Traumatomutilla indica (Linnaeus, 1758)

Bartholomay, Pedro R., Williams, Kevin A., Cambra, Roberto A. & Oliveira, Marcio L., 2022, Revision of the Traumatomutilla indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), Zootaxa 5108 (1), pp. 1-97 : 7-12

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https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.5108.1.1

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Traumatomutilla indica
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Traumatomutilla indica species-group

Diagnosis. FEMALES. Females of this species-group can be defined by the following combination of characters: dorsum of mesosoma and sometimes propodeum with a medial longitudinal carina; scutellar scale usually broad and laterally connected to complete anterolateral carinae; mesonotum laterally constricted anterior to propodeal spiracles with lateral margins often medially and roundly expanded. The following characters are not exclusive to this species-group but can also be used to define it: head unarmed posterolaterally; meso and metafemora rounded apically; T2 with conspicuous integumental spots; gena carinate; pygidial plate pyriform to subpyriform, often transversely sculptured. MALES. Males of this species-group can be defined by the following combination of characters: mesopleuron usually tuberculate on dorsal half (sometimes simply swollen); axillar projections usually acute apically (sometimes truncate); hypopygium elongate, subrectangular, usually defined by lateral carinae. The following characters are not present in all members of this species-group but can be used to define most of its species: S2 with conspicuous anteromedial or posteromedial pit filled with setae; scutellum with longitudinal medial carina; S1 with spiniform projection medially; cuspis slender elongate and predominantly asetose; penis valve with posterior margin projecting outward into shelf-like structure.

Included taxa (19 species). Traumatomutilla aemulata ( Cresson, 1902) ; T. borba ( Cresson, 1902) ; T. centralis ( Burmeister, 1875) ; T. contempta André, 1908a ; T. geographica ( Gerstaecker, 1874) ; T. vidua ( Klug, 1821) ; T. grossa ( Gerstaecker, 1874) ; T. guayaca Casal, 1969 ; T. indica ( Linnaeus, 1758) ; T. ingens André, 1903 ; T. mundula ( Cresson, 1902) ; T. parallela ( Klug, 1821) ; T. puella ( Gerstaecker, 1874) ; T. spectabilis ( Gerstaecker, 1874) ; T. tristis ( Klug, 1821) ; T. unimarginata ( Cresson, 1902) ; T. selligera ( Gerstaecker, 1874) ; T. protuberans ( Gerstaecker, 1874) ; T. impetuosa ( Smith, 1879) , comb. nov.

Distribution. Widely distributed throughout South America and Trinidad (except Chile).

Remarks. The Traumatomutilla indica species-group is one of the most diverse in the genus with various easily recognizable species and many useful structural characters; it is also perhaps the most common species-group of Traumatomutilla encountered in collections (KAW, PRB pers. obs.). Similar to what was observed with the T. gemella males ( Bartholomay et al. 2021), most species within the T. indica species-group are remarkably homogeneous in genitalic characters, even when dealing with species that are obviously different in external morphology. Except for three species, all males have a slender, elongate and mostly asetose cuspis with minor differences in the shape of the parameres, paracuspis and/or penis valve. Body size is highly variable within this species-group that includes large-bodied species, such as T. aemulata (all known females longer than 20 mm, Fig. 1A, 1C View FIGURE 1 ) occurring in the same area as small species like T. puella (most females shorter than 8 mm, Fig. 22A–F View FIGURES 22 ). The only character that seems to be present in a consistent way for all males of the T. indica species-group is the elongate and subrectangular hypopygium that is usually defined by lateral carinae. The most variable diagnostic characters are the scutellum and axillar projections. For females, the most consistent character is the presence of a medial longitudinal carina on the mesonotum that can be greatly reduced, even indistinct in some species, but still observable by removing the dorsal mesosomal setae in the area. Similar to what was observed in the males, the scutellar area is highly variable with the scutellar scale and anterolateral carinae varying from virtually absent to well-defined and easily observable even under the dense mesosomal setae.

