Phasia Latreille 1804, 1987

Sun, Xuekui & Marshall, Stephen A., 2003, Systematics of Phasia Latreille (Diptera: Tachinidae), Zootaxa 276 (1), pp. 1-320 : 18-22

3.1. Genus Phasia Latreille 1804

Thereva Fabricius, 1798: 548 , 560. (preocc. Latreille, 1796). Type species: Conops subcoleoptratus Linnaeus, 1767 , by designation of Herting, 1984: 168.

Phasia Latreille, 1804: 379 . Type species: Conops subcoleoptratus Linnaeus, 1767 , by subsequent monotypy of Latreille 1805: 379 (ICZN 1970, Opinion 896).

Alophora Robineau­Desvoidy, 1830: 293 . Type species: Syrphus hemipterus Fabricius, 1794 , by designation of Robineau­Desvoidy, 1863 (II): 226.

Hyalomya Robineau­Desvoidy, 1830: 298 . Type species: Phasia semicinerea Meigen, 1841 [= Phasia pusilla Meigen, 1824 ], by designation of Westwood, 1840: 140.

Hyalomyia . Incorrect subsequent spelling of Hyalomya Robineau­Desvoidy.

Halophora Agassiz, 1846: 171 . Emendation of Alophora Robineau­Desvoidy 1830 .

Phorantha Rondani, 1862: 6 , 21. Type species: Phorantha musciformis Rondani, 1862 [= Conops subcoleoptratus Linnaeus, 1767 ], by monotypy.

Mormonomyia Brauer and Bergenstamm, 1891: 388 . Type species: Mormonomyia laniventris Brauer and Bergenstamm, 1891 [= Phasia argentifrons Walker, 1849 ], by subsequent designation of Townsend, 1916: 8.

Allophora Mik, 1894: 49 . Emendation of Alophora Robineau­Desvoidy.

Alophorella Townsend, 1912: 45 . Type species: Thereva obesa Fabricius, 1798 , by original designation.

Euphorantha Townsend, 1915: 20 . Type species: Alophora diversa Coquillett, 1897 , by original designation.

Paraphasia Townsend, 1915: 20 . Type species: Alophora fenestrata Bigot, 1889 , by original designation.

Paraphorantha Townsend, 1915: 20 . Type species: Allophora grandis Coquillett, 1897 , by original designation.

Phasiomyia Townsend, 1915: 20 . Type species: Alophora splendida Coquillett, 1902 [= Phasia aurulans Meigen, 1824 ], by original designation.

Alophoropsis Townsend, 1915: 20 . Type species: Alophora phasioides Coquillett, 1897 [= Hyalomyia robertsonii Townsend, 1891 ], by original designation.

Phoranthella Townsend, 1915: 23 . Nomen nudum (Opinion 205, ICZN, 1954: 311).

Austrophasia Townsend, 1916: 45 . Type species: Hyalomya rufiventris Macquart, 1851 , by original designation.

Oedematopteryx Townsend, 1916: 633 . Type species: Alophora pulverea Coquillett, 1897 [= Hyalomyia robertsonii Townsend, 1891 ], by original designation.

Bogosiella Villeneuve, 1923: 78 . Type species: Bogosiella pomeroyi Villeneuve, 1923 , by monotypy. Syn. nov.

Campbellia Miller, 1923: 432 . Type species: Campbellia campbelli Miller, 1923 , by original designation. Syn. nov.

Alophorellopsis Townsend, 1927: 209 . Type species: Alophorellopsis capitata Townsend, 1927 , by original designation.

Alophorophasia Townsend, 1927: 287 . Type species: Alophorophasia alata Townsend, 1927 , by original designation. Syn. nov.

Tayloria Malloch, 1930: 98 . Type species: Tayloria testacea Malloch, 1930 , by original designation. Syn. nov.

Akosempomyia Villeneuve, 1932: 243 . Type species: Akosempomyia caudata Villeneuve, 1932 , by monotypy. Syn. nov.

Kosempomyia Villeneuve, 1932: 243 . Type species: Kosempomyia tibialis Villeneuve, 1932 , by monotypy. Syn. nov.

Epaulophasia Townsend, 1934: 207 . Type species: Epaulophasia officialis Townsend, 1934 , by original designation. Syn. nov.

