Emmenomma Simon

Lina, Almeida-Silva, Charles, Griswold & Antonio, Brescovit, 2015, Revision of Emmenomma Simon (Amaurobiidae, Macrobuninae), Zootaxa 3931 (3), pp. 387-400 : 388-390

Emmenomma Simon

Emmenomma Simon, 1884: 126 , pl. 3, figs. 8–11 (type-species by monotypy Emmenomma oculatum ); Lehtinen, 1967: 232; World Spider Catalog, 2014.

Diagnosis. Emmenomma differs from the non-macrobunine amaurobiids by the presence of denticles on the proximal end of the retromarginal row of teeth of the chelicerae ( Fig. 2 E). Emmenomma can be recognized among other species of Macrobuninae by the recurved posterior eye row ( Fig. 1 A), enlarged ALE and PLE ( Figs. 1 A; 2A–B), and grate-shaped tapetum in all indirect eyes ( Fig. 1 D). The males resemble Anisacate and Naevius by the presence of a gland in the male palpal tibia which discharges through an opening on the DTA ( Figs. 3 C–D), but differ from Anisacate by having the DTA flexibly attached and mobile ( Figs. 4 A–B) and from Naevius by the presence of a bifid MA ( Fig. 3 B), by the elbowed DTA and RTA not ventrally displaced ( Fig. 4 B). Females differ from all Macrobuninae by having an ET at the posterior end of lateral lobe of the epigynum ( Figs. 5 B; 8A; 9D).

Description. Total length: 4.90–15.00. Anterior eye row slightly procurved and posterior eye row recurved; ALE enlarged, approximately twice the size of PME; AME reduced, 1/2 size of PME; PLE and PME about same size. All indirect eyes with grate-shaped tapetum. Thoracic fovea long and shallow in E. obscurum and E. joshuabelli sp. nov. and deep in E. oculatum . Coloration variable between pale and dark brown, with scattered guanine deposits in the abdomen, legs usually maculate ( Figs. 1 A–C). Chilum absent except in females of E. oculatum where it is divided. Clypeal hood absent in E. oculatum , present in E. joshuabelli sp. nov. and E. obscurum ( Figs. 10 A–F). Chelicerae geniculate only in E. obscurum ( Fig. 10 A, D) and E. oculatum . Cheliceral promargin with four teeth, retromargin with variable number of teeth and denticles ( Fig. 2 E), see details in species description. Labium slightly wider than long. Sternum longer than wide, projected between legs IV or not. Trochanter shallowly notched. Tracheal spiracle approximately as wide as colulus. Median tracheae branched and laterals simple. Ecribellate, colulus entire, wider than long, width approximately 1/4 of the distance between the outer margin of ALS ( Fig. 7 E). PLS slightly smaller than ALS but longer than PMS. Male palp with triangular cymbium, longer than wide, cymbial apophysis present only in E. joshuabelli sp. nov. MA bifid with a triangular branch and a flat, almost rectangular, concave branch. E rising at prolateral side of bulb. TA present, located between DTP and MA. DTP membranous. DTA elbowed and retrolaterally projected with an opening for the tibial gland. RTA reduced, laminar, longer than wide and strongly sclerotized. iRTA bifid, with an external triangular and an internal laminate branch ( Figs. 6 B; 9B–C). VTA distally rounded. PTA small and subtriangular, interacting with a small cymbial, prolateral projection ( Figs. 4 A; 8A–C). Female epigynum with teeth and well-developed posterior plate ( Figs. 5 B–C; 6D; 8C; 9F). CD wall heavily sclerotized ( Fig. 5 D–F; 6E; 8B; 9F). Spermathecae oval to mushroom-shaped ( Fig. 5 D–F; 6E; 8B; 9E).

Remarks. A circular region of closely spaced pores, slightly everted, can be found on the distal end of the copulatory duct ( Fig. 5 D) of E. oculatum and seems to be compatible with what Ramirez (2014: 270) called Bennett’s gland (BG). Although there is not enough evidence to corroborate or refute the homology between those features we decided to call this porous area a BG so it will be noted in further studies.