Key to the species o Traumatomutilla indica species-group

FEMALES

Key to species based on structural features

1 Mesonotum usually conspicuously wider than distance between pronotal spiracles ( Figs 26A View FIGURES 26 , 32A, 32C, 32E, 32G View FIGURES 32 ), if mesonotum as wide as distance between pronotal spiracles, then scutellar scale and anterolateral carinae greatly reduced, irregular, nearly indistinct; lateral face of propodeum densely sculptured throughout, at most slightly sparser posteroventrally....... 2

- Mesonotum usually as wide as or narrower than distance between pronotal spiracles ( Figs 17A View FIGURES 17 , 18A View FIGURES 18 ); scutellar scale variable, if mesonotum wider than distance between pronotal spiracle, then lateral face of propodeum sparsely sculptured with large areas of smooth shinning integument.......................................................................... 3

2 (1). Scutellar scale and anterolateral carinae well-defined; head setae black ( Figs 32A–H View FIGURES 32 ).............. T. vidua ( Klug, 1821)

- Scutellar scale present, highly variable, frequently reduced, anterolateral carinae usually absent, at most indistinct; head usually with a transverse band of silvery-white setae ( Figs 26A–E View FIGURES 26 )......................... T. spectabilis ( Gerstaecker, 1874)

3 (1). Lateral face of propodeum with dense sculpture throughout (e.g., Figs 19D, 19F, 19H View FIGURES 19 ); if with apparent unsculptured areas, then these are small, usually not larger than surrounding sculptured areas (e.g., Fig. 30C View FIGURES 30 )............................ 4

- Lateral face of propodeum with sparse sculpture having conspicuous unsculptured smooth and shinning areas (e.g., Fig. 24B View FIGURES 24 ) ................................................................................................... 9

4 (3). Meso- and metatibial spurs black, concolorous with legs; mesosoma with coppery-golden setal stripes ( Figs 30A, 30C View FIGURES 30 ).............................................................................. T. unimarginata ( Cresson, 1902)

- Meso- and metatibial spurs white, contrasting with legs; mesosoma with silvery-white setal pattern (e.g., Figs 10A, 10D View FIGURES 10 )... 5

5 (4). Sculpture of lateral face of propodeum dense throughout, intervals indistinctly rugose, dull; propodeum elongate, sloping in lateral view, dorsal face apparently longer than posterior face ( Figs 18A, 18C View FIGURES 18 , 19A –H View FIGURES 19 ); longitudinal medial carina on dorsal face of propodeum always conspicuous and prominent, clearly visible between dense setation..... T. parallela ( Klug, 1821)

- Sculpture of lateral face of propodeum variably dense with intervals smooth, shinning ( Fig. 15B View FIGURES 15 ); propodeum variable, gibbose to simply convex (e.g., Fig. 15B View FIGURES 15 ); longitudinal medial carina on dorsal face of propodeum variable.................... 6

6 (5). Dorsal face of propodeum conspicuously shorter than posterior face, which is nearly vertical in lateral view; robust species restricted to southern South America ( Figs 15A–B View FIGURES 15 )......................................... T. ingens André, 1903

- Dorsal face of propodeum as long as or longer than posterior face, which is inclined and curved in lateral view (e.g., Fig. 6B View FIGURES 6 ); size and distribution variable............................................................................ 7

7 (6). Scutellar scale and anterolateral carinae well-defined, connected laterally; sculpture of mesonotum evenly areolate-punctate throughout, with sharp intervals; medial longitudinal carina on dorsal face of propodeum absent ( Figs 13A, 13C View FIGURES 13 )........................................................................................ T. indica ( Linnaeus, 1758)

- Scutellar scale and anterolateral carinae greatly reduced, indistinct, irregular, usually observable only after removing setae (e.g., Fig. 6A View FIGURES 6 ); sculpture of mesonotum simply punctate mediad adjacent to longitudinal carina, intervals smooth, blunt; medial longitudinal carina on dorsal face of propodeum present, frequently concealed by dense setae......................... 8

8 (7). Head with transverse stripe of dense silvery-golden setae; T2 with four integumental linear yellow spots; anterior pair longitudinal and posterior pair transverse; posterior pair separated by one fourth the transverse width of one spot (known only from Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso state, Brazil) ( Figs 1A, 1C View FIGURE 1 )........................ T. aemulata ( Cresson, 1902)

