Parupeneus heptacanthus (Lacepède, 1802) Cinnabar

Uiblein, Franz, Hoang, Tuan Anh, Alama, Ulysses, Causse, Romain, Chacate, Osvaldo E., Fahmi, Garibay, Soledad & Matiku, Patroba, 2018, A new species and new records of goatfishes of the genus Parupeneus (Mullidae) from the Indian Ocean, with updated occurrence information for P. jansenii in the Western Pacific, Cybium 42 (3), pp. 229-256 : 241-245

Parupeneus heptacanthus (Lacepède, 1802) Cinnabar goatfish

( Figs 1 , 3 , 5 ; Tab. IV)

Sciaena heptacantha Lacepède, 1802 (type locality not given).

Parupeneus heptacanthus : Randall and Heemstra, 2009;

Motomura et al., 2017; Uiblein et al., 2017b.

Holotype. – MNHN A- 5438, 153 mm SL, dried specimen, type locality not given (probably Indonesia).

Syntype of Parupeneus pleurospilus (junior synonym of P. heptacanthus ): RMNH 5743, 106 mm SL, WP, Indonesia, Moluccas, Ambon.

Non-type material. – (n = 25, 91–182 mm SL). Red Sea: RMNH 13330, 106 mm SL, Saudi Arabia, Djeddah ; SAIAB 4151, 116 mm SL, Israel, Eilat, 29°33’N- 34°57’E ; WIO prop- er, Mozambique : SAIAB 3920 , 1 (of 2), 154 mm SL, Ibo Island , fish depot, 12°20’S- 40°37’E ; SAIAB 82230 , 4 , 108-147 mm SL, 20°5.4’S- 36°7.9’E , R / V Dr. Fridtjof Nansen , 66-68 m depth ; SAIAB 82232, 174 mm SL, 19°44.4’-S- 36°21.2’E , R / V Dr. Fridtjof Nansen , 70-72 m depth , SAIAB 88246 , 1 (of 3), 130 mm SL, Pomene, 22°50.6’S- 35°33.5’E , 4-12 m depth; SAM 34152 , 2 (of 3), 91-140 mm SL, 18°30’S- 36°50’E ; SAM 34153 , 2 (of 3), 97-116 mm SL, 19 49’S- 36 05’E ; SAIAB 188654 , 1 (of 10), 98 mm SL, north of Angoche , R / V Dr. Fridtjof Nansen ; Seychelles : SAIAB 204376, 164 mm SL, Seychelles Bank, 05°41.89’S- 56°42.12’E , R / V Dr. Fridtjof Nansen , 59 m depth; Sri Lanka : SAIAB 187368 , 4 , 143-163 mm SL, Negombo Fish Market, 7°12’20”N- 79°49’42”E ; EIO, Myanmar: HIFIRE VP 216-14, 154 mm SL, Myanmar, 13°46.64N- 96°48.20E , R / V Dr. Fridtjof Nansen , 93 m depth; HIFIRE VP 255-14, 143 mm SL, Myanmar, 14°15.55N- 94°41.17E , R / V Dr. Fridtjof Nansen , 104 m depth ; WP, Japan: Kochi, Shikoku Island , Kochi City, Mimase fish market : BSKU 68157, 147 mm SL, BSKU 93087, 140 mm SL; Amami-Oshima Island : BSKU 115699, 179 mm SL, BSKU 119149, 160 mm SL. Additional non-type material examined from Vietnam, Philippines, Indonesia and Australia (n = 51, 59-193 mm SL) listed in Uiblein et al. (2017b) .