Distribution. Falkland Islands ( Malvinas), southern Chile and Argentina including islands around Tierra del Fuego—see distribution map ( Fig. 11 ).

Composition. Emmenomma oculatum Simon, 1884 ; E. obscurum Simon, 1905 sp. reval., new rank; E. joshuabelli Almeida-Silva, Griswold & Brescovit sp. nov.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Emmenomma oculatum. A – C: ♂ (recently molted); D: Immature. A. Carapace frontal view; B. Habitus, dorsal view; C. Habitus ventral view; D. Tapetum removed from ALE.

FIGURE 2. Emmenomma oculatum. A. Eyes, ♀; B. Eyes detail, AME and ALE, ♀; C. Tarsal organ, ♂ palp; D. Right endite, dorsal, ♀. E. Right chelicerae teeth, retromargin at top; F. Palpal tarsal claw, ♀.

FIGURE 3. Emmenomma oculatum right ♂ palp. A. Bulb, prolateral view; B. Median apophysis detail; C. Bulb, ventral view, including DTA tip (Arrow pointing to gland pore); D. Bulb, apical view, including DTA tip (Arrow pointing to gland pore). Abbrev.: DTP—distal tegular process; E—embolus; MA—median apophysis; TA—tegular apophysis; VTA—ventral tibial Apophysis.

FIGURE 4. Emmenomma oculatum ♂. A. Right palp dorsal view. B. Left palp, retrolateral view showing RTA and DTA. C. Left palp, retrolateral view, iRTA. D. Left palp, expanded, retrolateral view, bulb. E. Left palp, expanded, prolateral view, bulb. F. Left palp, expanded, ventro-prolateral view. Abbrev.: DTA—dorsal tibial apophysis; DTP—distal tegular process; E—embolus; iRTA—internal branch of the retrolateral tibial apophysis; MA—median apophysis; PTA—prolateral tibial apophysis; RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis; TA—tegular apophysis TR—tegular rim; ST—subtegulum; VTA—ventral tibial apophysis.

FIGURE 5. Emmenomma oculatum ♀. A. Epigynum, ventral view. B. Epigynum, ventro-posterior view. C. Epigynum, posterior view; D. Vulva, left spermatheca. E. Vulva, dorsal view. F. Vulva, anterior view. Abbrev.: BG—Bennetts’s gland; CD—copulatory duct; LL—lateral lobe of the epigynum; MF—epigynum middle-field; S—spermathecae; ET- epigynum tooth; FD—fertilization duct.

FIGURE 6. Emmenomma oculatum. A – C: Left palp, ♂: A. Retrolateral view; B. Ventral view; C. Dorsal view. D – F: ♀ genitalia: D. Epigynum ventral view; E. Vulva dorsal view. Abbrev.: CD—copulatory ducts; DTA—dorsal tibial apophysis; DTP—distal tegular process; E—embolus; ET—epigynum tooth; FD—fertilization ducts; iRTA—internal branch of the RTA; MA—median apophysis; S—spermatheca.

FIGURE 7. Emmenomma oculatum, spinnerets. A – D. ♂. A. Overview. B. Left ALS; C. Left PMS; D. Right PLS. E – I. ♀. E. Spinnerets overview (colulus indicated by arrow). F. Left ALS. G. PMS overview; H. Right PMS. I. Right PLS. Abbrev.: AC—aciniform gland spigots; Cy—cylindrical gland spigot; MAP—major ampullate gland spigot; Pi—piriform gland spigot.

FIGURE 10. Emmenomma obscurum and E. joshuabelli sp. nov. A, D, G—E. obscurum, ♀; B, E, H—E. joshuabelli, ♀; C, F—E. joshuabelli, ♂. A – C. Carapace frontal view showing clypeal hood. D – F. Chelicerae ectal view; G – H. Habitus, dorsal view.

FIGURE 11. Distribution map for species of Emmenomma. E. obscurum (black star); E. joshuabelli (black triangle) and E. oculatum (white squares).