Anopheles

Azari-Hamidian, Shahyad & Harbach, Ralf E., 2009, Keys to the adult females and fourth-instar larvae of the mosquitoes of Iran (Diptera: Culicidae), Zootaxa 2078, pp. 1-33 : 18-19

Key to subgenera, species, and subspecies of genus Anopheles : fourth-instar larvae

(key characters are illustrated in Figs 5 and 6 )

1. Seta 2-C (inner clypeal seta) inserted close together, closer than distance between 2-C and 3-C (outer clypeal seta) on one side; seta 1-A (antennal tuft) and setae 5–7-C (frontal setae) branched, if 1-A single then 5–7-C single ( An. plumbeus ); all setae 9,10-P, 9,10-M, and 9,10-T (long pleural setae) single or at most with four branches, never feathered; seta 1-A inserted on inner (mesal) side of antennal shaft, except An. plumbeus ; leaflets of abdominal seta 1 (palmate seta) usually uniformly tapering to apex, lanceolate, except An. marteri (subgenus Anopheles ) ... 2

- Seta 2-C inserted at least as far apart as distance between 2-C and 3-C on one side; seta 1-A always single; at least one of setae 9,10-P, 9,10-M, and 9,10-T feathered; 1-A inserted on outer (lateral) side of antennal shaft; leaflets of abdominal seta 1 usually abruptly narrowed or shouldered, deeply notched, thus divided into a blade and terminal filament (subgenus Cellia ) ...................................................................................................................................... 12

2(1). Antenna smooth, without spicules; seta 6-IV–VI (long lateral setae on abdominal segments IV–VI) distinctly feathered; stellate setae on abdominal sterna present; setae 5–7-C (frontal setae) short and single, sometimes 7-C with 2 or 3 branches; seta 11-C (subantennal seta) very short, with only 2 or 3 branches [tree-hole larva] .............. .............................................................................................................................................................. An. plumbeus

- Antenna spiculate; setae 6-IV–VI branched but not feathered; abdominal sterna without stellate setae; setae 5–7-C long and branched; seta 11-C nearly as long as antenna, with at least 18 branches ................................................ 3

3(2). Seta 3-C (outer clypeal seta) simple, aciculate, or very slightly branched at tip ...................................................... 4

- Seta 3-C branched, dendritic ..................................................................................................................................... 7

4(3). Head with 3 transverse dark bands; setae 2- and 3-C (inner and outer clypeal setae) aciculate; seta 1-P (inner prothoracic or shoulder seta) with 4 or more branches; anterior tergal plates large, 5.0–6.0 times wider than long, larger than distance between setae 1 (palmate setae); seta 8-C (postfrontal seta) with 3 or more branches; seta 0- IV,V well developed; antenna strongly spiculate [leaflets of abdominal seta 1 uniformly tapering to apex; seta 4-C shorter than seta 3-C, branched (2–5) and rarely single; seta 1-X (saddle seta) well within margin of saddle; more than 1 short tooth between longest teeth of pecten]........................................................................... An. algeriensis

- Head spotted not banded; setae 2- and 3-C simple or with 2 or 3 apical branches; seta 1-P single or double; anterior tergal plates no more than 3.0 times wider than long, less than distance between setae 1; seta 8-C with at most 2 branches; seta 0-IV,V minute, single, or absent; antenna weakly spiculate........................................................... 5

5(4). Leaflets of abdominal seta 1 (palmate seta) abruptly narrowed before apex; seta 4-C (posterior clypeal seta) as long as or longer than seta 3-C (outer clypeal seta), single and rarely bifid; seta 1-P (inner prothoracic or shoulder seta) strong, plumose; abdominal seta 2-IV,V (antepalmate setae on abdominal segments IV and V) with 1–3 branches; seta 1-X (saddle seta) well within margin of saddle; more than 1 short tooth between longest teeth of pecten ( An. marteri ) (Note 11).................................................................................................................................. 6

- Leaflets of abdominal seta 1 uniformly tapering to apex; seta 4-C shorter than 3-C, branched (2–5), rarely single; seta 1-P weakly developed, with 3 or 4 branches; abdominal seta 2-IV,V with 3–5 branches; seta 1-X on/or just outside margin of saddle; often one short tooth between longest teeth of pecten.................. An. claviger (Note 12)

