Phanaeus endymion Harold, 1863

Moctezuma, Victor & Halffter, Gonzalo, 2021, Taxonomic revision of the Phanaeus endymion species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), with the descriptions of five new species, European Journal of Taxonomy 747, pp. 1-71 : 13-18

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.5852/ejt.2021.747.1333

publication LSID

lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3F0B6EAF-C616-4865-811A-414A094B590C

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4726219

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87F2-FFF2-FFD0-FDE5-4381BDC33C37

treatment provided by

Plazi

scientific name

Phanaeus endymion Harold, 1863
status

 

Phanaeus endymion Harold, 1863 View in CoL

Figs 1D View Fig , 2B View Fig , 4 View Fig , 18E View Fig , 19E View Fig , 20 View Fig

Phanaeus endymion Harold, 1863: 163 View in CoL .

Phanaeus endymion View in CoL – Gemminger & Harold 1869: 1017. — Bates 1887: 58. — Nevinson 1892: 3, 10; 1892b: 34. — Olsoufieff 1924: 37, 91, 150, 164, pl. VI, fig. 7. — Islas 1942: 314, 318–319, 336, pl. 1 (in part). — Blackwelder 1944 –1957: 209 (in part). — Halffter & Matthews 1966: 40, 68, 70, 74 (in part). — Edmonds 1972: 830, figs 218–220 (in part); 1979: 99, 102–103, figs 4, 9–10 (in part); 2006: 31–32, 35–36, figs 2, 4, 6–7 (in part). — Morón 1979: 381, 423, 434, 449, fig. 20b; 1985: 63, 88, 91, 97, 107, fig. 20. — Arnaud 1982: 114; 2001: 4 (in part). — Palacios-Ríos et al. 1990: 59. — Estrada & Coates-Estrada 1991: 465. — Halffter et al. 1992: 139, 149, 153–155; 1995: 162, 164–166, 173. — Estrada et al. 1993: 48–49; 1998: 586–587, 589. — Deloya & Morón 1998: 19. — López-Guerrero & Halffter 2000: 241 (in part). — Montes de Oca 2001: 118, 123. — Avendaño-Mendoza et al. 2005: 810, 813, 815, 817. — Price 2005: 197 (in part); 2007: 17, figs 33, 52–54 (in part); 2009: 139, figs 2–4 (in part). — Krajcik 2006: 150 (in part). — Gillett 2008: 5. — Navarrete & Halffter 2008: 2880, 2888, 2893, 2895. — Halffter & Halffter 2009: 6, 8. — Díaz et al. 2010: 6–8. — Inward et al. 2011: 1677, fig. 2, appendix s2. — Edmonds & Zídek 2012: 1, 5–6 (in part). — Barragán et al. 2011: fig. 1. — Delgado et al. 2012b: 209. — Alvarado et al. 2014: tables s1–2; 2019: 175; 2020: 5. — Cancino-López et al. 2014: 137 (in part). — Bourg et al. 2016: 493– 494. — Huerta et al. 2016: 16 (in part). — Sánchez-de-Jesús et al. 2016: table A4. — Halffter 2017: fig. 7 (in part). — Lizardo et al. 2017: 273–275, 292–293, fig. 12 (in part). — Moctezuma & Halffter 2017: 47, 51–52, 55 figs 17–23 (in part). — Moctezuma et al. 2017: 114, 123, 131–132 (in part); 2019: 251–254, fig. 5 (in part). — Kohlmann et al. 2018: 79, 83, 88 (in part). — Sánchez-Hernández et al. 2018: 149–150; 2020: 229 (in part). — Santos-Heredia et al. 2018: appendix 1. — Gillett & Toussaint 2020: 11, fig. 3 (in part). — Salomão et al. 2020: 3–4, 8–9 (in part).