- Head setae completely black; T2 with four subrounded to subquadrate integumental reddish to orange spots; posterior pair separated by no more than half the transverse width of one spot (known from Chaco areas in Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina and Paraguay) ( Figs 6A–E View FIGURES 6 )............................................................ T. contempta André, 1908a

9 (3). Longitudinal carina of mesonotum and dorsal face of propodeum well-defined, connected or nearly so at scutellar area.... 10

- Longitudinal carina of mesonotum and/or dorsal face of propodeum generally inconspicuous, always broadly separated near scutellar area........................................................................................ 12

10 (9). Meso- and metatibial spurs black, concolorous with legs; sculpture of lateral face of propodeum with smooth shinning sculpture; anterior pair of integumental spots on T2 well-defined and posterior pair completely merged thus forming a single transverse yellow integumental stripe ( Figs 7A–E View FIGURES 7 )................................... T. geographica ( Gerstaecker, 1874)

- Meso- and metatibial spurs yellowish-white contrasting with legs; sculpture of lateral face of propodeum frequently with indistinct rugosities, somewhat dull; if meso- and metatibial spurs color uncertain, then posterior pair of integumental spots on T2 widely separated by more than transverse length of one spot, transversely oblique................................. 11

11 (10)...... T2 with well-defined anterior and posterior pair of yellowish to orange integumental spots; anterior pair longitudinally sublinear; posterior pair transverse subrectangular to transversely oblique subelliptical ( Figs 22A –F View FIGURES 22 )................................................................................................ T. puella ( Gerstaecker, 1874)

- T2 with anterior pair of integumental spots absent, at most reduced to a slightly lighter area of integument on base of T2 with sparse silvery-white setae (visible at higher magnification); posterior pair confluent medially, thus forming a single uninterrupted transverse yellow stripe ( Figs 17A, 17C View FIGURES 17 )....................................... T. mundula ( Cresson, 1902)

12 (9). Meso- and metatibial spurs black, concolorous with legs ( Figs 4A–B, 4D–F View FIGURES 4 ).............. T. centralis ( Burmeister, 1875)

- Meso- and metatibial spurs yellowish-white to silvery-white, contrasting with legs (e.g., Fig. 32B View FIGURES 32 ).................... 13

13 (12).Dorsal face of propodeum conspicuously shorter than posterior face; posterior propodeal face almost vertical, well differentiated from dorsal face; restricted to southern South America (Pampas and southern Atlantic Forest) ( Figs 8A–B, 8D–E View FIGURES 8 ).................................................................................. T. grossa ( Gerstaecker, 1874)

- Dorsal face of propodeum as long as or longer than posterior face (e.g., Fig. 3B View FIGURES 3 ); posterior propodeal face variable, poorly differentiated from dorsal face at times; widely distributed across South America.................................... 14

14 (13).Scutellar scale well-defined as an arched sulcus extending to propodeal spiracles laterally; mesonotal sculpture equally areolate-punctate throughout; T2 conspicuously longer than wide in dorsal view ( Figs 3A–B View FIGURES 3 )........ T. borba ( Cresson, 1902)

- Scutellar scale poorly defined or if well-defined, then not reaching propodeal spiracles, at most laterally connected to anterolateral carinae; mesonotal sculpture areolate-punctate to simply punctate mediad in areas adjacent to medial longitudinal carina; T2 virtually as long as wide in dorsal view................................................................ 15

15 (14) Lateral face of pronotum with conspicuous sharp tubercle anteroventral in relation to pronotal spiracle, clearly visible from above; pronotal collar densely, coarsely and transversely rugose throughout; anterolateral carinae on scutellar area well-defined, virtually straight ( Figs 24–B View FIGURES 24 ).............................................. T. selligera (Gerstaekcer, 1874)

- Lateral face of pronotum at most with blunt inconspicuous swelling anteroventral in relation to pronotal spiracle, barely discernible in dorsal view; pronotal collar smooth and shining on posterior half; anterolateral carinae on scutellar area inconspicuous to indistinct, mostly concealed by dense setation, evenly arched throughout if present........................... 16

