow setose, claws dark red-brown with orange proximal parts. Wings ( Fig. 56 View Figs 51–60 ): 8.6× 3.1 mm. Veins orange anteriorly brown posteriorly. Membrane extensively microtrichose (some proximal cells partly bare), distal cells brown (from about first fork of Rs), proximal cells transparent. Haltere orange-brown.
Abdomen: Predominantly blackish with orange to orange-brown patches laterally, fine silver-grey pruinose, pale yellow setose. T1 blackish, T2–4 blackish with orange patches posterolaterally, T5–8 dark red-brown to black with orange-brown hind margins. Sternites similar to tergites but orange along posterior margins.
Genitalia ( Figs 132–134 View Figs 129–146 ): Epand bifid, forming pair of parallel, moderately slender lobes that jut out beyond all other genital structures, closely abut proximally, each being relatively straight with slightly inwardly curved distal tips. Proct simple, dorsally situated cerc appearing fused proximally. Goncx well developed, outer lobe projecting posteriorly to narrowly-rounded tip; dorsal finger-like process well-developed, moderately long and stout; inner lobe well developed, distal end sclerotised, medially directed pointed structures. Gonst hardly compressed, dorsally directed, tip curved anteriorly. Hypd moderately developed, broadly heart-shaped, posterior margin indented medially, tapering fairly rapidly to broadly rounded medial protuberance; protuberance laterally somewhat membranous and slightly indented medially. Aed sub-triangular with tiny bifid distal tip. Variation: A remarkably consistent species displaying little variation. The mystax varies in the intensity of its colour being yellow or bright orange (♂ from Kroonstad is exceptional in having a dark red-brown mystax). The legs are usually entirely orange, but a few individuals have the proximal parts of fore and mid legs red-brown.
Holotype maculates (examined): ♀ SOUTH AFRICA: ‘Holo- / type’ [circular, red edged], Xiphocerus / maculatus / J. Bigot / 380 in / coll. / Bigot.’, ‘Coll. Bigot / abt.1845-93. / Pres-1914 by / J.E. Collin.’, ‘380 X. Maculatus ♂ [upside-down?] / = tricolor Lw. / L-. [?] Hermann 1913 / C.B.Sp. [= Cape of Good Hope] J. Bigot.’ [large drawer label], ‘Type Dip: 305 / Xyphocerus / maculatus / Bigot / Hope Dept. Oxford’ (OXUM). Holotype braunsi (examined): ♂ SOUTH AFRICA: ‘De la Rey [= Delareyville, 26.683°S 25.443°E] / W. Transvaal / Dr. Brauns. / i.1919 ’, ‘ Holotype / Ancylorrhynchus / braunsi Br. ’ [red], ‘ Ancylorrhynchus / braunsi / Bromley / Det. S.W. Bromley 1934’, ‘ Ancylorrhynchus / braunsi Broml. / Holotype 154’ [red ink] (NMSA).
Allotype braunsi (examined): ♀ ‘ Jan. 1919 / Dr.Brauns. / De la Rey / Transvaal’, ‘ Allotype / Ancylorrhynchus / braunsi Br. ’ [red], ‘ Ancylorrhynchus / braunsi Broml. / Allotype 155’ [red ink] (NMSA).
