Toxomerus dispar (Fabricius)

Borges, Zuleica M. & Couri, Marcia S., 2009, Revision of Toxomerus Macquart, 1855 (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Brazil with synonymic notes, identification key to the species and description of three new species 2179, Zootaxa 2179, pp. 1-72 : 29-31

Toxomerus dispar (Fabricius)

( Figs. 6, 25, 26)

Syrphus dispar Fabricius, 1794: 309 (descr.); Wiedemann, 1830: 141 (redescr.); Williston, 1886: 312 (cat.); Kertész,

1910: 113 (cat.); Thompson et al., 1976: 39 (cat.). Scaeva dispar Fabricius, 1805: 253 (diag.). Syrphus basilaris Wiedemann, 1830: 143 (descr.); Thompson, 1981: 86 (syn.). Syrphus vicinus Macquart, 1846: 264 (descr.); Williston, 1886: 312 (cat.); Kertész, 1910: 132 (cat.); Fluke, 1957: 156

(cat.). Mesogramma basilaris Schiner, 1868: 347 ; Curran, 1925: 307 (syn. & n.var.); Hull, 1941a: 432–434 (descry. & n. var.);

1943b: 25 (key, syn., n. var. and distr.). Mesogramma soror Schiner, 1868: 350 (descr.); Williston, 1886: 312 (synonymy); Thompson et al., 1976: 48 (cat.). Syrphus tridentatus Rondani, 1868: 24 (descr.). Mesograpta basilaris Wulp, 1883: 6 (ill.); Doesburg, 1970: 92, 98, 100; Telford, 1973: 222. Mesograpta variabilis Wulp, 1883: 6 (descr. & ill.); Curran, 1925: 307 (syn.). Melanostoma annulifera Bigot, 1884: 84 (descr.). Orthonevra annulifera Bigot, 1884: 556 (descr.). Paragus ruficaudatus Bigot, 1884: 541 (descr.). Mesogramma variabilis Aldrich, 1905: 372 (cat.); Hull, 1943b: 9 (key). Toxomerus variabilis Kertész, 1910: 150 (cat. & n. comb.). Toxomerus basilaris Kertész, 1910: 144 (cat.& n.comb.); Boyes et al., 1971: 120 (cariotype); Thompson et al., 1976: 48

(cat.). Mesogramma imperialis Curran, 1926: 103 (descr.); 1930: 4 (key); 1934: 400 (key); Hull, 1943b: 10 (key). Mesogramma basilare Curran, 1930: 3 (key); 1934: 401 (key, & syn.). Mesogramma flavocunea Hull 1940b: 433 (descr.); Hull 1943b: 37 (key); Thompson, et al. 1976: 48 (cat. & syn.). Mesogramma triangulata Hull, 1942: 104 (descr.). Mesogramma neotropica Hull, 1943b: 36 (descr.); Thompson et al., 1976: 48 (cat. & syn.). Mesogramma basilaris var. bifidus Hull, 1943b: 15 , 26 (key & descry.); Thompson et al., 1976: 48 (cat.& n. comb.). Mesograpta triangulata Fluke, 1956: 231 (cat.). Toxomerus triangulatus Thompson et al., 1976: 55 (cat.& n.comb.), syn. nov. Toxomerus vicinus Thompson et al., 1976: 56 (cat. & n. comb.), syn. nov. Toxomerus tridentatus Thompson et al., 1976: 55 (cat. & n. comb.), syn. nov. Toxomerus annulifer Thompson et al., 1976: 48 (cat. & n.comb.), syn. nov. Toxomerus ruficaudatus Thompson et al., 1976: 54 (cat.& n. comb.), syn. nov. Toxomerus imperialis Thompson et al., 1976: 51 (cat. & n. comb.); Thompson, 1981: 86 (syn.). Toxomerus dispar Thompson, 1981: 86 (syn.).

