Clitenella fulminans ( Faldermann, 1835 )

Lee, Chi-Feng & Bezdĕk, Jan, 2021, Taxonomic Notes on Clitenella Laboissière, 1927 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae), with Redescription of Three Species, The Coleopterists Bulletin 75 (4), pp. 845-858 : 846-848

Clitenella fulminans ( Faldermann, 1835) ( Figs. 1–3 )

Galleruca fulminans Faldermann 1835: 438 ( China).

Clitena fulminans : Jakobson 1911: 59.

Periclitena fulminans : Weise 1924: 64 (Taiwan); Miwa 1931: 190 (Taiwan).

Clitenella fulminans : Laboissière 1927: 54 ( Vietnam); Chûjô 1935: 161 (Taiwan); Ogloblin 1936: 136 (redescription, Mongolia); Chûjô 1962: 212 (redescription, Taiwan); Gressitt and Kimoto 1963: 419 ( China: Sichuan, Hubei, Hebei, Zhejiang, Fujian); Kimoto 1966: 26 (additional records in Taiwan), Kimoto 1969: 29 (additional records in Taiwan); Wilcox 1971: 47 (catalog); Kimoto 1986: 56 (additional records in Taiwan); Lopatin 1975: 221 (correction of locality on label); Kimoto 1987: 188 (additional records in Taiwan); Samoderzhenkov 1988: 73 (key to species in Vietnam); Kimoto 1989a: 249 (additional records in Taiwan); Kimoto 1989b: 26 (key to species in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam); Kimoto 1991: 9 (additional records in Taiwan); Yang 1992a: 552 ( China: Hunan); Yang 1992b: 332 ( China: Hunan, Hubei); Takizawa et al. 1995: 9 (additional records in Taiwan); Kimoto and Chu 1996: 60 (catalogue); Kimoto and Takizawa 1997: 164 (redescription); Yang et al. 1997b: 863 ( China: Hubei); Yang and Li 1998: 128 ( China: Zhejiang); Wang et al. 1998: 60 ( China: Fujian); Yang 2002: 625 ( China: Fujian); Zhang et al. 2005: 253 ( China: Guizhou); Mohamedsaid and Constant 2007: 167 ( Cambodia); Lee and Cheng 2007: 102 (immature stages, life cycle).

Clitenella fulminans var. coerulea Chûjô 1938: 152 (Taiwan), synonymized by Wilcox (1971).

Types. Galleruca fulminans Faldermann. Lectotype ♀ (ZIN, here designated): “ Galleruca / fulminans/Fald. Mongol. [h, w]”. This is the only specimen in Faldermann’s collection at the ZIN. Although the type locality was given as China in the original description, this specimen should be treated as the true type without precise locality data ( Ogloblin 1936). Moreover, “ Mongolia ” should be considered in error since Lopatin (1975) indicated that specimens collected by Bunge evidently originated from China and not Mongolia.

Clitenella fulminans var. coerulea Chûjô. 1♂ ( TARI): “ Shiigao (= Maopu, Ễ圃)/ Shinchiku [h] (= Hsinchu, ũh)/ FORMOSA [p]/ 28.VI.1934 [h]/ COL. M. CHUJO [p, w]//CO/ Type [p, w, circle label with yellow letters and border]// Clitenella /fulminans/Faldermann var./coerulea Chûjô [h]/DET. M. CHUJO [p, w]//No. 1357 [p, w]” ; 1♀ ( TARI): “ Mt. Arisan [h] (= Alishan, fim山)/ FORMOSA [p]/ 24-25.v.1933 [h]/COL. M. CHUJO [p, w]//CO/ Type [p, w, circle label with yellow letters and bor- der]// Clitenella /fulminans/Faldermann var./coerulea Chûjô [h]/DET. M. CHUJO [p, w]//1359 [p, w]” ; 1♀ ( TARI): “ Formosa / Musha (= Wushe, ñữ), 1919./V 18 – VI 15./ T. Okuni, [p, w]//CO/ Type [p, w, circle label with yellow letters and border]// Clitenella /fulminans/Faldermann var./coerulea Chûjô [h]/DET. M. CHUJO [p, pink label]//1482 [p, w]” ; 1♀ ( TARI): “ Formosa / Shinchiku (= Hsinchiku (= Hsinchu, ũh), -18./VII 1-30./ J. Sonan [p, w]//CO/ Type [p, w, circle label with yellow letters and border]// Clitenella /fulminans/ Faldermann var./coerulea Chûjô [h]/DET. M. CHUJO [p, pink label]//1483 [p, w]” .