Diagnosis

Pectoral fins 15-17; gill rakers 5-7 + 19-23 = 25-29; lateral-line scales 27-28; measurements in % SL, large-sized fish: body depth at first dorsal-fin origin 28-35; body depth at anus 23-29; caudal-peduncle depth 9.6-12; maximum head depth 25-31; head depth through eye 21-25; interorbital length 7.7-9.2; head length 31-34; snout length 14-17; postorbital length 10-13; orbit length 5.8-8.1; upper jaw length 11-14; barbel length 25-29; caudal-peduncle length 21-25; caudal-fin length 29-33; anal-fin height 13-16; pelvic-fin length 22-25; pectoral-fin length 23-28; first dorsal-fin height 19-24; second dorsal-fin height 11-15; small-sized fish: body depth at first dorsal-fin origin 27-30; body depth at anus 22-26; caudal-peduncle depth 9.8-11; maximum head depth 24-27; head depth through eye 19-22; interorbital length 7.7-8.8; head length 30-34; snout length 13-15; postorbital length 10-13; orbit length 6.6-8.4; upper jaw length 12-13; barbel length 26-28; caudal-peduncle length 21-25; caudal-fin length 29-33; anal-fin height 13-16; pelvic-fin length 22-24; pectoral-fin length 24-26; first dorsal-fin height 19-21; second dorsal-fin height 13-15; posterior maxilla margin evenly, symmetrically rounded; body and head purple red or vermilion, colour may become paler below lateral line and eye; scales often with pale violet or pearly iridescent spot and darker edges; body silvery white ventrally; one or two indistinct narrow yellow-orange stripes sometimes visible, one of them just above or along lateral line and more conspicuous, the other further below; a small dark red or reddish-brown spot on or just below the eighth lateral-line scale in both large- and small-sized fish; caudal fin red at base and ventrally of lower lobe, the remaining parts yellowish to pale orange; dorsal and anterior parts of anal and pelvic fins red or orange; barbels white or pale orange except for the white tips; preserved fish pale or pale brown to pale grey, head or dorsal body and head margin sometimes darker.

Distribution, depth range, and size

Indo-Pacific. Red Sea to South Africa to Japan and Samoa; depth range 4-104 m (based on this study); attains 250 mm SL.

Remarks

Main morphometric differences between size groups are shallower head through eye, shallower suborbital and shorter snout in smaller specimens. When comparing the WIO population to other areas, no noteworthy differences in morphometric characters could be found, irrespective of size.

As already noted by Uiblein et al. (2017b), the number of rudimentary gill rakers on lower limb increases with growth, while total number of gill rakers remains unaffected. Independent of size, the WIO population differs significantly in total number of gill rakers being lower (range 25-27) than in the other areas combined (range 26-29; Chi-square test for trends, p <0.0001; see also Fig. 3 ).

Due to the added material examined in this study, 16 of the meristic and morphometric characters listed in the diagnosis had to be updated compared to the account in Uiblein et al. (2017b).

Parupeneus heptacanthus was frequently encountered at fish markets and landing sites in all six countries ( Indonesia, Mozambique, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, and Vietnam) where short surveys were conducted.

Figures

Figure 1. – A-C: Holotype of Parupeneus inayatae n. sp., MZB 24565, 150 mm SL, SE Lombok, Indonesia; A: Fresh (side reversed; William T. White); B: Preserved left body side; C: Right body side (side reversed); D: P. fraserorum, SAIAB 81744, 133 mm SL, off Mozambique (Phil C. Heemstra); E: P. procerigena, SAIAB 84075, 114 mm SL, Nazareth Bank (Oddgeir Alvheim); F: P. heptacanthus HIFIRE VP 216-14, 154 mm, off Myanmar (Oddgeir Alvheim); G: P. nansen, SAIAB 86973, 141 mm SL, Zanzibar, Tanzania (Gavin Gouws and Monica Mwale); H: P. jansenii, HIFIRE F 58 448, 85 mm SL, Myanmar (unvouchered photograph; Oddgeir Alvheim); I: P. jansenii, UPVMI 2260, 110 mm SL, Iloilo, Central Philippines (Ulysses Alama). Scale bars = 20 mm.

Figure 3. – Standard length against four morphometric characters and total number of gill rakers against barbel length in Parupeneus inayatae n. sp. vs. P. heptacanthus and P. seychellensis. In P. heptacanthus the two size size groups and three populations are distinguished.

Figure 5. – Standard length against three morphometric characters, caudal-fin length against pectoral-fin length, and total number of gill rakers against pectoral-fin length in Parupeneus heptacanthus vs. P. fraserorum and P. procerigena. In each species the two size groups are distinguished.