Male. Head: face 1/3 as long as eye width, yellow, shiny except sparsely white pollinose and pilose laterally; gena brown; frontal triangle yellow, white pilose; vertical triangle black, white and bronze pollinose, black pilose; occiput black, silver pollinose, with thick white pile, with a short row of brownish pile superiorly; antenna yellow to brownish, black pilose, arista brown.

Thorax: postpronotum yellow; proepisternum black, white pollinose; proepimeron black; scutum black with sometimes postalar callus yellow, bronze pollinose except for two lateral and one medial bluish-white pollinose vitta, yellow pilose; scutellum usually black, sometimes black with brownish margins, yellow pilose; anterior anepisternum black, long yellow pilose; posterior anepisternum black on anterior 1/2, yellow pilose dorsally, posterior 1/2 yellow, yellow pilose; katepisternum black except dorsal 1/3 yellow, dull, yellow pilose; anepimeron black; plumula yellow, calypter yellowish with yellowish fringe except brown fringe on dorsal lobe; posterior mesothoracic pleuron (katepimeron, meron, katatergum, anatergum and postscutellum) black, anatergum brownish posterodorsally; methatoracic pleuron brownish; metasternum brown; halter yellow ( Fig. 6). Legs: pro- and mesocoxae black on basal 2/3, yellow apically, yellow pilose; metacoxa yellow or black on basal 2/3, yellow apically, yellow pilose; trochanters yellow to black, yellow pilose; pro- and mesofemora yellow or black on basal 1/2 and yellow on apical 1/2, yellow pilose, mesofemur black pilose on apical 1/3; metafemur yellow except for black annulus on apical 1/3 or black, yellow on basal and apical extremities, yellow and black pilose; pro- and mesotibiae yellow, yellow pilose; metatibia yellow except for two black annuli on basal 2/5 and apical 2/5 or black, yellow on basal and apical extremities, yellow and black pilose; tarsi brown, black pilose. Wing: hyaline, extensively microtrichose, bare only: on basal 1/2 or less of cell C, basal 1/5 of cell R1, basal 2/3 or less of cell R and basal 3/4 or less of cell BM; alula broader than cell BM appically, microtrichose.

Abdomen: terga yellow and black pilose; 1 st tergum black except yellow laterally or all black; 2 nd tergum all black or yellow laterally with two medial triangles or rectangles; 3 rd to 4 th terga black with sub-lateral arcuate yellow vitta continuous from anterior and lateral margin or with sub-lateral yellow triangle continous from anterior and lateral margin or with yellow semicircle on lateral 1/2 and with three medial yellow vitta as a trident or with medial yellow vitta and a rounded sub-medial yellow macula or all orange; 5 th tergum black with sub-lateral yellow macula touching or not lateral margin or yellow with medial black vitta touching or nor anterior margin and black sub-lateral maculae posteriorly, or all yellow ( Figs. 25–26). Male genitalia: surstylus with pointed apex and concave apically in lateral view, with scattered short setae, longer ventroapically; postanal process 3/4 as long as surstylus; aedeagus not so enlarged, with slender projection dorsally; superior lobe somewhat trapezoid with setae medio-ventrally and hairs on posterodorsal margin.

Female. Similar to male except for the frons black, white pollinose, black pilose. Anterior anepisternum bare.

Female genitalia: 9 th tergum with not distinct black macula; cercus slender; hypoproct as an arch, oval posteriorly and triangular anteriorly; three rounded spermatecae similar in size.

Length. Body 6.0–6.7 mm, wing 4.5–5.0 mm.

Discussion. The specimens of T. dispar present a great thorax and abdomen color pattern variation, what can confuse the identification of this species.The type material of T. dispar was destroyed and a lectotype is at Museum Comparative of Zoology, Harvard University, though it was not examined. Most of the synonyms were made comparing the original description, abdomen and genitalia illustration and key from Thompson (1981), T. dispar identified material, the female holotype of Mesogramma triangulata , female holotype of Orthonevra annulifera , male holotype of Paragus ruficaudatus and female holotype of Syrphus vicinus . The synonym with Toxomerus tridentatus was based on the original description and especially on the color pattern of abdomen.