Specimens Examined. CHINA: Fujian: 1♂, 1♀ ( NHMUK), Foochow (AE州), 1937–38, leg. M. S. Yang ; Guangxi: 1♀ ( TARI), Changtung ( HNJ), 14.IV.2019, leg. J.-T. Zhao ; 2♂♂, 2♀♀ ( TARI), same but with “ 5.V.2019 ” ; 1♀ ( TARI), same but with “ 10.V.2019 ” ; 1♂, 2♀♀ ( TARI), Dayaoshan (kNj山), 22.IV.2016, leg. J.-T. Zhao ; 1♀ ( TARI), same but with “ 3.VI.2017 ” ; 1♀ ( TARI), same but with “ 8.VI.2017 ” ; 1♂ ( TARI), Fenzhan ( Bƌ ), 8.V.2018, leg. J.-T. Zhao ; 1♂ ( TARI), Luoyingou ( OiĽdz ), 12.V.2019, leg. J.-T. Zhao ; Guizhou: 1♀ ( NMNS) , Guiyuang City, Chienlingshan , 28.VIII.2001, leg. L. S. Lin and W. T. Yang ; 2♂♂, 1♀ ( NMNS) , Guiyang City, Huaxi Park (AEâ公 園), 26.V.2002, leg. M. L. Chan ; Hubei: 1♀ ( BPBM), Lichuan Distr., Hsiaoho , 10.VIII.1938, leg. J. L. Gressitt ; 1♂ ( BPBM), Lichuan Distr., Suisapa , 24.VIII.1948, leg. Gressitt and Djou ; 1♂ ( BPBM), same locality, 29.VIII.1949, leg. J. L. Gressitt ; Shaanxi: 2♂♂, 1♀ ( JBCB), Huashan Peak env., 100 km E of Xian , 17–22.VI.1991, leg. Z. Kejval ; LAOS: Phongsaly: 1♂ ( NMHB), 21°21′N 102°03′E, Ban Sano Mai , 19–26.V.2004, leg. Pacholátko ; 1♂, 3♀♀ ( NMHB), 21°41–2′ N 102°6 – 8′E , Phongsaly env., 28.V–20.VI.2003, leg. Pacholátko ; 5♂♂, 2♀♀ ( NMHB), same but with “ 6-17.V.2004 ” ; TAIWAN: Hsinchu: 1♂, 1♀ ( TARI), Litungshan (李棟山), 10.VII.2010, leg. Y.-L. Lin ; 1♀ ( TARI), Wufeng (五峰), 17.IX.2011, leg. Y.-L. Lin ; Ilan: 1♀ ( TARI), Songluo (松ae), 7.IV.2007, leg. M.-H. Tsou ; 4♂♂, 7♀♀ ( TARI), Taipingshan (R平山), 24.IV.2007, leg. S.-F. Yu ; Kaohsiung: 1♂, 1♀ ( SEHU), Shanping (Ψ平), 15.IV.1978, leg. W.-L. Chen ; 1♀ ( SEHU), same locality, 28.IV.1978, leg. Y. Komiya ; 2♂♂ ( TARI), Tona trail (ØËffû), 20.III.2010, leg. U. Ong ; Nantou: 1♂ ( SEHU), Hori (埔m), 28.IV.1927, leg. K. Kikuchi ; 1♂, 3♀♀ ( SEHU), same locality, 2.V.1975, leg. A. Tanaka ; 1♂ ( SEHU), ḆḦffffi ( Huisun Forest Area ), 28.IV.1991, leg. A. Tanaka ; 1♀ ( SEHU), Kuantaochi ( Dzħâ ), 29.X.1980, leg. A. Tanaka ; 1♂, 1♀ ( SEHU), Lushan (廬山), 10.V.1975, leg. K. Akiyama ; 1♂ ( SEHU), same but with “ 1.VI.1975 ” ; 1♂ ( SEHU), same locality (= Hotso , 合ű), 8-9.VII.1975, leg. H. Takizawa ; 1♀ ( SEHU), Nanshanchi (南山â), 8.V.1975, leg. K. Akiyama ; 1♀ ( SEHU), same but with “ 23.V.1975 ” ; 1♂, 1♀ ( SEHU), same but with “ 26.V.1975 ” ; 2♀♀ ( SEHU), same but with “ 28.V.1975 ” ; 1♀ ( SEHU), same locality, 29.IV.1977, leg. Y. Komiya ; 1♂ ( SEHU), same locality, 4.IV.1977, leg. W. Suzuki ; 1♀ ( SEHU), same but with “ 21.VIII.1978 ” 1♀ ( SEHU), same locality, 2.V.1977, leg. J. Ito ; 1♀ ( SEHU), same but with “ 5.V.1977 ” ; 1♀ ( SEHU), same locality, 7.V.1978, leg. M. Ito ; 3♂♂ ( SEHU), same but with “ 30. IV.1977 ” ; 2♀♀ ( SEHU), same but with “ 8.V.1978 ” ; 1♀ ( NMNS), Penpuchi (本dzâ), 29.V.1965, leg. B.-S. Chang ; 1♂ ( SEHU), Tungpu (東埔), 14–17. VII.1976, leg. H. Takizawa ; 1♂ ( TARI), same locality, 28.IV.–2.V.1981, leg. T. Lin and C.J. Lee ; 1♂, 1♀ ( SEHU), same locality, 14.V.1998, leg. A. Tanaka ; 1♀ ( TARI), Wanfengtsun (Aḃ村), 2.IV.2008, leg. W.-T. Liu ; 1♂ ( TARI), Wushe (ñ ữ), 23.III.2009, leg. U. Ong ; New Taipei City: 1♀ ( TARI), Guaninshan (üá山), 2.V.1955, leg. S. C. Chiu ; 1♂ ( JBCB), same locality, 14–21.IV.2002, leg. Gy. Fábián and O. Merkl ; 1♀ ( TARI), Sanhsia (三峽), 7.IV.2009, leg. H. Lee ; 1♂ ( TARI), 深ṁ ( Shenkeng ), 18.III.1964, leg. K. H. Liu ; Pingtung: 1♀ ( SEHU), Koshun (恆$), 26.XI.1922, leg. Takahashi ; 1♂ ( TARI), Lilungshan (mfl山), 17.IV.2018, leg. C.-F. Lee ; 1♀ ( TARI), Nanrenshan (南仁山), 7–9.VI.2013, leg. K. Takahashi ; 1♂ ( TARI), Machia (DZẍ), 2.VIII.2016, leg. Y.-T. Chung ; 1♀ ( TARI), Shahsi (沙â), 20.VII.2017, leg. B.-X. Guo ; 1♂ ( SEHU), 四fflâ ( Suchungchi ), 20–21.IV.1928, leg. Matsumura ; 1♂ ( TARI), Tahanshan (k漢山), 10.VII.2913, leg. Y.-T. Chung ; 1♂ ( TARI), same but with “ 24.IX.2013 ” ; 1♂ ( TARI), same but with “ 18.X.2018 ” ; 1♀ ( TARI), same locality, 19.VII.2015, leg. Y.-L. Lin ; Taichung: 1♀ ( NMNS), Pahsienshan (八仙山), 18–19. IV.1996, leg. W. T. Yang and M. L. Chan ; 1♂ ( TARI), Wushihkeng (Ṝ石ṁ), 13.VII.2008, leg. C.-F. Lee ; 1♀ ( TARI), same but with “leg. M.-H. Tsou ” ; Tainan: 1♀ ( TARI), Foyou Temple (Ș佑ằ), 29.IV.2017, leg. Y.-F. Hsu ; 1♀ ( TARI), Kantoushan (崁©山), 8.III.2010, leg. Y.-F. Hsu ; 4♂♂, 1♀ ( TARI), Meiling (梅嶺), 24.IV.2013, leg. B.-X. Guo ; 1♂ ( TARI), Tungshan (東山), 1.X.2015, leg. Y.-F. Hsu ; Taipei: 3♀♀ ( SEHU), Ẑ山岩 ( Chishanyen ), 3.VII.1925, leg. H. Kono ; 2♂♂ ( SEHU), Neishiwangchi (內ḛâ), 24.IV.1977, leg. W. Suzuki ; 1♂ ( NMNS), Taihoku (= Taipei, 台北), 25.VI.1928, leg. M. Chûjô ; 1♀ ( TARI), same but with “ 10.VI.1936 ” ; 1♂ ( TARI), same locality, 15.III.1949, leg. K. S. Lin ; 1♂ ( TARI), Wulai (Ṝ 來), 20.III.1963, leg. K. S. Lin ; 1♂, 1♀ ( TARI) ,