Phanaeus (Notiophanaeus) endymion View in CoL – Edmonds 1994: 2, 8–9, 12, 19, 36, 39, 41–46, 54, 74, 101, figs 17, 209, 215–216, 221 (in part); 2003: 65 (in part). — Arnaud 2002b: 94–95 (in part). — Delgado et al. 2012a: 327. — Edmonds & Zídek 2012: 3, 13, figs 132–133, 136, 140, 143, 152–155 (in part). — Halffter & Morrone 2017: 21. — Lizardo et al. 2017: 272 (in part). — Capello & Halffter 2019: 113, figs 41a–b.

Phanaeus (Phanaeus) endymion View in CoL – Edmonds 2003: 63, Fig. 2.20 View Fig (in part).

Diagnosis

Highly variable species, diagnosed by the following character combination: major male dark blue ( Fig. 4A View Fig ), dark metallic blue-green or dark metallic green dorsally ( Fig. 4B View Fig ); sometimes with carinate, distinctly developed keel in the middle of anterior pronotal margin ( Fig. 2B View Fig ); posterolateral angles of pronotum short, widened, sometimes lightly projected posteriorly ( Figs 4A–B View Fig ); elytral striae impressed basally as distinct fossae, with distinctly impressed to effaced punctures ( Fig. 4 View Fig ); endophallite copulatrix as in Fig. 1D View Fig . Major female with pronotal process concave posteriorly; middle pronotal tubercle more developed, dentiform or rounded, always more projected frontally than lateral tubercles; lateral tubercles obtusely rounded or carinate; posterior pronotal midline superficially impressed to completely effaced ( Fig. 4C View Fig ).

Type material

Lectotype (studied from photographs)

MEXICO • ♂, Arnaud 1982: 114 ( Fig. 4D View Fig ); Veracruz, Córdoba; “ P. endymion Harold. Ex-Mus ӕo E. Harold. Muséum Paris 1952 Coll. R. Oberthur. MNHN EC10553 ”; MNHN.

Paralectotype (studied from photographs)

MEXICO • 1 ♀; Veracruz; “Ex-Mus ӕo E. Harold. Museum Paris ex Coll. R. Oberthur. MNHN EC10554 ”; MNHN .

Non-type material revised (212 ♂♂, 247 ♀♀)

BELIZE – Cayo • 1 ♂; “ Chiquibul Forest Reserve, Las Cuevas Research Station . 16°44′N, 88°59′W. June 2006. BMNH {E} 2006-141. C. Gillett & J. Kitson ”; TAMU GoogleMaps 1 ♀; “ San Ignacio, Chiquibul Fst Res. Las Cuevas Res. Station. 16°43′N, 88°59′W, 02–17.iv.2004. Deciduous forest , baited pitfall. coll. R. Paterson. Deciduous tropical forest. Baited pitfall trap. Cattle dung. Sub-site: Grano de Oro. Selective logged forest. Trap: 5. Date: 8/4/04 ”; TAMU GoogleMaps . – Orange Walk • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ 17°50′04″N; 89°03′04″W, Rio Bravo Cons Area , La Milpa , Arqueolog. Site , (#12), 11–17.VII.1996, P. Kovarik ex. Flight intercept trap.”; JLSHC GoogleMaps 1 ♂; “ Rio. Bravo Cons, Area , env. La Milpa ruins , 19–20.VII.1996, P.W. Kovarik, collector. La Milpa transect site #12, flight intercept trap ”; JLSHC . – Stann creek • 1 ♂; “ 16°48′40″N, 88°30′34″W. Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary , Outlier Trail nr. Campground. 3.VIII.2006. P. W. Kovarik, coll., FIT”; JLSHC GoogleMaps .

