Oedothorax retusus, (WESTRING, 1851)

Lin, Shou-Wang, Lopardo, Lara & Uhl, Gabriele, 2022, Evolution of nuptial-gift-related male prosomal structures: taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of the genus Oedothorax (Araneae: Linyphiidae: Erigoninae), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195, pp. 417-584 : 447-448

OEDOTHORAX RETUSUS ( WESTRING, 1851)

( FIGS 7S , 8E , 9E , 16 ; SUPPORTING INFORMATION, FIG. S1E )

Erigone retusa Westring, 1851: 41 (Dmf) .

Neriene elevate O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1862: 7966 (Dmf) .

Tmeticus foveolatus Menge, 1868: 186 , pl. 35, fig. 86 (Dmf).

Neriene retusa O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1873: 451 .

Gongylidium fuscum Simon, 1884: 478 , figs 252–254 (mf, misidentified).

Neriene retusa Chyzer & Kulczyński, 1894: 94 , pl. 4, fig. 2 (mf).

Kulczynskiellum retusum F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1895: 39 .

Gongylidium fuscum Becker, 1896: 82 , pl. 9, fig. 5 (mf).

Kulczynskiellum retusum Bösenberg, 1902: 170 , pl. 15, fig. 230 (mf).

Oedothorax retusus, de Lessert, 1910: 192 .

Kulczynskiellum retusum Fedotov, 1912: 454 , pl. 8, fig. 2 (f).

Stylothorax retusa, Dahl, 1912: 603 .

Oedothorax retusus Denis, 1947: 145 , figs 6D, 7D, 8D, 9E, 10E, 11D (mf).

Oedothorax retusus Vogelsanger, 1948: 53 , fig. 9 (f).

Oedothorax retusus Locket & Millidge, 1953: 241 , figs 145D, E, 146E, 147E, F (mf).

Oedothorax retusus Wiehle, 1960a: 440 , figs 807–816 (mf).

Oedothorax retusus Holm, 1962: 165 , fig. 61C–d (m).

Oedothorax retusus Tystshenko, 1971: 251 , figs 820, 831 (mf).

Oedothorax retusus Miller, 1971: 262 , pl. LIV, figs 20–22 (f).

Oedothorax retusus Palmgren, 1976: 88 , figs 7.22, 8.1– 2, 8.4–6.

Oedothorax retusus Růžička, 1978: 195 , figs 8B, 9B (f).

Oedothorax retusus Hu & Wang, 1982: 63 , fig. II.1–4 (f).

Oedothorax retusus Hu, 1984: 199 , fig. 209.1–4 (f).

Oedothorax retusus Bosmans, 1985: 65 , figs 15, 20, 32 (m).

Oedothorax retusus Roberts, 1987: 57 , figs 22E, 23C (mf).

Oedothorax retusus Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 224 , fig. 603 (mf).

Oedothorax retusus Alderweireldt, 1992: 5 , fig. 1c (f).

Oedothorax retusus Zhao, 1993: 199 , fig. 90a–c (f).

Oedothorax retusus Uhl, Nessler & Schneider, 2010: 77 , fig. 1E, F (f).

Oedothorax retusus Uhl et al., 2014: 348 , fig. 1A–F (mf).

Oedothorax retusus Kunz, Witthuhn & Uhl, 2015: 279 , figs 1A–h, 2A–j (mf).

Oedothorax retusus Russell-Smith, 2016: 23 , fig. 2 (f).

Type material: No type designation nor illustration in Westring (1851). Subsequent studies do not mention the examination of types. Nevertheless, the unique palpal tibia shape and male prosomal modification illustrated in later descriptions suffice for an identification of this species.

Examined material: Scotland: Tentsmuir , damp dune slack, 1♂ 2♀ 8.ix.1965 (No. 3114 AMNH) . England: Yorkschire , Askham Bog, 1♀ 12.vii.53 ( AMNH) ; New Forest , Matley Passage, sand pit, 1♀ 15.viii.1955 ( AMNH) ; Oxford , Noke wood, 1♀ 20. x.1954 . Switzerland: Basel (47° N, 8° E), 1♂ 1♀ ( AMNH) ; Westring , 1♂ ( AMNH) ; Trius , 1♀ det. Schenkel (received 1946), Schenkel collection ( AMNH) . Norway: 1♂ xiii.1962, N, Svartisen, M, J. O. 40 ( AMNH) ; 2♀ xiii.1960, RO/RO/S J. A. L. O. ( AMNH) ; 1♂ xiii.1962, N, Svartisen, M, J. O. 46 ( AMNH) . Germany: Greifswald , 1♂ 2014, coll. and det. S.-W. Lin. Data unrecognizable: 4♂ 1♀ ( AMNH) .