same locality, 13.VI.2009, leg. Y.-L. Lin; 1♂, 1♀ ( TARI) , same locality, 5.V.2012, leg. C.-H. Hsieh; 1♀ ( TARI) , Yangmingshan (DDz山), 17.V.2008, leg. J.-F. Hsieh; Taitung: 1♀ ( TARI) , Taimali (Rss m), 20.III.2008, leg. P.-F. Wang; Taoyuan: 1♂ ( TARI) , Hsiaowulai (小Ṝ來), 18.X.2007, leg. S.-F. Yu; 1♀ ( NMNS) , 下巴ẹ (Hsiapalin), 19.VII.1980, leg. B.-S. Chang; 1♀ ( TARI) , Hsichoushan (â州 山), 28.I.2007, leg. M.-H. Tsou; 1♀ ( SEHU) , Palin (巴ẹ), 17.VII.1977, leg. K. Kusama; 1♂, 1♀ ( SEHU) , same locality, 26.V.1978, leg. Y. Oda; 1♂ ( SEHU) , same but with “ 28.V.1978 ”; 4♂♂, 8♀♀ ( SEHU) , same locality, 13.V.1984, leg. Y. Komiya; 1♀ ( SEHU) , same locality, 11.V.1998, leg. A. Takana; 1♀ ( TARI) , same locality, 15.VII.2009, leg. H.-J. Chen; 1♂ ( SEHU) , Taman (k曼), 27.V.1977, leg. J. Ito.

