Grammia philipiana, FERGUSON, 1985

Schmidt, B. Christian, 2009, Taxonomic revision of the genus Grammia Rambur (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Arctiinae), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (3), pp. 507-597 : 534-538

GRAMMIA PHILIPIANA FERGUSON ( FIGS 13, 106 )

Grammia philipiana Ferguson, 1985: 229 , f. 53, 54. Grammia olga Dubatolov, 1990: 79 , f. 1, 2. Grammia philipiana Ferguson ; Ferguson & Opler, 2006: 9.

Type material: Grammia philipiana : described from a male holotype [ USNM; examined], female allotype [ USNM; examined], and a female paratype [ CNC; examined]; the type locality is Ray Mountains , near Torment Creek, 65°51.5–52′N, 151°25–27′W, AK, USA .

Grammia olga : described from a male holotype, female allotype, and three male paratypes [ ZMUM?; photo examined]; the type locality is the ‘lower reaches of the Gusinaya River , Wrangel Island, [ Russian Federation]’ according to Murzin (2003) .

Diagnosis: Grammia philipiana could possibly be mistaken for G. virguncula or G. quenseli , but the bright orange (vs. yellowish) hindwings, larger size, and lack of any transverse markings basad of the forewing subterminal line distinguish philipiana . The hindtibia of G. philipiana is also more clavate in shape than in similar species.

Description: Head – Palps black, frons and vertex pale to orange-buff; male antennae moderately bipectinate, rami short, 1.5 ¥ intersegmental distance; female antennae biserrate; dorsal scales dark brown to black (males and females) or predominantly pale buff (females); eyes moderately to strongly reduced, gena exposed. Thorax – Vestiture black with pale to yellowish buff borders on vertex, patagia, and tegulae; predominantly black ventrally, legs black and pale buff, tibiae pale dorsally, hind tibia distinctly clavate. Abdomen – Dorsal ground bright yellow-orange, colours more vivid in female; apex buff; medial and lateral markings black; medial markings moderately developed to slightly laterally expanded series of dots; ventral lateral spots confluent, forming black bands, segments pale bordered distally; Forewing – Male forewing length 17 mm (N = 1); black dorsally, vein lines complete, lines and bands yellowish buff to pale whitish buff; cubital and radial vein line often broader than other vein lines; discal cell sometimes with longitudinal pale streak; all bands except subterminal absent; subterminal and postcubital stripe complete, the latter reaching distal margin; fringe and anal margin concolourous with pale markings, costal margin entirely pale, apical portion rarely black; ventral markings similar, but dark markings with a paler yellowish cast; females with more elongate wing shape and broader pale markings. Hindwing – Ground colour bright orange, colours more saturated in female; black markings variable in extent, more reduced in females; antemedial, medial, postmedial, and subterminal elements always present; antemedial elements consisting of broad basad streaks, sometimes confluent with postmedial spots resulting in predominantly black hindwing; postmedial spots large, but not confluent with reduced subterminal markings; postmedials partially or entirely broken by orange vein lines in females. Genitalia – Not examined; the following description is based on a genitalic slide photo of G. p. olga ; Male: distal portion of valve short and broad-based, rapidly tapering to bluntly pointed apex; clasper moderately developed, median ridge moderately developed; uncus broad-based, process relatively short and not abruptly constricted at base; juxta slightly wider than high, dorsal concavity very shallow; aedeagus relatively short and stout, vesica shorter than aedeagus.

Biology: Adult collection dates are for mid to late July. The high Arctic distribution and reduced eyes indicate that G. philipiana is undoubtedly diurnal.

Distribution: Occurs from Wrangel Island off the coast of north-eastern Siberia west to Mackenzie Delta, NT, and south to McKinley National Park, AK.

Molecular variation: Not examined.

Remarks: Murzin (2003) and Dubatolov & Schmidt (2005) recognized olga as a subspecies of G. philipiana ; it is on average darker than nominate G. philipiana , with the forewing lines slightly narrower and the hindwing dark markings broader and more confluent; olga is currently known only from Wrangel Island, whereas ssp. philipiana occurs in North America ( Fig. 106 ).

GRAMMIA QUENSELI (PAYKULL) ( FIGS 14, 48 , 80 , 107 )

Bombyx quenseli Paykull, 1793: 99 .

Bombyx strigosa Fabricius, 1793: 454 .