16 (15). Anterolateral corners of pronotum acutely projected in dorsal view, angulate; pronotal collar shorter than anterior face of pronotum ( Figs 10A–B, 10D–E View FIGURES 10 ); frons or vertex with distinct band or patch of dense whitish setae..... T. guayaca Casal, 1969

- Anterolateral corners of pronotum rounded to subangulate in dorsal view, not acute; pronotal collar longer than or as long as anterior face of pronotum ( Figs 28A–B View FIGURES 28 ); head with uniform black setae................... T. tristis ( Gerstaecker, 1874)

Key to known color forms based on females

1. Tibial spurs black (e.g. Figs 4F View FIGURES 4 , 5A View FIGURES 5 , 7D–E View FIGURES 7 )................................................................. 2

- Tibial spurs white or yellowish with dark brown apices (e.g. Figs 10A, 10D View FIGURES 10 , 12A View FIGURES 12 , 17A View FIGURES 17 )............................. 7

2 (1). Spots of T2 orange or red, posterior spots sub-circular or obliterated ( Figs 4D–F View FIGURES 4 )................................... 3

- Spots of T2 yellow, posterior spots linear or forming transverse oblique ovals ( Figs 7A–B, 7D–E View FIGURES 7 , 22C–D View FIGURES 22 , 30A, 30C View FIGURES 30 )...... 4

3 (2). Posterior spots of T2 sub-triangular or nearly obliterated ( Fig 4F View FIGURES 4 )............... T. centralis , in part [nominotypical form]

- Posterior spots of T2 circular ( Figs 4D–E View FIGURES 4 )................. T. centralis , in part [formerly known as T. centralis boliviana ]

4 (3). Spots of T2 small, posterior spots oblique, widely separated ( Figs 22C–D View FIGURES 22 ).......................................................................................... T. puella , in part [formerly known as T. manca ( Cresson, 1902) ]

- Spots of T2 larger, posterior spots linear, confluent or nearly connected ( Figs 7A–D, 7D–E View FIGURES 7 , 30A, 30C View FIGURES 30 )................. 5

5 (4). Mesosomal stripes dark reddish-golden ( Figs 30A, 30C View FIGURES 30 )........................ T. unimarginata [nominotypical form]

- Mesosomal stripes silvery-white......................................................................... 6

6 (5). Posterior spots of T2 unified to continuous band ( Figs 7D–E View FIGURES 7 )................................................................................................. T. geographica , in part [formerly known as T. seabrai Casal, 1969 ]

- Posterior spots of T2 separated ( Figs 7A–B View FIGURES 7 )............................. T. geographica , in part [nominotypical form]

7 (1). Mesosomal stripes divided, forming four white to silver spots ( Figs 8A–B, 8D–E View FIGURES 8 , 24A–B View FIGURES 24 , 32C–D, 32G–H View FIGURES 32 )............. 8

- Mesosomal stripes continuous.......................................................................... 12

8 (7). Front and vertex clothed entirely with black setae ( Figs 32C–D, 32G–H View FIGURES 32 )......................................... 9

- Vertex having transverse band of white setae............................................................... 10

9 (8). Spots of T2 yellow ( Figs 32G–H View FIGURES 32 )................. T. vidua , in part [formerly known as T. graphica ( Gerstaecker, 1874) ]

- Spots of T2 orange or red ( Figs 32C–D View FIGURES 32 )........ T. vidua , in part [formerly known as T. scripta scripta ( Gerstaecker, 1874) ]

10 (8). Spots of T2 yellow; northwestern Amazon region ( Figs 24A–B View FIGURES 24 )......... T. selligera , in part [previously unrecognized form]

- Spots of T2 orange or red; southeastern South America ( Figs 8A–B, 8D–E View FIGURES 8 )...................................... 11

11 (10). Mesosoma and T2 slender, each longer than wide ( Figs 8D–E View FIGURES 8 )............................................................................................... T. grossa , in part [formerly known as T. abrupta ( Gerstaecker, 1874) ]