Redescription. Length 7.0– 8.3 mm, width 3.6– 4.5 mm. Body color ( Figs. 1A, B ) bronzy metallic green or golden green, antennae metallic blue; elytra with two pairs of large purplish copper spots at basal 1/3 and 2/3; abdomen yellow. Eyes relatively small, interocular space 2.41–3.08× diameter of eye. Antennae filiform in males ( Fig. 2A ), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0:0.5:0.7:0.7:0.7:0.7:0.7:0.6:0.6:0.6:0.8, length-to-width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 3.0:1.8:2.3:2.5:2.2:2.0:2.0:1.9:1.8:1.8:2. 8; relatively smaller in females ( Fig. 2B ), antennomeres VI–X moniliform, length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0:0.5:0.8:0.7:0.6:0.4:0.4:0.5:0.5:0.5: 0.7, length-to-width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 3. 0:2.0:2.9:2.5:1.9:1.4:1.3:1.4:1.4:1.5:2.1. Pronotum 2.0–2.2× wider than long, disc with sparse coarse punctures and fine punctures mixed together; with lateral deep depressions; lateral margins moderately rounded, apical and basal margins straight. Elytra elongate, parallel-sided from base to basal 1/5, then rounded, widest at apical 1/3; together 1.5–1.6× longer than wide; disc with sparse coarse and fine punctures, with two pairs of depressions, one at basal 1/3 (base of anterior with purplish copper spots), other at middle (apex of posterior purplish copper spots); epipleura almost reaching apices. Abdomen: apical margin of abdominal ventrite 5 with deep impression at middle in males ( Fig. 2H ), followed by extremely shallow notch; slightly concave in females ( Fig. 2I ); sternite VIII in females ( Fig. 2G ) transverse, medially and slightly depressed; disc with one line of long setae mixed with short setae along apical margin; spiculum long. Male genitalia: aedeagus ( Figs. 2C, F ) slender in dorsal view, 6.4× longer than wide, symmetric and parallel-sided, strongly narrowed near apex, apex narrowly rounded; strongly curved near base in lateral view, slightly curved from apex to just before apex, apex narrowly rounded; ostium membranous and transverse; primary endophallic sclerite extremely long, 0.9× as long as aedeagus, with several teeth near right side from apex to apical 1/5, with an extremely small secondary endophallic sclerite, 0.1× as long as primary sclerite. Female genitalia: gonocoxae ( Fig. 2J ) longitudinal and separate, with dense, long setae along apical and lateral areas; receptacle of spermatheca ( Fig. 2K ) slightly swollen; pump short and strongly curved; sclerotized proximal spermathecal duct wide and short.