Material examined. MEXICO. Morelos: 2♂, 2♀, 1/ VIII/1944, 22/ VIII/1944, X/1944, N. L. H. Krauss ( USNM) . Veracruz: Orizaba , ♂, I/1945, N. L. H. Krauss ( USNM) ; Cordoba , ♂, IX/1954, N. L. H. Krauss ( USNM) . GUATEMALA. Yepocapa : 2 ♂ & 2 ♀, 4/ VI/1947, H. T. Dalmat ( USNM) ; Chimaltenango, ♂, 16/ II/1948, H. Dalmat? ( USNM) . Guirigia : 3 ♂, 8–10/ V/1949, D. G. Hall ( USNM) . Escuintlal : 2 ♂, VIII/1959, N. L. H. Krauss ( USNM) . HONDURAS. Tegucigalpa : 2 ♂ & 2 ♀, 8/ VIII/1985, Ronaldo Sequeira ( USNM) . EL SALVADOR. San Salvador: ♂, 6/VI/1958, O L Cartwright ( USNM) ; ♂, 14/ VI/1958, L. J. Bottimer ( USNM) . Sta Tecla : ♂, X/1959, N. L. H. Krauss ( USNM) . San Andres : ♀, 7/V/1959, P. A. Berry ( USNM) . Santa Ana: 2 ♀, 19/VIII/1972, G. F. & S. Hevel ( USNM) . NICARAGUA. Santo Maria de Ostuma : ♂, XI/ 1959, N. L. H. Krauss ( USNM) . DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Sylvania : ♂, 25/I/1965, W. W. Wirth ( USNM) . Clarke Hall : ♂, 20/IV/1966, R. J. Gagne ( USNM) . PUERTO RICO. San German: 2 ♀, XII/23/1962, Paul & Phyllis Spangler ( USNM) . VENEZUELA. Caracas : 2 ♂ & 2 ♀, X/1950, N. L. H. Krauss ( USNM) . El Valle: 3 ♂ & ♀, 30/IX/1938, C. H. Ballou ( USNM) . COLOMBIA. Palmira: Valle , 2♂, 2♀, 31/V/1971, 2/VI/1971, 19/ VII /1971, 21/VII /1971, G. P. Waldbauer ( USNM) . BRAZIL. Amazonas: Tabatinga , ♂, IV/1950, J. C. M. Carvalho ( MNRJ) . Pará: Belém , 22♂, 4 ♀, 13/IV—26/IV/1967, Y. Sedman ( USNM) . Pernambuco: Olinda , ♀, X/1961, Krauss ( USNM) . Goiás: Campinas , ♂, XII/1936, Borgmeier & Lopes ( MNRJ) ; Aragarças , ♂, 28/ I/1953, Moacir Alvarenga ( MNRJ) ; Lago Feia , ♂ & 2 ♀, 25/IV/1972, L. Knutson ( USNM) ; R. Preto, 2 ♂ & ♀, 21/X – 7/XI/1974, L. Knutson ( USNM) . Brasília: Distrito Federal , ♀, 15/X/1971, Luis Moojen ( MNRJ) ; L. Paranoá, ♀, L. Knutson ( USNM) ; National Park , ♂, L. Knutson ( USNM) . Minas Gerais: Diamantina , 5 ♂