Euprepia gelida Möschler, 1849: 178

Chelonia quenseli liturata Ménétriès, 1859: 500 . Chelonia quenseli v. falloui Jourdheuil, 1866: 127 . Arctia gelida Schöyen, 1880: 175 .

Apantesis quenseli var. norvegica Strand, 1919: 292 .

Orodemnias quenseli daisetsuzana Matsumura, 1927: 110 .

Apantesis quenseli (Paykull) ; Franclemont, 1983: 117. Apantesis quenseli gelida (Möschler) ; Franclemont, 1983: 117.

Grammia quenseli zamolodchikovi Saldaitis & Ivinskis, 2000 .

Grammia quenseli (Paykull) ; Ferguson & Opler, 2006: 9).

Type material: Bombyx quenseli : Type locality: ‘in Lapponia ad Enonteckis’ [Enonteckis, Lappland, Sweden]. [type probably lost].

Bombyx strigosa : type material presumed lost.

Euprepia gelida Möschler : described from a single type, sex not stated, from ‘ Labrador’ [NF, Canada]. Three Möschler specimens (1 ♂, 2 ♀) from Labrador exist in the ZMHB [examined], and the following male specimen, in very good condition, is designated as lectotype: ‘ Labrador / Nain. / Wtn. / 84.’, ‘ Coll. - Möschl. ’, ‘ LECTOTYPE / Euprepia / gelida Möschler / B.C. Schmidt, 2009’.

Chelonia quenseli liturata : described from one male and one female; male syntype from Kaikhan River , Lake Toko-Baikal, Yakutia, Russian Federation .

Chelonia quenseli v. falloui: TL : Simplon [ Switzerland]. [location of type unkown].

Arctia gelida Schöyen : TL: Jakobselv, Sydvaranger, Norway; homonym, preoccupied by gelida Möschler, 1849 .

Apantesis quenseli var. norvegica : replacement name for gelida Schöyen, 1880 .

Orodemnias quenseli daisetsuzana : type information not available.

Grammia quenseli zamolodchikovi : type information not available.

Diagnosis: Grammia quenseli is most similar to G. speciosa , G. kodara , and G. philipiana . Compared to these species, quenseli is smaller overall and has shorter male antennal rami, the antennae are palescaled not black for at least the basal third, the forewing tends to be more banded, and the hindwing is either entirely or predominantly dark grey with diffuse markings. Grammia quenseli is restricted to Arctic and alpine tundra, but is sympatric with G. philipiana and G. v celineata in the western Arctic, and with G. speciosa in Labrador. Holarctia obliterata is superficially similar, but lacks the dark hindwing, in addition to the significant internal genitalic differences discussed under that species.

Description: Head – Palps varying from yellowish buff to black, frons yellowish buff, vertex black centrally, yellowish buff along sides or entirely yellowish; male antennae bipectinate, rami relatively short, averaging 2.65 ¥ 10 - 1 mm, (N = 6); female antennae slightly to moderately biserrate; dorsal antennal scales predominantly pale buff, rarely black; eyes strongly reduced, gena exposed at eye margins. Thorax – Vestiture black with relatively narrow, yellowish buff borders on vertex, patagia, and tegulae; black ventrally, coxa and femur entirely black or black centrally, yellow at base and apex, giving striped appearance; tibia and tarsus variably pale buff and black. Abdomen – Dorsal ground colour pale buff to yellowish, reduced to lateral bands or series of spots because of very wide medial black band; lateral row of spots black; black ventrally, abdominal segments narrowly bordered pale buff distally. Forewing – Mean forewing length 12.5 mm (N = 6 males); black dorsally, vein lines complete, pale buff to yellow; postcubital line reaching distal margin; basal and antemedial band absent, or antemedial present as costal bars or below postcubital; medial band usually restricted to discal cell, sometimes nearly reaching anal margin; postmedial band variably absent, to well developed and reaching postcubital stripe; subterminal band usually well developed, sometimes faint; fringe and anal margin pale to yellowish buff, concolourous with remainder of line markings; costa entirely to partially pale-lined, sometimes restricted to basal 1/4; ventral markings similar, slightly more diffuse. Hindwing – Ground colour usually entirely grey with darker medial and marginal areas; ground colour occasionally pale buff to yellow with extensive black markings, especially in ssp. gelida and in females; ventrally, pale medial area brighter than dorsal side, lacking cast of dark grey scales. Male genitalia – Distal portion of valve gradually tapering to slightly pointed apex; extension and process of sacculus moderately developed; uncus broad-based, process evenly tapered to point, 2.5 ¥ longer than width of base; juxta 1.75 ¥ wider than long; aedeagus with dorsad curve at 2/3 distance beyond base; vesica with basal and medial chamber approximately equal in length and width; distal chamber small, kidneyshaped; vesica shorter than aedeagus. Female genitalia – Corpus bursae slightly pear-shaped, 2.8 ¥ width of ostium bursae; signa rounded-triangular in shape, coarsely scobinate, relatively few spinules; posterior apophysis equal in length to papillae anales.