- Mesosoma and T2 robust, as wide as long ( Figs 8A–B View FIGURES 8 )......................... T. grossa , in part [nominotypical form]

12 (7). Vertex, and/or frons, with white setae patch, longitudinal lines, or transverse band (e.g. Figs 10A, 10D View FIGURES 10 , 22A View FIGURES 22 )........... 13

- Frons and vertex clothed entirely with black setae, at most having weak medial spot of white setae on vertex............ 23

13 (12). Frons clothed with silver or white setae ( Figs 10D–E View FIGURES 10 , 22A–B, 22E–F View FIGURES 22 ).......................................... 14

- Frons black, vertex having transverse band of white setae (e.g. Figs 1A, 1C View FIGURE 1 , 24A–B View FIGURES 24 )............................... 16

14 (13). Mesosomal stripes slightly widened and divergent anteriorly, terminating on mesonotum ( Figs 10D–E View FIGURES 10 )................................................................. T. guayaca , in part [formerly known as T. tayguaya Casal, 1969 ]

- Mesosomal stripes parallel, evenly wide, extending beyond pronotal spiracle ( Figs 22A–B, 22E–F View FIGURES 22 )................... 15

15 (14). T2 spots yellow ( Figs 22A–B View FIGURES 22 )............................................ T. puella , in part [nominotypical form]

- T2 spots orange to red ( Figs 22E–F View FIGURES 22 )..................... T. puella , in part [formerly known as T. peperina Casal, 1969 ]

16 (13).Mesosomal stripes extending anterior to pronotal spiracle; vertex having oblique white stripes ( Figs 1A, 1C View FIGURE 1 )...................................................................................... T. aemulata [nominotypical form]

- Mesosomal stripes terminating on mesonotum, posterior to pronotal spiracle; vertex having complete transverse band ( Figs 24A–B View FIGURES 24 , 26A–B, 26D–E View FIGURES 26 , 19E–F View FIGURES 19 )........................................................................ 17

17 (16). Mesosomal stripes with inner margins parallel, apically widened and reaching lateral margin of mesonotum ( Figs 24A–B View FIGURES 24 )............................................................. T. selligera , in part [previously unrecognized form]

- Mesosomal stripes not apically widened, either parallel or divergent, lateral margin of mesonotum usually clothed with black setae ( Figs 26A–B, 26D–E View FIGURES 26 , 19E–F View FIGURES 19 )...................................................................... 18

18 (17). Spots of T2 orange or red ( Figs 26A–B, 26D–E View FIGURES 26 )........................................................... 19

- Spots of T2 yellow ( Figs 10A–B View FIGURES 10 , 13A, 13C View FIGURES 13 , 19E–F View FIGURES 19 )........................................................ 20

19 (18). Vertex with thick distinct white setal band ( Figs 26A–B View FIGURES 26 )..................... T. spectabilis , in part [nominotypical form]

- Vertex with sparse faint white setal band ( Figs 26D–E View FIGURES 26 )...................................................................................................... T. spectabilis , in part [formerly T. spectabilis chingona Casal, 1969 ]

20 (18).Spots of T2 small, apical spots separated by greater than spot diameter ( Figs 19E–F View FIGURES 19 )............................... 21

- Apical spots of T2 transversely elongate, separated by less than spot diameter ( Figs 10A–B View FIGURES 10 , 13A, 13C View FIGURES 13 )................ 22

21 (20).Mesonotum wider than pronotum, lateral mesonotal margins separated by greater distance than lateral pronotal spiracle margins; Cerrado region......................................... T. spectabilis , in part [previously unrecognized form]

- Pronotum wider than mesonotum, lateral mesonotal margins separated by lesser distance than width at pronotal spiracle; Western Amazon region ( Figs 19E–F View FIGURES 19 )......................... T. parallela , in part [formerly T. indicoides Mickel, 1952 ] 22

22 (20) Lateral face of propodeum with sparse sculpture having conspicuous unsculptured smooth and shinning areas (e.g., Fig. 24B View FIGURES 24 ); propodeum with dorsomedial longitudinal carina ( Figs 10A–B View FIGURES 10 )................. T. guayaca , in part [nominotypical form]