GUATEMALA – Alta Verapaz • 1 ♂; “ Sanahu. Fca. El Volcán. 14.VII.1988. J.P. Mauger & K. Meyer. 1200 msnm”; UVGC 1 ♂; “ Senahú , Fca. El Volcán. 850 msnm. 19-VII-88. Col: F. Herrera ”; VMC 2 ♀♀; “ Colector Carlos García . Heces de humano. Sta. Lucia Lachua. Cobán. 16-09-00 ”; UVGC 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ Santa Lucia Lachua. Junio 2001, heces humanas. Col. A. Higueros ”; UVGC 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; VMC . – Huehuetenango • 1 ♀; “ Barillas, aldea Malpais . 1263m, N.1584733, W091.22285. Bosque nuboso. 21 VI 2009. Col. F. Camposeco, UV+M-Arc400w.”; VMC 1 ♂; “ Octubre 1992. Colector J. Monzón ”; VMC . – Izabal • 1 ♂; “ Livingston. Biotopo Chocón. Machacas. 28–29 V 2002. Heces de vaca. Guamil. Col. E.B. Cano.”; UVGC 1 ♂; “ Livingston. Biotopo Chocón. Machacas. 17–23 VI 1997. col. C.Avendaño. B. tropical húmedo inundable ”; TAMU 1 ♀; “ Río Dulce, Fca. Talismán. 9 III 1997. G. Pereira ”; TAMU 1 ♀; “ Cerro San Gil, Río Carbonera. 1390 msnm. III-2 IV 2007. Col. R. Granajo ”; UVGC 1 ♀; “ El Estor , Cuiscoyol , GCN. 27 III 2010. J.Rivers ”; UVGC 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; “ Cerro San Gill, Carboneras , estación biol 400 msnm. 08 IX 1999. Bosque tropical. Trampa de pescado. Col. G. Goemans ”; UVGC 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; VMC 1 ♀; “ El Estor , CGN sector 215 con tala. 24 III 2010. J.Rivers ”; UVGC 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; VMC 1 ♂; “ El Estor , CGN sector pino guiscoyol . 1–3 IX 2009. J.Rivers ”; VMC . – Petén • 1 ♀; “ La Libertad , Bethel. 18 IX 1995. M.Jolon. En trampeo ratones había caído. Oryxomis melesotis ”; UVGC 1 ♀; “ La Libertad , Bethel. 14 XII 1995. Trampa de roedores. M.Jolon. ”; UVGC 1 ♂; “ San Miguel la Palotada. 15-V-1999. Col. Mjolon ”; UVGC 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; VMC 1 ♀; “ San Miguel la Palotada. 16-III-1999. Col. Mjolon ”; UVGC 1 ♂; “ Dolores. 17-VIII- 2003. Col. D. Ramírez ”; UVGC 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; VMC 1 ♂; “ Yaxhá. Area nucleo . 2 XII 1996. X. Leiva ”; TAMU 1 ♂; “ Flores , El Remate. Biot. Cerro Cahuí . 7.VIII.1996. E.Cano ”; UVGC .

