Lophophaena hispida ( Ehrenberg, 1862 ) Petrushevskaya, 1971

Trubovitz, Sarah, Renaudie, Johan, Lazarus, David & Noble, Paula, 2022, Late Neogene Lophophaenidae (Nassellaria, Radiolaria) from the eastern equatorial Pacific, Zootaxa 5160 (1), pp. 1-158 : 58-59

Lophophaena hispida ( Ehrenberg, 1862) Petrushevskaya, 1971

Plate 22, Figs. 5–8B .

Dictyocephalus hispidus n. sp., Ehrenberg, 1862, p. 298 [not figured].

Dictyocephalus hispidus Ehrenberg, Ehrenberg, 1873b , pl. 5, fig. 18.

Dictyocephalus (Dictyocryphalus) hispidus Ehrenberg, Haeckel, 1887, p. 1309 [not figured].

? Theocapsa democriti n. sp., Haeckel, 1887, p. 1427, pl. 66, fig. 8.

Sethoconus crinitus n. sp., Cleve, 1900, p. 11, pl. 3, fig. 13.

Acanthocorys variabilis n. sp. Popofsky, 1913, p. 360 –364, text-figs. 74–77,?73; non text-figs. 71–72, 78–81.

Lophophaena hispida (Ehrenberg) , Petrushevskaya, 1971, p. 115, 117, pl. 61, figs. 1–3.

? Lophophaena hispida Ehrenberg , atyp., Petrushevskaya, 1971, pl. 57, fig. 4.

Theocapsa democriti Haeckel, Tan and Tchang, 1976 , fig. 69a–c.

Lophophaena cylindrica Cleve, Renz, 1976 , pl. 6, fig. 21.

Lophophaena hispida Ehrenberg, Kruglikova, 1978 , pl. 22, fig. 7.

Lophophaena hispida Ehrenberg, Nishimura and Yamauchi, 1984 , pl. 32, figs. 6–7.

Lophophaena hispida Ehrenberg, Boltovskoy and Jankilevich, 1985 , pl. 4, fig. 6.

Lophophaena hispida Ehrenberg, Nishimura, 1990, p. 93 –95, figs. 17.1a–17.3b.

Lophophaena cylindrica Cleve, Takahashi, 1991 , pl. 25, figs. 4–5 (non fig. 3).

Lophophaena hispida Ehrenberg forma hispida, Van de Paverd, 1995 , pl. 65, figs. 1–2.

Lophophaena hispida Ehrenberg, Itaki et al., 2010 , pl. 6, figs. 11–12.

Lophophaena hispida Ehrenberg, Matsuzaki et al., 2016 , figs. 9.17–9.18.

Lophophaena hispida Ehrenberg, Matsuoka 2017 , fig. 22.1–22.8.

Lophophaena hispida Ehrenberg, Trubovitz et al., 2020 , supplementary data 7.

Remarks. The basionym of this species is Dictyocephalus hispidus Ehrenberg, 1862 . The species was emended and transferred to the genus Lophophaena by Petrushevskaya (1971). Since then, the species has occasionally been confused with Lophophaena cylindrica (Cleve) Petrushevskaya, 1971 in the literature. Beyond the difference in pore sizes on the cephalis and thorax, L. hispida differs from L. cylindrica (Pl. 22, Figs. 1A – 4 ) in that cephalic spines are directly related to the nodes of the pores. Van de Paverd (1995) split Lophophaena hispida into two forms, L. hispida hispida and L. hispida cylindrica , which are largely consistent with the species designations Lophophaena hispida and Lophophaena cylindrica . Here we maintain that these are two separate species, following the usage most common in the literature, and it is our opinion that the differences between the two justify separate species. Popofsky (1913) illustrated a wide variety of forms within Acanthocorys variabilis , which we herein divide into four species, including L. hispida , as well as L. buetschlii , L. leshii n. sp., and L. variabilis , partially following the designations of previous authors as well as one new species. The specimens of L. hispida in our material varied considerably in their degree of silicification. Some specimens exhibited a closed base of the thorax. Haeckel designated specimens with the enclosed base and more elongated cephalis as a separate species, Theocapsa democriti Haeckel 1887 . We observed a few L. hispida specimens with semi-enclosed and fully-enclosed thorax bases, suggesting this may be an ontogenetic character. However, the specimen Haeckel (1887) figured as Theocapsa democriti also appears to have a more elongated, thumb-shaped cephalis than is typical for L. hispida , so these may indeed be separate species.

Range. Late Pliocene—Recent, EEP ( Table 1 ).

Figures

FIGURE 1. Diagram illustrating the general skeletal morphology of Lophophaenidae, and terminology used in this manuscript. Dashed lines indicate spines that are not visible from the angle shown, as they extend into the skeleton. An example specimen of Lophophaena casperi n. sp. is included for comparison to the diagrams.

FIGURE 4. Examples of specimen measurements discussed in the Systematic Paleontology section of this study.

FIGURE 5. Internal skeletal structure of Amphiplecta acrostoma Haeckel, 1887.

FIGURE 6. Internal skeletal structure of Arachnocorallium calvata (Haeckel, 1887) Petrushevskaya, 1971.

FIGURE 7. Internal skeletal structure of Arachnocorys umbellifera (Haeckel, 1862) Petrushevskaya, 1971.

FIGURE 8. Internal skeletal structure of Botryopera amabie n. sp.