Biology: Adult collection dates range from mid June to late July, peaking in mid July. Grammia quenseli flies by day during sunny weather, males having a rapid buzzing flight typical of diurnal noctuids. Preferred habitats are dry, often rocky alpine and Arctic tundra. Females very rarely fly, and are cryptically coloured on lichen-covered rocks. Larval food plants in Europe include Lathyrus (Fabaceae) , Taraxacum (Compositae) , Plantago (Plantaginaceae) , Gentiana (Gentianaceae) , and Geum (Rosaceae) ( de Freina & Witt, 1987).

Distribution: Central European Alps ( France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Romania) and Arctic Fennoscandia ( ssp. quenseli ); eastern Siberia, west to the Amur region ( ssp. liturata ), and Hokkaido, Japan ( ssp. daisetsuzana ) ( de Freina & Witt, 1987). In North America from AK east to Labrador, south to northern BC and NH ( Fig. 107 ).

Molecular variation: Eight specimens from six locations across most of the Nearctic range of quenseli exhibited five haplotypes ( Table 2). Maximum divergence within this species was 11%. The dramatic intraspecific sequence variation within quenseli is reflected by the disparate occurrence of quenseli haplotypes throughout the Grammia cox 1 complement, including the Western, Eastern, and Kodara lineages ( Fig. 133 ). BC and most MB samples consisted of three closely related haplotypes of the Eastern lineage, with identical or nearly identical (one or two bp difference) G. williamsii , G. franconia , G. f-pallida , and G. virguncula haplotypes. Two haplotypes, of the Western lineage, were very similar to G. yukona . These two species are not closely related, but both occur in YT, so this appears to represent an introgression event of G. yukona mtDNA into G. quenseli .

Remarks: This ‘species’ surely has a long and complex biogeographical history, given its vast range over regions with a varied geological and glacial history. To treat this as a single species I believe is an oversimplification of the evolutionary divergence and variation that is undoubtedly present. However, the lack of taxonomically informative mtDNA sequence variation, and the conservative morphological variation within the genus, currently does not clarify how many taxa the name quenseli truly encompasses.

I have not seen enough European material to comment on subspecific variation, but three Palaearctic subspecies are generally recognized, G. q. quenseli (Scandinavia, European Alps), liturata (eastern Siberia and Japan), and zamolodchikovi (Chukotka region, Russian Federation). The North American eastern and north-central populations (New England, QC, and Labrador west to at least Darling Lake, NT) are smaller with broader white markings than the western cordilleran taxon ( Fig. 14A, B), and are referable to subspecies gelida ( Fig. 14C, D). I have not seen sufficient Palaearctic material to determine affinities of YT and northern BC populations. de Freina & Witt (1987) erroneously state that gelida was described from Vancouver Island, BC. I have not been able to verify a record from western MT given by Ferguson et al. (2000).

GRAMMIA MARGO SCHMIDT SP. NOV.

( FIGS 15, 50 , 81 , 108 )

Grammia celia of authors, not Saunders, (1863).