- Lateral face of propodeum with dense sculpture throughout (e.g., Figs 19D, 19F, 19H View FIGURES 19 ); propodeum lacking dorsal longitudinal carina ( Figs 13A, 13C View FIGURES 13 )......................................................... T. indica [nominotypical form]

23 (12). Spots of T2 yellow (e.g. Figs 3A–B View FIGURES 3 , 19A–D View FIGURES 19 ).............................................................. 24

- Spots of T2 orange or red (e.g. Figs 6A, 6D View FIGURES 6 , 15A–B View FIGURES 15 )........................................................ 29

24 (23).Mesosomal stripes terminating on mesonotum, not extending beyond pronotal spiracle ( Figs 18A, 18C View FIGURES 18 ).................................................................................... T. parallela , in part [nominotypical form]

- Mesosomal stripes extending anterior to pronotal spiracle (e.g. Figs 3A–B View FIGURES 3 , 19A–D, 19G–H View FIGURES 19 )......................... 25

25 (24).Posterior spots of T2 confluent, forming a single transverse line ( Figs 17A, 17C View FIGURES 17 , 19A–B View FIGURES 19 )........................... 26

- Posterior spots of T2 widely separated (e.g. Figs 19C–D, 19G–H View FIGURES 19 ).............................................. 27

26 (25). T2 with well-developed anterior spots ( Figs 19A–B View FIGURES 19 ).... T. parallela , in part [formerly known as T. lineifera ( André, 1903) ]

- T2 lacking anterior spots ( Figs 17A, 17C View FIGURES 17 )........................................ T. mundula [nominotypical form]

27 (25). Lateral face of propodeum with dense sculpture throughout ( Figs 19C–D, 19G–H View FIGURES 19 ) T. parallela , in part [formerly known as T. gausapata Mickel, 1952 and T. pillinata Casal, 1969 ]

- Lateral face of propodeum with sparse sculpture having conspicuous unsculptured smooth and shinning areas ( Figs 3A–B View FIGURES 3 , 22A–B View FIGURES 22 )............................................................................................ 28

28 (27).Scutellar scale well-defined, arcuate, reaching propodeal spiracle laterally; posterior spots of T2 much larger than anterior spots, transverse ( Figs 3A–B View FIGURES 3 )..................................................... T. borba [nominotypical form]

- Scutellar scale indistinct, basically obliterated; posterior spots of T2 small, subequal to anterior spots, oblique ( Figs 22A–B View FIGURES 22 ).................................................. T. puella , in part [formerly known as T. manca ( Cresson, 1902) ]

29 (24).Mesosomal pleurae entirely with black setae ( Figs 6D–E View FIGURES 6 )................................................................................................... T. contempta , in part [previously known as T. alhuampa Casal, 1969 ]

- Mesosomal pleurae with distinct patch of white setae above mesocoxa (e.g. Figs 6A–B View FIGURES 6 )............................ 30

30 (29).Mesosomal stripes short, not reaching anterior margin of propodeum; T2 posterior spots large quadrate, with few scattered small punctures; scutellar scale and anterior transverse carina large, distinct; mesonotum wider than pronotum, lateral mesonotal margins separated by greater distance than width at pronotal spiracles ( Figs 32E–F View FIGURES 32 )........................................................................... T. vidua , in part [previously known as T. scripta borrosa Casal, 1969 ]

- Mesosomal stripes usually extending at least to anterior margin of propodeum; T2 posterior spots variable in size and shape, usually with larger denser punctures; scutellar scale and anterior transverse carina usually less distinct; pronotum wider than mesonotum, lateral mesonotal margins separated by lesser distance than width at pronotal spiracle ( Figs 6A–B View FIGURES 6 , 28A–B View FIGURES 28 , 15A– B View FIGURES 15 )................................................................................................ 31

31 (29). Dorsal face of propodeum conspicuously shorter than posterior face, which is nearly vertical in lateral view ( Figs 15A–B View FIGURES 15 )............................................................................. T. ingens [nominotypical form]