& 5 ♀, 5/III/1962, N. Santos ( MNRJ) ; ♂, 3–7/III/1956, Dalcy & Izolda ( MNRJ) ; Viçosa, ♂, 13/X – 1/XI/ 1985, T. J. Henry & S. P. Fiuza F ( USNM) ; Lagoa Santa, 3 ♂ & ♀, 18/I/1977, L. Knutson ( USNM) . Espírito Santo: Linhares, ♀, IX/1970, P. C. Elias ( MZSP) . Rio de Janeiro : ♀, 3/III/1952, Ayrton ( MNRJ) ; Friburgo, ♂, II/1932, M. L. ( MNRJ) ; ♂, II/1933, C. F. M. L. ( MNRJ) ; ♀, II/1933, C. F. M. L. ( MNRJ) ; Petrópolis, 2 ♂ & ♀, II/1956, D. Albuquerque ( MNRJ) ; ♂, 24/I – 23/II/1959; ♀, 5/I/1970; Rio, ♂ & 2 ♀, X/1929, T. Borgmeier ( MNRJ) ; Vassouras, 2 ♀, 22/VII/1955, Dalcy & Rego Barros ( MNRJ) ; ♂, 11–17/XII/1955, D. O. Albuquerque ( MNRJ) ; Estrada Rio-São Paulo km 47, 19 ♂, 5 ♀, 9/I/1945, 10/I/1945, 11/I/1945, 12/I/1945, 15/I/1945, 24/I/1945, B. Ramos ( MNRJ) ; Recreio dos Bandeirantes, ♂, 28/X/1961, Krauss ( USNM) ; Teresópolis, ♂, I/1935, P. Sandig ( USNM) . São Paulo: Ypiranga, ♂, ♀, 1/III/1936, 4/IV/1936, L. Moirety ( MZSP) ; H. Florestal, ♀, III/1952, M. Carrera & M. d’Andretta ( MZSP) ; Barueri, ♂, 7/II/1955, K. Lenko ( MZSP) ; M. das Cruzes, ♂, M. Carrera ( MZSP) ; Onda Verde, ♂, I/1946, F. Lane ( MZSP) ; Guarujá, ♂, I/1942, M. Carrera ( MZSP) ; Boracea, ♀, VI/1947, Rabello ( MZSP) ; Juquiá, 2 ♂, IV/1941, J. Lane ( MZSP) ; S. José dos Campos, ♂ & ♀, VII/1933, H.S. Lopes ( MNRJ) ; S. Amaro, ♂, XII/1950, J. Lane ( MNRJ) ; Pirassununga, 2 ♂, III/1954, N. Santos ( MNRJ) ; Bocaína, 2♂ & ♀, III/1954, V/1951, Dalcy & Machado ( MNRJ) ; Mauá, ♂, V/1961, N. L. H. Krauss ( USNM) ; Piracicaba, 2 ♂ & 3 ♀, 11/I/1977, L. Knutson ( USNM) ; Rio Claro , 2 ♂ & ♀, 14/I/1977, L. Knutson ( USNM) ; Santos, 2♂ & 4 ♀, VI/1961, VIII/1961, X/1961, N. L. H. Krauss ( USNM) ; São Vicente, ♂, VIII/1961, N. L. H. Krauss ( USNM) . Paraná: Curitiba, 3 ♂ & ♀, IV/1940, Claret ( USNM) . Santa Catarina: ♂, M. Leitão ( MNRJ) ; Blumenau, ♂ & ♀, III/1935, F. Weber ( MNRJ) ; ♂, III/ 1935, Weber ( CNC) . Nova Teutônia, 36♂ & 13♀, VI/1964, XI/1964, I/1965, II/1965, VII/1965, XI/1969, V/ 1970, XI/1971, I/1972, III/1973, IV/1973, F. Plaumann ( USNM) ; 11♂, 8♀, II/1965, XII/1966, XI/1969, F. Plaumann ( CNC) ; 4 ♀, V/1970, F. Plaumann ( MZSP) ; Florianópolis, ♂, VI/1961, N. L. H. Krauss ( USNM) ; Itajai, ♀, 15/VI/1961, N. L. H. Krauss ( USNM) . Rio Grande do Sul : Santa Cruz do Sul , 10♂, 6 ♀, 15/V/ 2002, 14/V/2002, 19/XII/2002, 18/IX/2003, M.N. Morales ( UNISC) ; 2♂, 12/XI/2001, 21/XI/2001, C. Heitling ( UNISC) ; ♀, 09/IV/2003, M.G. Hermes ( UNISC) ;; Derrubadas, ♀, 26/IV/2003, M.N. Morales ( UNISC) . BOLIVIA. Riberalta: ♂, I/1921 -1922, Mulford ( USNM) .

Geographical record. Widespread, from United States to southern South America.