Type material: Holotype ( Fig. 15A) – ♂. Canada, AB, Sand dunes 6 km east-south-east Edgerton, 1–2.vi.2002, G.G. Anweiler [ CNC] . Paratypes – 40 ♂♂ 21 ♀♀. The type series is limited to specimens from the northern Great Plains and southern Boreal region. AB: same locality as holotype, 1.vi.2004 , B.C. Schmidt, 1 ♂ [ BCSC]; north-west of Opal , 10.vi.1984 , J.H. Acorn, 1 ♀ [ UASM]; 10 miles south-east FVW [ Fairview , Peace River valley], 4.v.1981, 27.v.1982 , E.M. Pike, 2 ♂♂ [ UASM]; Nordegg , 30.v.1925 , K. Bowman, 1 ♂ [ UASM]; Red Deer , 15.v.1923 , 2 ♂♂ 1 ♀ [ UASM]; Head of Pine Creek , [nr. Priddis], Calgary, 3.vi.1903 , F.H.W. Dod, 1 ♂ [ CNC]; Hot Springs Rd. , Banff, 16.vi.1899 , N.B. Sanson, 1 ♂ [ CNC]; Enoch , 12.vi.979, E.M. Pike , 1 ♀ [ UASM]; Red Deer , 7.v.1915 , 1 ♀ [ UASM]. BC: North side Peace River, 10 V:62372N:6083E [Bear Flat], 7.vi.1997 , J.H. Shepard, 1 ♂ [ RBCM]; Clayhurst E[cological] R [eserve], Peace R., 10 V:62258N:6855E, 24.v.1997 , J.H. Shepard, 1 ♀ [ RBCM]. NT: Ft. Smith , 4.vi.1950 , J.B. Wallis, 2 ♂♂ [ CNC]; Ft. Smith , 27.v.–17.vi.1950 , W.G. Phelps, 7 ♂♂ [ CNC]. MB: Aweme , various dates, N. Criddle , 11 ♂♂ 11 ♀♀, [ CNC]; Aweme [reared at Ottawa], 23.viii.–2.ix.1911 , 10 ♂♂ 4 ♀♀ [ CNC]; Miniota , 26.v.1937 , H.A. Gibbon, 1 ♂ [ CNC]; 2 miles west of Stockton , 20.v.1958 , J.F. McAlpine, 1 ♂ [ CNC]; Sandilands , 15.vi.1930 , N. Criddle, 1 ♀, [ CNC] .

Etymology: I am pleased to name this species after my wife Margo, who has supported and encouraged me throughout my entomological pursuits. The name is used as a noun in apposition.

Diagnosis: The overall wing pattern of G. margo is similar to G. williamsii and G. franconia . Compared to G. williamsii , G. margo has shorter antennal rami, smaller eyes, smaller and more elongate wings, the postcubital forewing band does not extend beyond the subterminal band (usually so in G. williamsii ), never has pink hindwings, flies earlier in the spring and is strictly diurnal. The two species occur in strict sympatry at several sites in AB (Peace Rive canyon and Edgerton sand hills). Compared to G. franconia , G. margo has smaller eyes and shorter antennal rami, is slightly smaller overall, exhibits more dull-coloured hindwings, flies earlier in the season and is diurnal whereas G. franconia is nocturnal. Grammia margo is limited to sandy, gravelly or eroding grasslands, whereas G. franconia is restricted to dry, openly wooded granite ridgetops.

Description: Head – Palps dark brown to black, frons and vertex pale buff; male antennae moderately bipectinate, rami averaging 3.15 ¥ 10 - 1 mm (N = 6); female antennae slightly biserrate; dorsal scales dark brown to black, often with scattered buff scales; eyes strongly reduced with gena exposed at eye margin, mean diameter 5.9 ¥ 10 - 1 mm. Thorax – Vestiture black with pale to yellowish buff borders on vertex, patagia, and tegulae; black ventrally, base of coxa and distal area usually with buff scales; coxa and femur black, tibia and tarsus pale buff dorsally, black ventrally. Abdomen – Dorsal ground colour pale yellow, pale buff near apex; medial and lateral markings black, medial line broadened; male pale buff ventrally, lateral black markings broad but not confluent at midline, female entirely black ventrally; both sexes occasionally entirely black ventrally and dorsally. Forewing – Male forewing length averaging 12.3 mm (N = 6 males); dark brown to black dorsally, vein lines absent; bands pale buff; medial band well developed, not extending beyond postcubital stripe, the latter not extending beyond subterminal band; postmedial band well developed, not extending beyond postcubital; subterminal band complete, angled slightly at M 3, costal section not curved; fringe and anal margin concolourous with pale markings, occasionally dark brown; basal 2/3 of costa pale-lined; ventral markings similar, but dark markings with a paler yellowish cast; sexes similar. Hindwing – Ground colour dull yellow to orangeyellow, black markings variable in extent but nearly always confluent; occasionally entirely black; similar ventrally, but dark markings with a paler yellowish cast; sexes similar. Male genitalia – Distal portion of valve gradually tapering to rounded apex; clasper moderately developed, median ridge moderately developed; uncus broad-based, process evenly tapered to point, 2.5 ¥ as long as width of base; juxta 1.75 ¥ wider than height, dorsal concavity relatively shallow; aedeagus with dorsad curve at 2/3 distance beyond base; medial chamber of vesica short, about as long as wide, minutely scobinate; distal chamber kidney-shaped, twice as long as wide, coarsely scobinate; diverticula moderately developed. Female genitalia – Ductus bursae unsclerotized; corpus bursae slightly pear-shaped, three ¥ width of ostium bursae; signa round, averaging about 2.2 ¥ 10 - 1 mm, coarsely scobinate; posterior apophysis equal in length to papillae anales.

