Myotinae

Ruedi, Manuel, Csorba, Gábor, Lin, Liang- Kong & Chou, Cheng-Han, 2015, Molecular phylogeny and morphological revision of Myotis bats (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Taiwan and adjacent China, Zootaxa 3920 (1), pp. 301-342 : 337

Key to the Myotinae from Taiwan and adjacent mainland China

1 Size large, forearm 45 mm or more, upper toothrow (CM3) 7 mm or more..................................... 2

- Smaller size, forearm less than 45 mm, upper toothrow less than 7 mm ........................................ 8

2 Wing membranes distinctly particolored, rufous and blackish............................................... 3

- Wing membranes unicolored, brownish................................................................ 4

3 Ears conspicuously tipped and marginated with black; feet and thumbs entirely black; ventral fur tricolored (dark grey, pale rufous and bright reddish tips); second upper premolar in toothrow; breadth across molars ≤ 7.6 mm ............................................................................................ M. rufoniger (incl. watasei )

- Ears only faintly or not marginated with black; feet and thumbs essentially brown; ventral fur yellow, without rusty tips; second upper premolar crowded, displaced inwards from toothrow; breadth across molars> 7.5 mm .............................................................................................. M. formosus (incl. flavus )

4 Wing membrane attached to tibia; feet greatly enlarged, about size of tibia, with strongly curved claws............................................................................................... M. pilosus (= ricketti )

- Wing membrane attached to ankle or metatarsus; feet not enlarged, less than half tibia length, claws not strongly curved. 5

5 Very large, forearm ≥ 63 mm; belly dark greyish; massive teeth..................................... M. chinensis

- Smaller, forearm <63 mm; belly lighter colored.......................................................... 6

6 Long ears extending much beyond nose tip; forearm <48 mm; upper toothrow about 7 mm; rostrum broad and shortened........................................................................................ M. altarium

- Ears shorter, barely reaching nose tip.................................................................. 7

7 Medium size, forearm about 45 mm; long, straight tragus reaching beyond ear notch; distinctive fringe of stiff hairs along margin of uropatagium.................................................................... M. pequinius

- Larger size, forearm about 60 mm; shorter tragus reaching half ear size; no stiff hairs at uropatagium; colour pale brown above............................................................................................................................................................................... M. blythii ancilla

8 Wing membrane attached to ankle or base of metatarsus; feet larger than half of tibia length; feet and uropatagium hairy along tibia....................................................................................... 9

- Wing membrane attached near base of toe; smaller feet about half or less tibia length........................... 10

9 Size small, forearm less than 38 mm; ears relatively long, reaching beyond (about 5 mm) tip of nose; dorsal pelage greyishbrown, long and soft; upper canines weak, exceeding slightly the larger premolar in height.................. M. laniger

- Larger size, forearm 38 mm or more; ears relatively short, not reaching tip of nose; dorsal pelage short, richer brown; upper canines strong, much larger than premolars.................................... M. fimbriatus (incl. taiwanensis )

10 Size very small, forearm less than 35; tibia 15 mm or less................................................. 11

- Larger size, forearm more than 34; longer tibia, 15 mm or more............................................ 13

11 Second upper premolars crowded, displaced lingually from toothrow; canines strong; braincase globose; feet (incl. claw) 8 mm or more; lower molars myotodont.......................................................... M. davidii

- Second upper premolars not crowded, visible laterally; small feet (7 mm or less); first and second lower molars nyctalodont.............................................................................................. 12

12 Ears deeply notched; paraconule of third premolar reaching height of second premolar; canines longer than premolars; braincase flattened, distinctively raised behind.................................................. S. latirostris

- Ears without significant notch; small or no paraconule at third premolar; canines weak comparable in height to third premolars; braincase flattened, but not raised behind.............................................. M. alticraniatus 1 [1 the slightly larger Myotis badius , recently described from Yunnan ( Tiunov et al. 2011) has also nyctalodont lower molars, but would be distinguished by a more domed, globose braincase]

13 Second upper premolar visible in lateral view; ears long, reaching nearly nose tip, without notable notch; rostrum not shortened; globose profile of braincase; forearm 38 mm or smaller.............................................. 14

- Second upper premolar displaced inwards, not visible laterally; ears short, with a distinct notch on rear edge; short rostrum with elevated forehead and angular braincase; forearm more than 38 mm ..................................... 16

14 Upper canines similar in height to the larger premolar; calcar short, smaller than half length of rear edge of uropatagium; dorsal fur with frosted appearance................................................................... 15

- Strong upper canines, much higher than premolars; calcar long, about ¾ of rear edge of uropatagium; dorsal fur dark brown without frosted appearance................................................................. M. horsfieldii

15 Upper and lower canines weak; inflated braincase with frontal part rising abruptly; distal part of rostrum rounded; endemic to SE China............................................................................. M. sowerbyi

- Stronger canines; braincase rising gently from the rostrum to the apex; distal part of the rostrum more pointed; endemic to Taiwan........................................................................... M. secundus sp. n.

16 Pelage dark brown, without frosted appearance; tail as long as head and body length; feet much less than half tibia length; tragus nearly reaching ear notch; forearm less than 42 mm ........................................... M. frater

- Pelage rich cinnamon red with golden tips of dorsal hairs giving a frosted appearance; tail clearly shorter than head and body length; feet about half tibia length; tragus clearly shorter than ear notch; forearm about 42 mm ...... M. soror sp. n.