Hipposideros diadema (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1813)

Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Hipposideridae, Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, pp. 227-258 : 241

40.

Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat

Hipposideros diadema

French: Phyllorhine à diadème / German: Diadem-Rundblattnase I Spanish: Hiposidérido de diadema

Other common names: Diadem Roundleaf Bat

Taxonomy. Rhinolophus diadema É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1813 ,

“Timor [Island].”

Hipposideros diadema is in the diadema species group. Many subspecies have been described (anderseni, ceramensis, custos, enganus, euotis, griseus, masoni, mirandus, natunensis, nicobarensis, nobilis, oceanitis, reginae, speculator, trobrius, vicarious), several of them of dubious validity; validity, diagnoses, and ranges of prospective subspecies require review.

Distribution. Mainland SE Asia, Philippines, Indonesian Archipelago, New Guinea (including Bismarck Archipelago), Solomon Is, and NE Australia; also on N Nicobar Is.

Descriptive notes. Head—body 66-100 mm, tail 32—51 mm, ear 28—32 mm, hindfoot 16-21 mm, forearm 58—96 mm; weight 22—57 g. Forearm length can be variable between populations, from as small as 58 mm ( Nicobar Islands) to as large as 96 mm ( Thailand). Pelage on upperparts is dark brown with distinctive white or yellowish white patches on shoulders and sides ofback; fur on underparts is grayish white. Noseleafis yellowish brown. Posterior noseleafis thick and tall. There are 3-4 lateral leaflets on each cheek. Skull is heavily built with large canine, inflated rostral swellings and well-developed sagittal crest P2 is small and extruded from tooth row so C1 and P4 are in contact, or almost. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FN = 60.

Habitat. The Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat has been recorded in a wide range of habitats, from lowland primary forest at sea level to agricultural areas and disturbed forests up to 1210 m.

Food and Feeding. The Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat forages in forest understory, in gaps, and over streams in forest. It feeds on insects (Coleoptera, Lepidoptera , and various orthopteroids were the most common in fecal pellets) and occasionally on birds. It is known to feed by hanging from a perch and waiting for prey to pass by, then flying to snatch it and returning right away to the perch.

Breeding. Females give birth to a single young. In peninsular Thailand, females with young were found in the maternity roost in April.

Activity patterns. This species roosts in caves, crevices, and hollow trees. In peninsular Thailand, the Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat was observed to remain in the cave late, until 20:00 h, being the last species that emerged from the roost Echolocation is a CF/FM type, with a call frequency of the F segment of 58-62 kHz (Malay Peninsula) and 64—66 kHz (Borneo).

Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in large colonies in caves. A maternity colony may number several hundred individuals. In southern Myanmar, at least 5000 individuals of this species have been estimated to be sharing a cave with Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bats { H. armiger ), Horsfield’s Leaf-nosed Bats ( H. laruatus ), Andersen’s Leaf-nosed Bat (77. gentilis ), Least Leaf-nosed Bats (77. cineraceus ), and Large Long-fingered Bats (Afinio/?tenw magnater).

Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on IUCN Red List. The Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat is found in several protected areas throughout its range but may be locally at risk due to limestone mining, and quarrying.

Bibliography. Corbet & Hill (1992), Csorba, Bumrungsri, Francis, Helgen, Bates, Gumal, Kingston eta/. (2008), Francis (2008a), Pavey & Burwell (1997), Simmons (2005).

Figures

24. Large-eared Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros megalotis), 25. Boeadi’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros boeadii), 26. Ha Long Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros alongensis), 27. Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros armiger), 28. Griffin’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros griffoni), 29. Pendlebury’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros pendleburyi), 30. Lesser Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros turpis), 31. Grand Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros grandis), 32. Horsfield’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros larvatus), 33. Maduran Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros madurae), 34. Sorensen’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros sorenseni), 35. Sumban Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros sumbae), 36. Shield-faced Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros lylei), 37. Pratt’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros pratti), 38. Shield-nosed Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros scutinares), 39. Makira Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros demissus), 40. Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros diadema), 41. Fierce Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros dinops), 42. Crested Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros inexpectatus), 43. Amhem Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros inomatus), 44. Indian Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros lankadiva), 45. Large Asian Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros lekaguli), 46. Peleng Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros pelingensis)

Distribution. Mainland SE Asia, Philippines , Indonesian Archipelago, New Guinea (including Bismarck Archipelago ), Solomon Is, and NE Australia ; also on N Nicobar Is.