Variation. A few individuals from Laos ( Fig. 1F ) and Taiwan ( Fig. 1C ) with metallic blue bodies were described as C. fulminans var. coerulea by Chûjô (1938). Populations in Laos ( Figs. 1D, E ) possess larger purplish coppery spots on the elytra, and metallic blue abdominal ventrites, except for the blackish brown last abdominal ventrite with paler apex. The numbers and sizes of teeth on the primary endophallic sclerite show great variation among different populations: three to five teeth in populations from Taiwan ( Fig. 2D ), five to ten teeth in populations from China ( Fig. 2C ), and anterior teeth larger than posterior teeth in populations from Laos ( Fig. 2E ).

Diagnosis. Adults of C. fulminans ( Figs. 1A, B ) are similar to those of C. ignitincta ( Figs. 4A, B ) in possessing two large purplish copper spots on the elytra but differ in possessing an entirely metallic green pronotum (one pair of purplish copper spots in C. ignitincta ), with dense fine punctures on the pronotum (sparse, coarse punctures in C. ignitincta ), and lacking pubescence on the vertex of the head (dense, short pubescence on vertex in C. ignitincta ).

Host Plant. Larvae and adults fed on leaves of Celtis formosana Hayata ( Cannabaceae ).

Biology. A female was collected by Mrs. Su-Fang Yu from Kui-Shan Power Plant, Xindian Dist., New Taipei City on 27 February 2007. It was transferred to the laboratory for rearing. Females started depositing single egg masses with more than 30 eggs inside tissue paper ( Fig. 3A ) on 16 March. Larvae hatched after 18–20 days. The larvae ( Figs. 3B–D ) fed on leaves, and the larval duration was 20–23 days. Mature larvae burrowed into the soil and built underground chambers for pupation. Duration of the pupal stage ( Fig. 3E ) was 16–18 days. Newly emerged adults ( Fig. 3F ) appeared during spring.

Distribution. Cambodia, China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Laos (new record).

Figures

Fig. 1. Habitus of adult Clitenella fulminans. A) Male, collected from Taiwan, dorsal view, B) Ditto, ventral view, C) Female, collected from Taiwan, blue color form, dorsal view, D) Male, collected from Laos, dorsal view, E) Ditto, ventral view, F) Male, collected from Laos, blue color form, dorsal view.

Fig. 2. Diagnostic characters of Clitenella fulminans. A) Antenna, male, B)Antenna, female, C) Apex of penis, from China, dorsal view, D) Apex of primary endophallic sclerite, from Taiwan, dorsal view, E) Apex of primary endophallic sclerite, from Laos, dorsal view, F) Penis, from China, lateral view, G) Sternite VIII, female, H) Ventrite 5, male, I) Ventrite 5, female, J) Gonocoxae, K) Spermatheca.

Fig. 3. Life stages on Clitenella fulminans. A) Eggs, B) First-instar larvae, C) Second-instar larvae, D) Third-instar larva, E) Pupa, F) Adult hiding under young leaves of host plant.

Fig. 4. Habitus of adult Clitenella species.A) C. ignitincta, female, dorsal view, B) Ditto, ventral view, C) C. punctata, male, dorsal view, D) Holotype of C. unicolor, dorsal view, E) C. unicolor, female, from Sumbawa Island, dorsal view, F) Ditto, ventral view.