Diagnosis:

Males: This species is similar to Oe. apicatus and Oe. gibbifer , all three possess post-ocular hump and lateral sulci and pits, but this species can be distinguished from Oe. apicatus by not having the knob-like shape of post-ocular hump, and can be distinguished from Oe. gibbifer by the retrolaterally bent palpal tibial basal thorn, pointing prolaterally in the latter.

Females: Can be distinguished from other species by the epigynal configuration and number of sub- AME setae (one; two in Oe. fuscus, Oe. agrestis, Oe. meridionalis and Oe. tingitanus ). Distinguished from Oe. apicatus by the more convergent ventral plate borders; from Oe. gibbosus by the more curved ventral plate borders; from Oe. gibbifer by the wrinkles close to the posterior margin of the central area parallel to the margin; from Oe. paludigena by the narrower posterior margin of the dorsal plate; from Oe. trilobatus by the much shorter copulatory ducts.

Description:

Male ( AMNH): Total length: 2.14. Prosoma: 0.91 long, 0.74 wide, postocular region elevated, with lateral sulci and pits ( Fig. 7S ). Eyes: AME-AME: 0.02, AME width: 0.05, AME-ALE: 0.03, ALE width: 0.06, ALE-PLE: 0.01, PLE width: 0.06, PLE-PME: 0.04, PME width: 0.06, PME-PME: 0.05. Clypeus: not hirsute, one sub- AME seta. Sternum: 0.57 long, 0.53 wide. Chelicerae: mastidia absent; stridulatory striae scaly, rows widely and evenly spaced ( Fig. 8E ). Legs: dorsal proximal macroseta on tibia I, II and IV 1.16, 1.16 and 1.87 times diameter of tibia, respectively; Tm I: 0.69. Pedipalp: TPA broad at base, triangular, distal part scaly; BT long, pointed retrolaterally; PC no recognizable distal setae group ( Fig. 16A ); T with scale-like papillae, PT with long papillae; TS short, with papillae ( Fig. 16D ); DSA tip round( Fig. 16A ); EM short, cylindrical, proximally oriented; TP without small protuberances ( Fig. 16B ); E broad at basal part. Opisthosoma: brown, evenly coloured ( Fig. 9E ); spinnerets see Fig. 16H .

Female ( AMNH): Total length: 2.73. Prosoma: 1.07 long, 0.82 wide. Eyes: AME-AME: 0.02, AME width: 0.06, AME-ALE: 0.03, ALE width: 0.08, ALE-PLE: 0.00, PLE width: 0.08, PLE-PME: 0.04, PME width: 0.07, PME-PME: 0.07. Clypeus: not hirsute, one sub- AME seta. Sternum: 0.63 long; 0.62 wide. Legs: dorsal proximal macroseta on tibia I, II, III and IV 1.24, 1.35, 1.72 and 1.82 times diameter of tibia, respectively; Tm I: 0.63. Chelicerae: stridulatory striae similar to male. Epigyne: Clade 13 characteristic morphology, borders between dorsal and ventral plates converging anteriorly, copulatory duct short ( Fig. 16E–G ). Opisthosoma: brown, evenly coloured.

Variation: The measurements are based on examined material.

Males (N = 10, means in parentheses): Total length 1.88–2.23 (2.06). Prosoma: 0.88–1.04 (0.93) long, 0.69– 0.81 (0.75) wide. Legs: dorsal proximal macroseta on tibia I, II, III and IV 0.91–1.47 (1.21), 1.11–1.62 (1.25, N = 9), 1.35–2.24 (1.60, N = 9) and 1.42–2.38 (1.75, N = 8) times diameter of tibia, respectively; Tm I: 0.58– 0.69 (0.62).

Females (N = 10, means in parentheses): Total length 2.29–3.02 (2.65). Prosoma: 1.01–1.20 (1.13) long, 0.80– 0.91 (0.87) wide. Legs: dorsal proximal macroseta on tibia I, II, III and IV 1.24–1.79 (1.51), 1.35–1.74 (1.53), 1.47–2.25 (1.85) and 1.58–2.35 (1.98) times diameter of tibia, respectively; Tm I: 0.60–0.69 (0.64).