MEXICO – Chiapas • 1 ♀; “ Templo de las Inscripciones , Palenque , 22–VI–1993, Borde-copro-24 hrs. G. Halffter Col. ”; VMC 3 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; “ Palenque, Templo Inscripciones , 19/VII/1993, trap fruta #40, 17°29’0.9’’N, 94°2’49.07’’O, selva, 170 m, nocturna, G. y V. Halffter Cols. ”; GHC GoogleMaps 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; VMC GoogleMaps 1 ♀; “ Casa arqueólogos , Palenque , 22–VI–1993, Selva B-copro-24 hrs. G. Halffter Col. ”; GHC 1 ♂; “ Casa Arqueólogos, Palenque , 20–VI–1993, Selva-copro A-24 hrs. G. Halffter Col. ”; GHC 1 ♂; “ Palenque , 22–V–65, excrem. Humano.”; TAMU 1 ♂; “ Palenque , 22– V–65, col. Halffter-Reyes. ”; TAMU 4 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; “ Bonampak, Archeological Site , 16°44’N, 91°05’W, 300 m, 24–26–IX–77, forest, human feces, W. D. Edmonds, col.”; TAMU GoogleMaps 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; VMC GoogleMaps 1 ♀; “ Bonampak, Archeological Site , 16°44′N, 91°05′W, 300 m, I– IX–77, B. Kohlmann, col.”; TAMU GoogleMaps 1 ♂; “ Bonampak, Archeological Site , 16°44′N, 91°05′W, 300 m, 24–IX– 77, forest, carrion, B-1, W. D. Edmonds, col.”; TAMU GoogleMaps 1 ♂; “ Bonampak, Archeological Site , 16°44′N, 91°05′W, 300 m, 25–IX–77, forest, human feces, W. D. Edmonds, col.”; TAMU GoogleMaps 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; “ Bonampak, Archeological Site , 16°44′N, 91°05′W, 300 m, 8–IX–77, forest, human feces, W. D. Edmonds, col.”; TAMU GoogleMaps 1 ♂; “ Bonampak Archeological Site , 16°44′N, 91°05′W, 8–IX–77, forest, human feces, W. D. Edmonds, col.”; TAMU GoogleMaps 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; “ Bonampak , Agosto-1977, B. Kohlmann Col. ”; VMC 1 ♀; “ Laguna Miramar , 14–15–X–1976, G. y V. Halffter, col.”; GHC 1 ♀; “ Chansayab, Lacanja , 24–I–77, P. Reyes C., Col.”; GHC 1 ♀; “ Lacanja, Chansayab , 26.IV.77, G. Aguirre, E. Frey, col.”; VMC 1 ♂; “ Lacanja, Chansayab , 6–II–77, S. Gallina, Col.”; VMC 1 ♀; “ Lacanjá-Chansayab , 300 m, 6–VIII–1977, camino a La Selva, M. Lamotte & B. Kohlmann col.”; TAMU 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; VMC 1 ♂; “ Lacanja , VIII-1977, #11, Selva alta, Bert Kohlmann, Col.”; GHC 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; “ Boca de Chajul , alt 110 m, 3-II-1984, M.A. Morón, C. Fragoso, F.J. Villalobos, cols.”; IEXA 1 ♂; “4800’, 6.6 mi. W. El Bosque, VIII.25 –29.1973, Cl. For. A. Newton 542”; TAMU Oaxaca • 1 ♀; “ Km Valle Nal. 550m 17/ 18-V-94, C. Deloya, R. Arce, coprotrampa ”; IEXA 1 ♂; “2000’, 6 mi S Valle Nac. VII.71, A. Newton 299”; TAMU 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ Concepción Pápalo , 1800 m, 13-VII-97, hongos, G. Nogueira ”; IEXA 1 ♂; “ La Chinantla , Sierra Norte . Selva mediana. 29-IIX- 2010. 