Biology: The peak flight period is in late May to early June, with collection records ranging from early May to mid June. Nearly all records for this species are from sandy or gravelly habitats, particularly prairie and parkland sand dunes. Adults are apparently strictly diurnal. The immature stages are unknown.

Distribution: Grammia margo occurs in grassland and transitional habitats of the northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountain front ranges, south to eastcentral AZ ( Fig. 108 ). It probably occurs throughout the central and northern Great Plains. Records for Ft. Smith, NT, and the Peace River region of AB/BC represent relict grassland habitats.

Molecular variation: Four specimens of G. margo from AB and BC exhibited two haplotypes, one shared with G. virguncula and parthenice , the second with virguncula , parthenice , elongata , and williamsii , all of the Eastern lineage ( Table 2, Fig. 135).

Remarks: This small, diurnal species is rarely collected, and the rapid, buzzing flight makes it easy to overlook. Most specimens in the type series were identified as G. williamsii , and although sympatric, the two species are relatively easy to distinguish, as noted under ‘Diagnosis’. Closely related to G. franconia , and the two may eventually prove to be the same species; however, the structural, phenotypical, and ecological differences, and the available molecular data, support the recognition of these taxa as separate species.

A single female specimen from YT may be referable to this species [reported as Grammia blakei in Lafontaine & Wood (1997)]; however, the wing markings fall outside the variation of other examined G. margo females and the record is well outside the range of other records, and I am therefore excluding it from the type series.

GRAMMIA FRANCONIA (H. EDWARDS) STAT. REV.

( FIGS 16, 51 , 82 , 109 )

Arctia franconia Hy. Edwards, 1888: 184 .

Grammia celia of authors, not Saunders (1863).

Type material: Described from a male holotype [ AMNH, photograph examined] from Franconia , White Mountains, NH, USA .

Diagnosis: Most similar to G. margo , G. williamsii , and northern populations of G. figurata . See ‘Diagnosis’ under G. margo for comparison to that species. Reddish-hindwing G. franconia could be mistaken for G. williamsii , but the eyes are smaller, antennal rami shorter, and the postcubital stripe does not extend beyond the subterminal band, usually extending slightly past as a fine point in williamsii . In addition, the forewing shape is narrower, and G. franconia flies earlier in the season than G. williamsii . The ranges of the two are currently not known to overlap, but both species could be sympatric in east-central ON. The northern populations of G. figurata (i.e. New England / Great Lakes region) can be similar to G. franconia , where G. figurata specimens can have a fully developed forewing subterminal band and a yellow or orange hindwing with heavy black markings; G. franconia can be separated by the smaller eye size and shorter antennal rami, in addition to a smaller, narrower fore- and hindwing and less robust thorax and abdomen.