Heyneophasia Townsend, 1934: 208 . Type species: Heyneophasia heynei Townsend, 1934 , by original designation. Syn. nov.

Xanthotrichius Townsend, 1934: 209 . Type species: Xanthotrichius xenos Townsend, 1934 , by original designation. Syn. nov.

Phoranthella Townsend, 1936: 58 (also 1938: 68). Nomen nudum.

Xiphophasia Townsend, 1937: 116 . Type species: Xiphophasia ushpayacua Townsend, 1937 , by monotypy. Syn. nov.

Besserioides Curran, 1938: 185 . Type species: Besserioides sexualis Curran, 1938 [= Catharosia varicolor Curran, 1927 ], by original designation. Syn. nov.

Trichophasia Townsend, 1939: 447 . Type species: Trichophasia transita Townsend, 1939 , by original designation. Syn. nov.

Paraphasiana Townsend, 1940: 889 . Type species: Paraphasiana dysderci Townsend, 1940 , by original designation. Syn. nov.

Efftayloria Malloch, 1941: 64 . [Replacement name for Tayloria Malloch, 1930 ]. Syn. nov.

Hyalomyiopsis Brooks, 1945: 676 . Type species: Hyalomyia aldrichii Townsend, 1891 , by original designation.

Brumptallophora Dupuis, 1949: 544 . Type species: Alophora aurigera Egger, 1860 , by original designation.

Androeuryops Beneway, 1961: 44 . Type species: Hyalomyia ecitonis Townsend, 1897 , by original designation. Syn. nov.

Stackelbergella Draber­Mońko, 1965: 180 (as subgenus of Allophora ). Type species: Alophora rohdendorfi Draber­Mońko, 1965 , by original designation.

Barbella Draber­Mońko, 1965: 184 (as subgenus of Allophora ). Type species: Alophora barbifrons Girschner, 1887 , by original designation.

Generic Description

HEAD: Head holoptic or dichoptic. Frons of male usually wider than that of female. Eyes touching each other or separated by a distance as wide as antennal length. Frontal vitta usually triangular, occasionally rectangular. Frontal setae medioclinate, extending forward only to level of pedicel. Proclinate orbital setae and upper orbital setae absent; frontoorbital plate bare or haired anteriorly, if haired, fronto­orbital setae variable from one row to over ten rows (reaching to eye); fronto­orbital setae usually black, but occasionally yellow or yellow and black. Ocellar seta usually present, but sometimes hair­like and not differentiated from other hairs of ocellar triangle. Inner vertical seta usually present, outer vertical seta usually absent.

Parafacial bare or haired, broad or extremely narrow. Vibrissa well differentiated from subvibrissal bristles or not; facial ridge with bristles on lower 1/6 to 1/3. Genal groove well developed or reduced; gena usually narrow, hairs black, white or a mixture of both. Lower margin of face perpendicular or extremely projecting. Face not convex. Antenna short, reaching to half height of face; or long, extending downward to vibrissal angle; first flagellomere 2.5 times as long as or subequal to pedicel; pedicel with patch of short setae on anterior surface, one of which is elongate; arista bare, thickened on basal 1/4 to 1/3; first and second aristomere short. Eyes bare; eye facets uniform in size or enlarged dorsally. Occiput usually flattened, occasionally slightly convex, with pale or black hairs, or a mixture of both. Functional mouthparts present; palpus clavate; prementum almost as long as head length; length of oral opening same as or over 3 times as long as wide.

THORAX: Mesonotum usually black. Postpronotum with 0­3 setae. Proepisternum bare; proepimeron haired; prosternum bare. Scutum sparely bristled; 0(1)+0(2) acrostichal setae; 0(1)+0(2) dorsocentral setae; 0­1 intra­alar seta; presutural supra­alar seta absent or present; 1­2 postsutural supra­alar setae; 2 postalar setae; 2 notopleural setae; Anepisternal seta fine or strong; 0, 1, 2 or 3 katepisternal seta. Scutellum with 1­2 pairs of marginal setae, if only 1 pair, then apical scutellar seta absent; discal scutellar seta absent. Subscutellum well developed.

Wing transparent, especially in female, sometimes with distinct colour pattern or entirely dark in male. Vein M with a bend, ending in R 4+5, apical cell closed and petiolate.