400 m. Pit-fall exc. hum. T-2. Alvarado, F. Col. ”; FESC 1 ♂; “ Disto. De Yautepec, Juquila Mixes , VIII.1973, W. Miller ”; VMC 1 ♀; “ La Nueva Esperanza , I– IX–1980, C. Huerta-G. Quintero-E. Rivera Cols.”; GHC 102 ♂♂, 123 ♀♀; “ Santa María y San Miguel Chimalapa , Benito Juárez/Santa María Chimalapa/San Antonio/San Francisco La Paz . Victor Moctezuma col.”; VMC . – Quintana Roo • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “X-Can, VI-77, E. Welling, col.”; TAMU 1 ♀; “ Puerto Morelos , 3–IX– 1984, G. y V. Halffter, cols. Selva baja-media, cebo excremento humano, noche/día”; GHC 1 ♂; “ Carrillo Puerto , 25–26–XII–82, G. Halffter y V. Halffter, Col.”; VMC 1 ♀; “ Carrillo Puerto , Septiembre 1984, A. Martínez, col.”; GHC . – Veracruz • 1 ♂; “ Córdoba , 13–VII–36, E. W. Torrens niger d’Ols.”; GHC 2 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀; “ Córdoba, Guadalupe del Barreal , alt. 940 m, E. Santos, Col. NTP-1-C. 2-VIII-92. Julio”; IEXA 4 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; “ Córdoba, Guadalupe del Barreal , alt. 940 m, E. Santos, Col. NTP-1-C. 2-VII-92. Junio”; IEXA 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ Córdoba, Gpe. Barreal , alt. 940 m, E. Santos, Col. NTP- 3. X-91 ”; IEXA 1 ♂; “ Córdoba, Gpe. Barreal , alt. 940 m, Cafetal, E. Santos, Col. NTP- 3. VIII-91 ”; IEXA 1 ♂; “ Córdoba, Guadalupe del Barreal , alt. 940 m, E. Santos, Col. N-C. V-92 ”; IEXA 2 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀; “ Córdoba, Guadalupe del Barreal , VIII-91, cafetal, NTP-80, E. Santos, Col.”; IEXA 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ Córdoba, Guadalupe del Barreal , VII-91, cafetal NTP-80, E. Santos, Col.”; IEXA 1 ♀; “ Córdoba, Guadalupe del Barreal , X-91, cafetal NTP-80, E. Santos, Col.”; IEXA 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; “ Córdoba, Guadalupe del Barreal , IX-91, cafetal NTP-80, E. Santos, Col.”; IEXA 1 ♂; “ Cordoba , 18–20/July/62, Terry W. Taylor. ”; TAMU 1 ♂; “ Cordoba , 15–VII–1965, coll. C. L. Hogue. ”; VMC 1 ♀; “ Córdoba , cafetal, 900 m. 2/03/91. E. Santos, Col.”; IEXA 6 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; “ Fortín de las Flores , September 1984, T. W. Taylor, col.”; TAMU 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; VMC 1 ♂; “ Fortín de las Flores , 14–VII–1973, R. R. Shelling and T. W. Taylor, colls.”; TAMU 1 ♂; “ Presidio , VII–48, A. Ramírez ”; VMC 1 ♂; “ Presidio , VII–52, G. H”; GHC 1 ♀; “ Presidio, V–47, A. Ramírez ”; VMC 1 ♂; “ Presidio , I. 43 ”; TAMU 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; “ 22 km W. Palma Sola (19°46’N, 96°25’W) on road to Plan de las Hayas (± 800 m), 30–31/VIII/1976, W. D. Edmonds and Bert Kohlmann cols. Code: K22-HF-F. Collected in baited pitfall trap: HF=human feces; SF =swine feces; CC= carrion. Habitat: F =remains of forest; P=pasture (clearing).”; TAMU GoogleMaps 3 ♀♀; “ 1 km al E de Jalcomulco, NTP-80, alt. 500 m. 6-XI-91. Luis Quiroz, col.”; IEXA 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ Jalcomulco, Cerro Brujo , 06-VIII- 15. 400 m. CT3 Bosque, selva baja, Álvaro Hernández Rivera Col.”; FESC 1 ♂; “ Xalapa, 30/Julio/80, Col. E. Aranda D.”; IEXA 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ Xalapa, Chiltoyac , 20/VI/15, 1000 m. NT2 Selva baja, Álvaro Hernández Rivera Col.”; FESC 1 ♀; “ Xalapa, Chiltoyac , 1000 m. NT1 Bosque, Álvaro Hernández Rivera Col.”; FESC 2 ♀♀; “ Xalapa, Chiltoyac , 20/VI/15, 1000 m. CT2 Potrero, Álvaro Hernández Rivera Col.”; FESC 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ Xalapa, Chiltoyac , 1000 m. CT3 Bosque, Álvaro Hernández Rivera Col.”; FESC 2 ♂♂; “ Xalapa, Tiro de Hayas , 1200 m. NT2 Bosque, Álvaro Hernández Rivera Col.”; FESC 1 ♀; “ Sumidero, Tiro de Hayas. 