6(5). Seta 4-C (posterior clypeal seta) short, usually extended forward just beyond base of seta 2-C (inner clypeal seta) not beyond anterior margin of dorsal apotome (frontoclypeus or clypeus); setae 2,3-P attached to common setal support plate; filaments of palmate setae 0.5 total length of leaflets ....................................... An. marteri marteri *

- Seta 4-C much longer, extending well beyond anterior margin of dorsal apotome, approximately 0.25 length of seta 2-C; setae 2,3-P on separate setal support plates; filaments of palmate setae 0.3 total length of leaflets ........... ................................................................................................................................................ An. marteri sogdianus

7(3). Seta 1-A (antennal tuft) inserted on basal 0.25 of antenna, usually with 3 or 4 (2–7) branches, length less than 0.5 length of antenna; seta 2-C (inner clypeal seta) well branched at apex ( Maculipennis Group) (Note 9) ................ 8

- Seta 1-A inserted near middle of antenna, with 5 or more branches, length more than 0.5 length of antenna; seta 2- C usually simple or weakly branched at apex ( Hyrcanus Group) (Note 8) .............................................................. 9

8(7). Seta 2 (antepalmate seta) of abdominal segments IV and V with mean number of branches 36.8, SD 1.9, range 27–45.................................................................................................................................................... An. sacharovi

- Seta 2 of abdominal segments IV and V with mean number of branches 16.5, SD 5.0, range 9–35 ......................... ................................................................................................................................................... An. maculipennis s.l.

9(7). Seta 1-X (saddle seta) as long as saddle; abdominal sterna spiculate medially; seta 1-I,II (seta 1 on abdominal segments I and II) more or less flattened and weakly palmate but not pigmented, seta 1-III–VII well developed and pigmented ............................................................................................................................................................... 10

- Seta 1-X longer than saddle; abdominal sterna not spiculate; seta 1-I,II rudimentary, seta 1-III–VII well developed and pigmented ........................................................................................................................................................ 11

10(9). Seta 4-M with sinuate, spreading branches arising close together at base...................................... An. peditaeniatus

- Seta 4-M with stiff, erect branches arising along stem .................................................................... An. nigerrimus *

11(9). Seta 2-C (inner clypeal seta) simple................................................................................................ An. pseudopictus

- Seta 2-C branched at apex.................................................................................................................... An. hyrcanus

12(1). Seta 3-C (outer clypeal seta) branched (4–12) [dark transverse band behind setae 5-7-C (frontal setae)]................. ........................................................................................................................................................ An. pulcherrimus

- Seta 3-C single, occasionally bifid or slightly branched at apex ............................................................................ 13

13(12).Anterior (main) tergal plates of abdominal segments III–VII exceptionally large, their posterior borders usually enclosing posterior tergal plate; width of main plate on segment V at least 0.75 distance between setae 1 (palmate setae) .............................................................................................................................. An. fluviatilis s.l. (Note 22)

- Anterior tergal plates on terga III–VII narrower, posterior tergal plates always entirely free; width of main plate on segment V not more (usually less) than 0.67 distance between setae 1 (except sometimes in An. sergentii and An. culicifacies s.l.) ....................................................................................................................................................... 14

14(13).Setae 9,10-M (long mesopleural setae) feathered; seta 1-III or 1-IV (palmate seta on abdominal segments III or IV) well developed; seta 4-C (posterior clypeal seta) exceptionally long, 0.67–1.0 length of seta 2-C (inner clypeal seta) ......................................................................................................................................................................... 15

- At least one of seta 9,10-M simple; seta 1-II–VII well developed; seta 4-C less than 0.67 length of seta 2-C, except An. apoci ................................................................................................................................................................ 16

15(14).Seta 1-IV–VI (seta 1 on abdominal segments IV–VI) palmate, 1-III weak; filaments of leaflets very short and blunt. ..................................................................................................................................... An. turkhudi (Note 17)

- Seta 1-III–VII palmate; filaments of leaflets sharply pointed and about 0.5 length of blade ..................................... .............................................................................................................................................. An. cinereus * (Note 18)

16(14).Setae 9,10-M (long mesopleural setae) simple, one may be occasionally feathered on one side of the thorax..... 17

– Seta 9-M feathered and 10-M simple...................................................................................................................... 19

17(16).Setae 9,10-T (long metathoracic pleural setae) feathered; setae 9,10-P (long prothoracic pleural setae) simple...... ........................................................................................................................................ An. subpictus s.l. (Note 23)