ABDOMEN: Abdomen usually spherical, sometimes slender. In dorsal view, tergites I+ II, III, IV, V, and sometimes part of VI visible, without distinct marginal and discal setae. Sternites fully exposed.

Male terminalia retracted within tergite V. Tergite VI very large, fused with segment VII+VIII, forming an acute angle. Epandrium divided into two lateral parts, only narrowly connected dorsally. Sternite V usually notched posteriorly; sternite VI ring­like, connected with tergite VII+VIII laterally. Syncercus separated by a median longitudinal suture; apex usually bent ventrally. Surstylus well developed. Subepandrial sclerite long, and well developed. Hypandrium dorsoventrally flattened, broad and symmetrical; hypandrial apodeme very long. Pregonite and postgonite fused at base. Ejaculatory apodeme variable in size and shape. Phallus varying in length and width; epiphallus developed or indistinct; distiphallus membranous or well sclerotized.

Female terminalia highly specialized. Sternite VI usually prominent posteriorly. Sternite VII (sheath) highly modified. Tergite VI present. Sternite VIII well sclerotized, modified into a piercing ovipositor. Cercus spoon­like, bristled.

Recognition of the genus Phasia

Phasia can be distinguished from other Phasiinae by the following key

1. Abdominal tergites fused, sutures between them almost obliterated ........................... 2

­ Abdominal tergites not fused, sutures between them conspicuous .............................. 3

2. Antenna long, reaching or nearly reaching lower margin of face. Scutellum without apical setae ................................... Gymnosoma Meigen (worldwide except Australia)

­ Antenna short, separated from lower margin of face by about length of first flagellomere. Scutellum with apical setae ..................................................................................... Cistogaster Latreille , Perigymnosoma Villeneuve (Holarctic, Oriental & Neotropical)

3. Vein M ending in R 4+5, petiole longer than vein r­m ................................................... 4

­ Vein M ending in wing margin, or R 4+5 but petiole not longer than vein r­m ............... 5

4. Abdominal tergites with at least one pair of marginal bristles; female without piercing ovipositor ................................... Xanthomelanodes Townsend (in part, New World)

­ Abdominal tergites without distinct marginal bristles; female with piercing ovipositor ........................................................................................ Phasia Latreille (worldwide)

5. Hind tibia with dorsal longitudinal row of long flattened blade­like setae, flanked by a second row of similarly shaped but much shorter setae ................................................. .......................................................... Trichopoda Berthold (New World and Oriental)

­ Hind tibia without such setae .......................................................... OTHER GENERA

Key to the world species­groups of Phasia

1. Dorsal facets of eye same size as ventral facets.............................................................. Phasia varicolor species­group (Oriental, Australasian, Afrotropical and Neotropical)

­ Dorsal facets of eye larger than ventral facets ............................................................. 2

2. Fronto­orbital plate bare laterally (as in Figs. I­5.2, I­13.2) ........................................ 3

­ Fronto­orbital plate haired laterally (as in Figs. I­1.2, I­2.2) ....................................... 4

3. Lower margin of face enormously prominent, face deeply concave in profile (as in Figs. I­13.1, I­15.5); sublunular bulla always well developed; subscutellum extending well beyond the scutellar apex (as in Fig. I­31.4); male sometimes with scale­like setae on wing base and femur .. Phasia argentifrons species­group (Southern Hemisphere)

­ Lower margin of face weakly to moderately prominent (as in Figs. I­23.1, I­33.1); sublunular bulla usually not developed; subscutellum evenly rounded, not extended beyond the scutellar apex; male without scale­like setae ............................................... ........ Phasia pusilla species­group (worldwide except Australasian and Afrotropical)

4. Frons swollen (as in Figs. I­10.1, I­11.1­2); lower margin of face perpendicular, or only slightly projecting........................................................................................... ................................ Phasia barbifrons species­group (Palaearctic, Oriental, Mexico)

­ Frons not swollen; lower margin of face well projecting ............................................. 5

5. Fronto­orbital plate densely haired, haired area sometimes reaching eye or nearly so (as in Figs. I­1.1­2., I­26.1­2.) ........................................................................................ .................................. Phasia hemiptera species­group (worldwide except Australia)

­ Fronto­orbital plate with only a few rows of hairs, usually less than 3­4; never reaching eye (as in Figs. I­3.2, I­58.2)... Phasia subcoleoptrata species­group (worldwide)