Description: Head – Palps dark brown to black, rarely with buff apex; frons and vertex varying from yellowish buff to entirely brown–black; male antennae moderately bipectinate, rami averaging 4.24 ¥ 10 - 1 mm, (N = 6); female antennae slightly biserrate; dorsal scales dark brown to black; eyes well developed, mean diameter 7.6 ¥ 10 - 1 mm. Thorax – Vestiture black dorsally with yellowish buff borders on vertex, patagia, and tegulae, borders sometimes thin; ventral vestiture dark brown, yellowish laterally with yellowish central tuft, varying to entirely black; legs buff and black varying to entirely black. Abdomen – Dorsal ground colour yellow, not markedly paler near apex; entirely black in about 30% of specimens, or with medial black band very broad; yellowish buff ventrally with broad, black lateral spots, or entirely black, particularly females. Forewing – Male forewing length averaging 14.5 mm (N = 6 males); black dorsally, vein lines absent; bands pale buff; medial band well developed, not extending beyond postcubital stripe, the latter not extending beyond subterminal band; postmedial band well developed, not extending beyond postcubital; subterminal band complete, not angled or only slightly so at M 3, costal section not curved; fringe and anal margin usually dark brown– black, rarely black and buff; costa dark or with pale costal line of variable extent, up to 2/3 of distance from base; ventral markings similar, but dark markings with a paler yellowish cast; sexes similar. Hindwing – Ground colour yellow, orange-yellow, or pinkish orange; black markings variable in extent but always confluent, varying to entirely black hindwing; similar ventrally, but dark markings with a paler yellowish cast; sexes similar. Male genitalia – Distal portion of valve gradually tapering to rounded apex; clasper moderately developed, median ridge moderately developed; uncus broad-based, process evenly tapered to point, three ¥ as long as width of base; juxta 2.5 ¥ wider than height, dorsal concavity relatively shallow; aedeagus with dorsad curve at 2/3 distance beyond base; medial chamber of vesica short, slightly wider than long, minutely scobinate; distal chamber kidney-shaped, twice as long as wide, coarsely scobinate; diverticula well developed. Female genitalia – Ductus bursae unsclerotized; corpus bursae pear-shaped, three ¥ width of ostium bursae; signa round to slightly elongate, averaging about 2.9 ¥ 10 - 1 mm, coarsely scobinate; posterior apophysis equal in length to papillae anales.

Biology: Adult collection dates indicate a flight period of mid May to late June, peaking in early June. Adults of both sexes come to light, although females are rarely collected. Grammia franconia occurs in dry, rocky, or sandy habitats, often in pine barrens. This species has a very localized distribution, although it can be fairly common in the right habitat. The immature stages are unknown.

Distribution: Examined specimens represent only a few localities in ON, WI, QC, and NS ( Fig. 109 ), but this species is likely to be more widespread in northeastern North America. Many of the literature records and museum specimens are mixed in with the northern form of G. figurata .

Molecular variation: Six specimens of G. franconia from two localities showed three haplotypes in the Eastern lineage, differing by one or two base pairs ( Fig. 135, Table 2). Two haplotypes were shared among multiple species; one with G. virguncula , G. williamsii , and G. quenseli ( EA 11; Fig. 135), and another with G. williamsii ( EA 24; Fig. 135). The third haplotype was unique to G. franconia ( EA 23; Fig. 135).

Remarks: This species appears to be most closely related to G. margo . The structural, behavioural and ecological differences discussed under ‘Diagnosis’, and the lack of clinal variation in these characters between the easternmost populations of G. margo (MB) compared to ON G. franconia , lead me to conclude that the two are distinct species.

Figures

Figure 133. Neighbour-joining tree of cox1 ‘barcode’ haplotypes of Grammia species and Holarctia obliterata. Two-letter codes correspond to the species name in a given lineage. The Kodara Lineage includes Grammia quenseli (QE1), Grammia williamsii (WI1), and Grammia virgo (VI14) haplotypes. Haplotypes of the Western and Eastern lineages are shown separately in Figs 134 and 135, respectively. Numbers in parentheses indicate number of sampled specimens.

Figures 102–107. Distribution of examined specimens of Grammia.

Figures 46–51. Genitalia of male Grammia, ventral aspect of valve and right lateral aspect of aedeagus (scale bar = 1 mm). 46, Grammia anna (Grt.). 47, Grammia parthenice (W. Kby.). 48, Grammia quenseli (Paykull). 49, Grammia virguncula (W. Kby.). 50, Grammia margo Schmidt. 51, Grammia franconia (H. Edw.).

Figures 79–86. Genitalia of female Grammia, ventral aspect (scale bar = 1 mm). 79, Grammia virguncula (W. Kby.). 80, Grammia quenseli (Paykull). 81, Grammia margo Schmidt. 82, Grammia franconia (H. Edw.). 83, Grammia figurata (Drury). 84, Grammia f-pallida (Stkr.). 85, Grammia incorrupta (Hy. Edwards). 86, Grammia ursina Schmidt.

Figures 108–113. Distribution of examined specimens of Grammia.