- Dorsal face of propodeum as long as or longer than posterior face, which is inclined and curved in lateral view ( Figs 6A–B View FIGURES 6 , 28A–B View FIGURES 28 )............................................................................................ 32

32 (31).Posterior spots of T2 sub-circular, only slightly larger than anterior spots ( Figs 28A–B View FIGURES 28 )....... T. tristis [nominotypical form]

- Posterior spots of T2 sub-quadrate, at least twice as large as anterior spots ( Figs 6A–B View FIGURES 6 ).. T. contempta , in part [nominotypical form]

MALES

1. Cuspis club-like, broad, apical half laterally compressed, with outer surface concave and densely setose (e.g., Figs 16B–E View FIGURES 16 ). 2

- Cuspis slender, thin, not conspicuously compressed or concave at any point, with sparse setae throughout (e.g., Figs 12C–F View FIGURES 12 ) 4

2 (1). Mesopleuron simply swollen on dorsal half ( Fig. 9A View FIGURES 9 ).................................. T. grossa ( Gerstaecker, 1874)

- Mesopleuron with distinct blunt tubercle on dorsal half (e.g., Fig. 27B View FIGURES 27 )........................................... 3

3 (2). Scutellum gibbose, with dorsal face apparently much shorter than vertical posterior face; T2 with lateral subrounded patches of silvery-white setae basally ( Fig. 16A View FIGURES 16 ); cuspis club-like, conspicuously broader posterad in lateral view ( Fig. 16D View FIGURES 16 )........................................................................................... T. ingens André, 1903

- Scutellum roundly convex, dorsal and posterior faces less distinct, dorsal face as long as posterior face; T2 with lateral longitudinal stripes of silvery-white setae basally ( Fig. 2A View FIGURES 2 ); cuspis slenderer, only slightly broader posterad ( Fig. 2E View FIGURES 2 )........................................................................................ T. aemulata ( Cresson, 1902)

4 (1). Meso and metatibial spurs black to brownish, concolorous with legs and/or strongly contrasting with silvery-white setae markings of metasoma (e.g., Fig. 5A View FIGURES 5 )......................................................................... 5

- Meso and metatibial spurs silvery-white to yellowish-white, contrasting with legs and/or having similar color to silvery-white setae markings of metasoma (e.g., Fig. 12A View FIGURES 12 )................................................................ 7

5 (4). Dorsal mesopleural tubercles well-defined, conspicuously projected, blunt; wings infuscated dark brown except at basal third, hyaline, strongly contrasting with remainder of wing; cuspis in lateral view ending in somewhat enlarged, subcapitate apex; apical/posterior margin of penis valve with well-defined shelf-like expansion towards outer surface, clearly visible in dorsal view ( Figs 5C–G View FIGURES 5 )............................................................. T. centralis ( Burmeister, 1875)

- Dorsal mesopleural tubercles reduced, dorsal half of mesopleuron with inconspicuous blunt swelling; wings hyaline-brown throughout, at most slightly darkened at apical third; cuspis evenly wide throughout, at most slightly narrower apically; apical/posterior margin of penis valve without conspicuous shelf-like expansion (e.g., Figs 31C–G View FIGURES 31 )...................... 6

6 (5). S2 with well-defined subovate anteromedial pit filled with black setae; axillar projection ending in roundly truncate apex in dorsal view; free length of cuspis 4.8 × that of digitus; fringe of T2–3 entirely clothed with silvery-golden setae (known only from Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso state, Brazil) ( Fig. 31A View FIGURES 31 ).................. T. unimarginata ( Cresson, 1902)

- S2 without pit, at most with anteromedial patch of dense silvery-white setae; axillar projections ending in sharply acute apex in dorsal view; free length of cuspis 4.2 × that of digitus; fringe of T2–3 clothed with silvery-white setae laterally and black setae medially (widespread) ( Figs 23D, 23F View FIGURES 23 )............................................. T. puella ( Gerstaecker, 1874)

7 (4). Scutellum evenly convex, dorsal face indistinguishable from posterior face; if posterior face more or less defined, then never vertical, rather sloping or inclined........................................................................ 8

- Scutellum gibbose to globose, dorsal and posterior face usually very distinct; posterior face usually almost vertical........ 9

8 (7). S2 with well-defined slightly anteromedial subovate pit filled with silvery-white setae; pronotal dorsum densely foveolatepunctate with sparse interspersed micropunctures (requires removal of pronotal setae); pronotum clothed with black setae; fringe of T2–3 mostly clothed with black setae, silvery-white setae laterally ( Fig. 12A View FIGURES 12 )................................................................................................... T. impetuosa ( Smith, 1879) , comb. nov.