16 sep - 5 de oct 1989. L. Arellano col. Bosque mesófilo perturbado. 1366 m. NTP 80”; GHC 1 ♂; “N.C 600”; GHC 2 ♀♀; “ Veracruz , 1962–63, leg. Epping. ”; GHC 1 ♂; “ Escoloa , 15 july 1972, Terry W. Taylor, coll.”; TAMU 3 ♀♀; “ Ixtaxoquitlán, Cerro Chicahuaztla. 1540 m. VI.87. Col. L. Delgado ”; IEXA 4 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; “ El Trianón, Cerro La Campana y R. San Gabriel. V-VI-2004. Mesófilo. Col. exc. hum. Escobar y Pineda Cols.”; FESC 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; IEXA 1 ♀; “ Tatahuicapan de Juárez, López Arias, Magallanes. 21-VI-2002. F. Escobar S. Col. Fragmentos de selva alta. Trampa #8. Cebo-exc. humano ”; FESC 1 ♀; “ Tatahuicapan de Juárez , El Mirador , Magallanes . 21-VI-2002. F. Escobar S. Col. Fragmentos de selva alta. Trampa #2. Cebo-exc. humano ”; FESC 1 ♂, 4 ♀♀; “ Catemaco, Pipiapan, Parque de la Flora y Fauna Silvestre Tropical , 600 m., VIII-1991, Selva Med. Per. F. Capistran Col. NTP”; IEXA 1 ♀; “ Catemaco, Est. Biol. Trop. Los Tuxtlas , Bosq. Trop. Perennifolio , 17 VIII 90, M. F. Favila y A. Díaz. Cols. ”; VMC 1 ♂; “ Los Tuxtlas. Estación Biológica UNAM. Selva alta. 01-VII- 2010. 200 m. Pit-fall exc. hum. T-12. Alvarado, F. Col. ”; FESC 3 ♀♀; “ Los Tuxtlas , 21/VIII/87, G. Halffter y V. Halffter, Cols.”; GHC 1 ♂; “ Guadalupe Victoria. PIA. Tm10.”; FESC 1 ♀; “T 6m.”; FESC 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ Km 7.5, Carr. El Castillo, 15-oct-1994, L. Arellano y R. Sánchez cols. Alt. 1100 m, Bosque de pino/café, trampa necropermanente.”; TAMU 1 ♀; “ Apazapan , 19°19′18″N, 96°42′39″W, VIII- 2000, 280 m, E. Montes de Oca, col.”; TAMU GoogleMaps 2 ♂♂; “ km 50 Las Choapas-Río Playa, 30-XII-1977, carroña, selva media, Col. B. Kohlmann ”; TAMU 1 ♀; “ Dos Amates (cerca de Catemaco), V-62, G. Halffter leg.”; TAMU 2 ♂♂; “ Dos Amates ( Catemaco ), IX–1967, G. Halffter. Leg. ”; GHC 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; VMC 1 ♀; “ Dos Amates , Alt. 300 m. 29-XI-67. Col. P. Reyes C. Selva tropical perturbada. Cebo excremento humano. Noche-Día.”; VMC 1 ♀; “ Estación de Biología Tropical Los Tuxtlas , VIII–1984, A. Martínez, Col.”; GHC 1 ♀; “ 20 km al E de Sontecomapan, 11-IV-69, H. Cabrera, col.”; GHC . – Yucatán • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ Municipio de Tizimín , 18-VII- 13, 200 m. Bosque (Zapotal). Colecta trampa copro pit-fall #6. Alvarado, F. Col. ”; FESC 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; “ Municipio de Tizimín , - VII- 13, 200 m. Bosque (Espita). Colecta trampa copro pit-fall #3. Alvarado, F. Col. ”; FESC 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; “ Municipio de Tizimín , 28-VII- 13, 200 m. Bosque (Santa Marta). Colecta trampa copro pit-fall #25. Alvarado F. Col. ”; FESC .