Distribution: Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia to Kazakhstan, China

Habitat: In low vegetation or under stones close to water.

Figures

Figure 1. The consensus tree of 296 most-parsimonious trees from the analysis of the expanded matrix of Miller & Hormiga (2004) and Frick et al.(2010) (Matrix I), with Bremer/Jackknife support values shown beside nodes. Newly appended taxa in bold.

Figure 7. Male prosomal morphology, lateral.A, Emertongone montifera (Emerton, 1882) (Paquin & Dupérré, 2003, fig. 1187). B, Shaanxinus mingchihensis Lin, 2019 (traced from photograph). C, ‘Oedothorax’ paracymbialis Tanasevitch, 2015 (traced from photograph). D, ‘Oe.’ kodaikanal Tanasevitch, 2015 (traced from photograph). E, ‘Oe.’ cunur Tanasevitch, 2015 (traced from photograph). F, ‘Oe.’ stylus Tanasevitch, 2015 (traced from photograph). G, Atypena cirrifrons (Heimer, 1984) (traced from photograph). H, A. formosana (Oi, 1977) (Oi, 1977, fig. 2). I, ‘Oe.’ nazareti Scharff, 1989 (Scharff, 1989: fig. 7). J, Gongylidium rufipes (Linnaeus, 1758) (traced from photograph). K, Ummeliata insecticeps (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) (Tu & Li 2004: fig. 8A). L, U. esyunini (Zhang, Zhang & Yu, 2003) (Zhang et al., 2003, fig. 2A). M, Hylyphantes graminicola (Sundevall, 1830) (traced from photograph). N, Tmeticus tolli Kulczyński, 1908 (traced from photograph). O, Oedothorax gibbosus (Blackwall, 1841) [Roberts, 1987: fig. 21 (e)]. P, Oe. trilobatus (Banks, 1896) (Bishop & Crosby, 1935: fig. 79). Q, Oe. gibbifer (Kulczyński, 1882) (Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: fig.604.5).R, Oe.apicatus (Blackwall, 1850) [Roberts, 1987: fig.23 (d)].S, Oe. retusus (Westring, 1851) [Roberts, 1987: fig. 23 (c)]. T, Oe. paludigena Simon, 1926 [Millidge, 1975: fig. (5)]. U, Oe. meridionalis Tanasevitch, 1987 (Tanasevitch, 1987: fig. 107).V, Oe. agrestis (Blackwall, 1853) (Roberts, 1987: fig. 23B).W, Oe. fuscus (Blackwall, 1834) (Roberts, 1987: fig. 23A). X, Oe. tingitanus (Simon, 1884) (Denis, 1968: fig. 11).

Figure 8. Male chelicerae, stridulatory striae on lateral side. A, Oedothorax gibbosus (Blackwall, 1841). B, Oe. trilobatus (Banks, 1896). C, Oe. gibbifer (Kulczyński, 1882). D, Oe. apicatus (Blackwall, 1850). E, Oe. retusus (Westring, 1851). F, Oe. paludigena Simon, 1926. G, Oe. meridionalis Tanasevitch, 1987. H, Oe. agrestis (Blackwall, 1853). I, Oe. fuscus (Blackwall, 1834). J, Oe. tingitanus (Simon, 1884). Scale bars 0.05 mm.

Figure 9. Male opisthosoma, dorsal view. A, Oedothorax gibbosus (Blackwall, 1841). B, Oe. trilobatus (Banks, 1896). C, Oe. gibbifer (Kulczyński, 1882). D, Oe. apicatus (Blackwall, 1850). E, Oe. retusus (Westring, 1851). F, Oe. paludigena Simon, 1926. G, Oe. meridionalis Tanasevitch, 1987. H, Oe. agrestis (Blackwall, 1853). I, Oe. fuscus (Blackwall, 1834). J, Oe. tingitanus (Simon, 1884). Scale bars 0.1 mm.

Figure 16. Oedothorax retusus (Westring, 1851). A–D, male left palp. A, retrolateral view. B, prolateral view. C, dorsal view. D, ventral view. E–G, epigyne. E, ventral view. F, dorsal view. G, external morphology. H, male right spinnerets. Scale bar 0.1 mm.