- Seta 9-T feathered and seta 10-T simple; seta 9-P feathered and seta 10-P simple................................................ 18

18(17).Setae 2,3-X (inner, outer caudal setae) both with strongly hooked branches; seta 4-C (posterior clypeal seta) about as long as seta 3-C (outer clypeal seta); paired accessory tergal plates usually dash-like and narrow; basal tubercles of setae 1,2-P (inner and median prothoracic or shoulder setae) well separated ............................... An. dthali

- Branches of seta 2-X straight, their ends not recurved, those of seta 3-X hooked; seta 4-C distinctly shorter than seta 3-C; paired accessory tergal plates usually dot-like and circular; basal tubercles of setae 1,2-P close together. ..................................................................................................................................... An. culicifacies s.l. (Note 19)

19(16).Seta 9-T (long metathoracic pleural seta) feathered and seta 10-T simple; seta 1-I (seta 1 on abdominal segment I) weakly palmate ....................................................................................................................................................... 20

- Setae 9,10-T feathered; seta 1-I not palmate, rudimentary ..................................................................................... 22

20(19).Abdominal plate wide, 0.8 distance between bases of setae 1 (palmate setae); dark markings on dorsal apotome (frontoclypeal markings) in shape of transverse band behind bases of setae 5–7-C (frontal setae); seta 2-X (inner caudal seta) hooked; seta 2-C (inner clypeal seta) simple ................................................... An. sergentii (Note 20)

- Abdominal plate not more than 0.67 distance between bases of setae 1; dark markings on dorsal apotome, if present, in shape of spots that do not form a continuous band behind bases of setae 5–7-C; seta 2-X straight; seta 2-C usually finely aciculate or branched at apex .......................................................................................................... 21

21(20).Antenna evenly spiculate; both setae 9,10-P (long prothoracic pleural setae) simple; setae 3,4-C (outer and posterior clypeal setae) exceptionally long, as long as seta 2-C (inner clypeal seta) ........................ An. apoci (Note 10)

- Antenna with a group of markedly longer spicules on basal 0.33 of inner (mesal) side; seta 9-P feathered and seta 10-P simple; seta 3,4-C shorter than seta 2-C ............................................... An. rhodesiensis rupicolus * (Note 16)

22(19).Seta 1-II–VII (abdominal palmate setae) well developed; seta 1-T (metathoracic seta 1) differentiated, forming distinct weakly palmate seta with 3–9 long branches [filaments of abdominal palmate setae longer than 0.5 length of blade] ................................................................................................................................................................. 23

- Seta 1-III–VII well developed, 1-II weakly developed; seta 1-T not differentiated, with 2–5 short branches [basal tubercles of setae 1,2-P (inner and median shoulder setae) separate, not fused] .................................................... 24

23(22).Seta 1-P (prothoracic seta 1 or inner shoulder seta) with small weakly sclerotized tubercle; basal tubercles of 1,2- P (inner and median shoulder setae) not fused; setae 2,3-C not stout and/or finely aciculate; base of dorsal apotome (frontoclypeus) with dark spots............................................................................................... An. superpictus

- Seta 1-P with strongly sclerotized tubercle; basal tubercles of 1,2-P fused; setae 2,3-C stout, seta 2-C finely aciculate on middle 0.67 and seta 3-C simple; base of dorsal apotome usually wholly dark ................. An. moghulensis

24(22).Seta 1-P (prothoracic seta 1 or inner shoulder seta) usually without basal tubercle, or poorly developed tubercle; seta 2-C (inner clypeal seta) always simple; anal papillae (gills) short, stumpy; filaments of abdominal palmate setae poorly defined or undeveloped, however if defined then longer than 0.5 length of blade; well-defined dark spots around bases of setae 5–7-C (frontal setae) that may be fused to form continuous band ......... An. multicolor

- Seta 1-P with well-sclerotized tubercle; seta 2-C usually finely aciculate; anal papillae elongate; filaments of

Figures

FIGURE 5. Characters of the head of mosquito larvae used in the keys. Dorsal and ventral aspects of a culicine larva. (Modified from Harbach & Knight, 1980).

FIGURE 6. Characters of mosquito larvae used in the keys. A, Lateral aspect (right side) of an aedine larva. B, C, Lateral aspects (left sides) of the terminal abdominal segments of a Culiseta and an Anopheles larva, respectively. (Modified from Harbach & Knight, 1980).