Type locality

Mexico, Veracruz, Córdoba.

Redescription

Major male

HEAD. Clypeus bidentate, black on anterior margin, dark metallic blue-green or green on posterior portion, rough sculpture. Genae dark metallic blue-green or green with rough sculpture. Front black, with dark metallic blue-green or green on portions adjacent to cephalic horn. Cephalic horn black, curved posteriorly over pronotum ( Figs 2B View Fig , 4A–B View Fig ).

PRONOTUM. Uniformly dark blue, dark metallic blue-green or dark metallic green, becoming black beneath posterolateral angles. Carinate, distinctly developed keel in the middle of anterior pronotal margin, or keel completely effaced. Disc triangular, flat, with two distinctly developed tubercles on anterior portion. Triangle with lightly granulate or nearly smooth sculpture, scabriculous, impunctate. Sides with almost smooth sculpture, scabriculous, with superficially impressed punctures. Lateral lines of triangle straight. Posterolateral angles short, widened, sometimes lightly projected posteriorly. Lateral fossae distinctly impressed. Basal fossae obtusely oval, superficially to deeply impressed. Posterior margin with superficially to deeply impressed punctures ( Figs 2B View Fig , 4A–B View Fig ).

ELYTRA. Striae fine, dark metallic blue-green, or dark metallic green, scabriculous, impressed basally as distinct fossae, with distinctly impressed to effaced punctures. If punctures distinctly impressed, each forming a distinct fossa, giving a completely roughened surface to first and second striae. If punctures effaced, interstriae completely smooth. Interstriae black, with smooth surface, scabriculous, superficially impressed to effaced punctation. Sutural margin without apical tooth ( Figs 4A–B View Fig ).

PROTIBIAE. Quadridentate with apical spine.

TERGITE VIII. Dark metallic blue-green, or dark metallic green, scabriculous; with rough, distinctly impressed punctures. Basal margin with setae variable in size.

GENITALIA. Right lobe of endophallite copulatrix more developed than left lobe. Right lobe obtusely triangular in shape. Left lobe obtusely lobed inferiorly, obtusely triangular superiorly. Central ridge less developed than central column ( Fig. 1D View Fig ).

Minor male

Like the major male, except for the reduction of secondary sexual characters (i.e., cephalic horn, pronotal triangle and tubercles, and pronotal posterolateral angles).

Female

Similar to the male, except for the head showing a cephalic trituberculate carina with similar in size, nearly aligned, conical tubercles; frons with distinctly to superficially impressed punctures; pronotal sculpture completely smooth, with superficially impressed punctures; shining black, variable in size area on central portion of pronotal disc; pronotal process trituberculate, with posterior concavity; middle pronotal tubercle more developed, dentiform or rounded, always more frontally projected than lateral tubercles; lateral tubercles obtusely rounded or carinate; posterior pronotal midline superficially impressed to completely effaced ( Fig. 4C View Fig ).

Variation

Mean length 17.9 mm (13.9–20 mm). The typical colour morph is dark metallic blue-green ( Figs 4A, C View Fig ), but a less frequent dark metallic green morph ( Fig. 4B View Fig ) is also found, while scarce specimens are completely bright metallic green. The interstriae are completely dark metallic blue-green or dark metallic green in some specimens. The rarest specimens from Chiapas and Veracruz show a bright metallic yellow or red sheen on head, pronotum and elytra. Variation in the interstrial punctation is observed in the whole distribution area of P. endymion . The size of the right and left lobes of the endophallite copulatrix is not homogeneous.

Distribution From Veracruz and the Yucatan Peninsula to Belize and northern Guatemala ( Fig. 15 View Fig ).

Remarks

The lectotype (a minor male), a female paralectotype and several specimens (n= 42) from the type locality cited by Harold (1863) were used for the redescription of P. endymion , that was complemented with specimens from its whole distribution area. As a consequence, the high intraspecific variation of P. endymion is adequately represented herein. Although P. endymion is a polymorphic species, closely related species are confidently separated by differences in the pronotal morphology of males and females, elytral interstriae, and genital morphology.