- S2 at most with small patch of dense silvery-white setae anteromedially; pronotal dorsum sparsely foveolate-punctate with dense micropunctures (requires removal of pronotal setae); pronotum clothed with silvery-white setae; fringe of T2–3 entirely clothed with silvery-white setae ( Fig. 11A View FIGURES 11 )............................................... T. guayaca Casal, 1969

9 (7). Axillar projections obliquely or transversely truncate apically in dorsal view..................................... 10

- Axillar projections acute apically in dorsal view............................................................ 12

10 (9). Scutellum with posterior face inclined, sloping slightly in lateral view; axillar projection obliquely truncate apically in dorsal view, conspicuously oblique in posterior view ( Figs 27A–B, 27D–E View FIGURES 27 )................. T. spectabilis ( Gerstaecker, 1874)

- Scutellum with posterior face nearly vertical; axillar projection transversely truncate apically in dorsal view, transverse in posterior view; if apparently acute in dorsal view and oblique and posterior view, then narrowing apicad in dorsal view...... 11

11 (10). Axillar projection short, virtually equally wide throughout in dorsal view; apical width of projection as wide as distance from its inner margin to scutellum; penis valve with apical/posterior tooth as long as or longer than subapical/anterior tooth ( Figs 33A–G View FIGURES 33 )............................................................................ T. vidua ( Klug, 1821)

- Axillar projection elongate, narrowing apicad; apical width of projection narrower than distance from its inner margin to scutellum; penis valve with apical/posterior tooth shorter than subapical/anterior tooth ( Figs 21A–G View FIGURES 21 )............................................................................................... T. protuberans ( Gerstaecker, 1874)

12 (9). Dorsal face of scutellum ending in sharp, shelf-like, transverse carina........................................... 13

- Dorsal face of scutellum with longitudinal carina throughout.................................................. 14

13 (12). Transverse carina at posterior margin of dorsal face of scutellum bilobate; forewing light infuscated brown at apical third, hyaline brown at remainder of wing membrane; S2 with anteromedial pit filled with silvery-white setae; penis valve with conspicuous shelf-like outward projection at apical/posterior margin ( Figs 14A–G View FIGURES 14 )............... T. indica ( Linnaeus, 1758)

- Transverse carina at posterior margin of dorsal face of scutellum straight; forewing infuscated brown except at hyaline brown basal third; S2 with posteromedial pit filled with silvery-white; penis valve without shelf-like outward projection at apical/posterior margin ( Figs 25A–G View FIGURES 25 ).................................................... T. selligera ( Gerstaecker, 1874)

14 (12). Propodeum and pronotum usually densely clothed with silvery-white setae concealing integument, if pronotum clothed with black setae, then metasoma predominantly clothed with silvery-white setae; longitudinal medial carina of dorsal face of scutellum usually variable, wider apicad or equally wide throughout; S2 variable usually with anteromedial narrow longitudinal pit filled with setae; cuspis equally wide throughout; free length of cuspis 0.7 × free paramere length ( Figs 20A–G View FIGURES 20 ).. T. parallela ( Klug, 1821) ..........................................................................................

- Pronotum always clothed with black setae; silvery-white setae of propodeum sparse, never obscuring integument; longitudinal medial carina of dorsal face of scutellum always equally wide throughout; S2 always with conspicuous anteromedial pit filled with dense silvery-white setae; cuspis conspicuously widened apicad in dorsal and lateral view; free length of cuspis 0.9 × free paramere length ( Figs 29A–K View FIGURES 29 ).................................................... T. tristis ( Gerstaecker, 1874)

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