Other material examined: LESOTHO: 1♂ ‘Mamathes [29°08'S: 27°51'E] / Basutoland / Jan. 1957 / D.J. Cuthbertson’ (DMSA); 1♂ ‘Mamathes / Basutoland / 18 xii.1943 / C. Jacot / Guillarmod’ (DMSA); 1♀ ‘Mamathes /Basutoland / 26 xii.1955 /A. Jacot- / Guillarmod’ (AMGS); 1♀ ‘Mamathes, Ba / sutol. / i.1940 / C. Jacot- / Guillarmod’ (AMGS); 1♀ ‘Mamathes /Basutoland / 20 xii.1947 / C. Jacot- / Guillarmod’ (AMGS); 1♀ ‘Basutoland / Teyateyaneng [29°09'S: 27°44'E] / 18 xii.1964 / D.J. Brothers’ (AMGS); 1♂ 1♀ ‘Teyateyaneng /Basutoland / 21 xii.1964 / C. Jacot- / Guillarmod’ (AMGS); 1♂ 1♀ ‘Basutoland / 19 xii.1964 / D.J. Brothers / Teyateyaneng’ (AMGS); 1♀ ‘Valley floor / old lands / 5500 ft. ’, ‘Roma Mission [29°27'S: 27°44'E] / Maseru District / Basutoland / B. & P. Stuckenberg / 4–13 Jan. 1963 ’ (NMSA). SOUTH AFRICA: 1♂ ‘South Africa, N. Tvl. / Mogoto Nature Res. / Zebediela. 24.15S / 29.13E. 22–25 x.1979 / G.L. Prinsloo’ (NMSA); 1♂ ‘Lichtenburg [26°09'S: 26°10'E] / Transvaal / Dr. Brauns’ (NMSA); 1? ‘Delarey [= Delareyville, 26.683°S 25.443°E] / W Transvaal / Dr. Brauns. / 15 i.1917 ’ (NMSA); 1♀ ‘Bothaville [27°22'S: 26°37'E] / Orange Fr. St. / Dr. Brauns / 15 12 [18]98’ [sideways], ‘Sammlung / F. Hermann’, ‘ Ancylorrh. / tricolor Lw. ’, ‘ tricolor Wied’, Ancylorrhynchus / tricolor Wd. / ♀ / det. E. O. Engel’ (ZSMC); 1♀ ‘O. Free State / Kroonstad [27°40'S: 27°14'E] / 29 xi.1965 / D.J. Brothers’ (AMGS); 1♀ ‘Sweeping’, ‘South Africa, OFS / Adullam Farm area / Clarens 28.34S / 28.28E. 15–18.i. / 1986. M.W. Mansell’ (NMSA); 1♂ ‘Kimb [Kimberley, 28°50'S: 24°33'E] / 10/[18]96’ (NMSA); 1♂ 1♀ ‘Estcourt [29°00'S: 29°53'E] / 12/96’ (NMSA); 2♂ ‘Estcourt, / Natal. / Sept. & Oct. 1896 / G.A.K. Marshall. / 1903–17’ (BMNH); 1♂ 2♀ 1? ‘Natal / Estcourt’ ~ ‘E. Haviland / 1894’ (SAMC); 2♂ ‘Estcourt / 1/97’ (NMSA); 2♀ ‘B’fontein [Bloemfontein, 29°06'S: 26°11'E] / 1935 / H. v. Hoepen. / L. 219.’ (BMSA); 1♂ ‘South Africa / Natal: Hilton [29°30'S: 30°18'E] / 10/11/80 / D.G. Rattray’ (NMSA); 1♀ ‘Pietermaritzburg [29°37'S: 30°23'E] / City centre / 12.4.1970 / L. Kelsall’ (NMSA); 1♀ ‘Pietermaritzburg / Natal, S Africa / B. & P. Stuckenberg’ (NMSA); 1♀ ‘Sth Africa: Cape Prov / Karoo National Park / 15km N Beaufort West / 12 xi.1986 3222AB / Londt & Quickelberge / Dry Acacia woodland’ (NMSA); 3♂ ‘Sweeping / grassy / Fynbos’, ‘ RSA: Eastern Cape / Baviaanskloof Nat. Res., / Berglaas trail hut at: / 33°38.075’S 24°29.306’E / 28.i.2009 / A. Kirk-Spriggs, S. Otto’ (BMSA); 1? ‘Capland / Krebs S.’, ‘500’, ‘Zool. Mus. / Berlin’ (ZMHB).
Distribution, phenology and biology: Known only from Southern Africa ( Lesotho, South Africa) ( Table 1), where it is fairly widely distributed ( Fig. 152 View Fig ). Bromley (1939) recorded a poorly preserved female specimen from Stellenbosch which, as he suggested, is dispecific. Specimens have been collected from October–January as well as in April (Table 2). The biology is largely unknown, although most of the recorded localities fall within the Grassland, Nama-Karoo and Savanna biomes.
Similar species: A member of the reynaudii species-group with close similarities to fulvicollis , tricolor and zophos .
No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.
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Ancylorhynchus tricolor (Loew, 1863)
| Londt, Jason G. H. 2011 |
Ancylorrhynchus braunsi
| BROMLEY, S. W. 1936: 136 |
Ancylorrhynchus tricolor: Kertesz 1909: 102
| KERTESZ, C. 1909: 102 |
Ancylorrhynchus maculatus:
| KERTESZ, C. 1909: 102 |
Ancylorrhynchus tricolor
| KERTESZ, C. 1909: 102 |
Xyphocerus maculatus
| BIGOT, J. M. F. 1879: 428 |