MNHN

France, Paris, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle

UVGC

Guatemala, Guatemala City, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Collecion de Artropodos

UNAM

Mexico, Mexico D.F., Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico

MNHN

Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle

UVGC

Collecion de Artropodos

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Arthropoda

Class

Insecta

Order

Coleoptera

Family

Scarabaeidae

Genus

Phanaeus

Loc

Phanaeus endymion Harold, 1863

Moctezuma, Victor & Halffter, Gonzalo 2021
2021
Loc

Phanaeus (Phanaeus) endymion

Edmonds W. D. 2003: 63
2003
Loc

Phanaeus (Notiophanaeus) endymion

Capello V. & Halffter G. 2019: 113
Halffter G. & Morrone J. J. 2017: 21
Lizardo V. & Escobar F. & Rojas-Soto O. 2017: 272
Delgado L. & Mora-Aguilar E. F. & Escobar-Hernandez F. 2012: 327
Edmonds W. D. & Zidek J. 2012: 3
Arnaud P. 2002: 94
Edmonds W. D. 1994: 2
1994
Loc

Phanaeus endymion

Sanchez-Hernandez G. & Gomez B. & Chame-Vazquez E. R. & Davila-Sanchez R. A. & Lopez M. & Delgado L. 2020: 229
Gillett C. P. D. T. & Toussaint E. F. A. 2020: 11
Salomao R. P. & Favila M. E. & Gonzalez-Tokman D. 2020: 3
Kohlmann B. & Arriaga-Jimenez A. & Ros M. 2018: 79
Sanchez-Hernandez G. & Gomez B. & Delgado L. & Rodriguez-Lopez M. E. & Chame-Vazquez E. R. 2018: 149
Lizardo V. & Escobar F. & Rojas-Soto O. 2017: 273
Moctezuma V. & Halffter G. 2017: 47
Bourg A. & Escobar F. & MacGregor-Fors I. & Moreno C. C. 2016: 493
Huerta C. & Arellano L. & Cruz M. & Escobar F. & Martinez I. 2016: 16
Cancino-Lopez R. J. & Chame-Vazquez E. R. & Gomez B. 2014: 137
Edmonds W. D. & Zidek J. 2012: 1
Delgado J. M. & Castro-Ramirez A. E. & Moron M. A. & Ruiz-Montoya L. 2012: 209
Inward D. J. G. & Davies R. G. & Pergande C. & Denham A. J. & Vogler A. P. 2011: 1677
Diaz A. & Galante E. & Favila M. E. 2010: 6
Halffter G. & Halffter V. 2009: 6
Gillett C. P. D. T. 2008: 5
Navarrete D. & Halffter G. 2008: 2880
Krajcik M. 2006: 150
Avendano-Mendoza C. & Moron-Rios A. & Cano E. B. & Leon-Cortes J. 2005: 810
Price D. L. 2005: 197
Arnaud P. 2001: 4
Montes de Oca E. 2001: 118
Lopez-Guerrero Y. & Halffter G. 2000: 241
Estrada A. & Coates-Estrada R. & Anzures-Dadda A. & Cammarano P. 1998: 586
Deloya C. & Moron M. A. 1998: 19
Estrada A. & Halffter G. & Coates-Estrada R. & Meritt D. A. Jr. 1993: 48
Halffter G. & Favila M. E. & Halffter V. 1992: 139
Estrada A. & Coates-Estrada R. 1991: 465
Palacios-Rios M. & Rico-Gray V. & Fuentes E. 1990: 59
Arnaud P. 1982: 114
Moron M. A. 1979: 381
Edmonds W. D. 1972: 830
Halffter G. & Matthews E. G. 1966: 40
Islas F. 1942: 314
Olsoufieff G. d' 1924: 37
Nevinson B. G. 1892: 3
Bates H. W. 1887: 58
Gemminger M. & Harold E. 1869: 1017
1869
Loc

Phanaeus endymion Harold, 1863: 163

Harold E. 1863: 163
1863
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