ORUSSIDAE (Vilhelmsen & Smith, 2002)
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00080.x |
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publication LSID |
lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F3A71D74-A170-4F53-B55E-84C23D063C53 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D3878E-5165-720E-FE96-BE33E5EFFD5D |
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Carolina |
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scientific name |
ORUSSIDAE |
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MONOPHYLY OF ORUSSIDAE View in CoL View at ENA
A number of autapomorphies can be identified for the Orussidae , many of which are correlated with the echolocation system in the females (antenna (40: 1) and foreleg (57: 1, 61: 1) configuration) and the concealed ovipositor apparatus (female S7 (148: 1) and T9 (154: 1) configuration, hidden 3rd valvulae ( Vilhelmsen et al., 2001). The presence of an at least partly developed ventral transverse frontal carina (19: 1 c,i), the reduced number of antennomeres in both females
Urocerus gigas (SIR) Xiphydria camelus (XIP) Orthogonalys pulchella (TRI) Megalyra fasciipennis (MEG) Schlettererius cinctipes (STE) Orussonia depressa Orussonia ruficaudata Orussella dentifrons Orussobaius caligneus Orussobaius mesembrinus Orussobaius wilsoni Orussobaius minutus Orussobaius paniculus Orussobaius badius Orussobaius minutissimus Leptorussus africanus Leptorussus kwazuluensis Pseudoryssus henschii Pseudoryssus niehuisorum Orussus striatus
Orussus schoutedeni Orussus scutator
Orussus taorminensis Orussus decoomani
Orussus occidentalis Orussus coreanus
Chalinus timnaensis Chalinus imperialis
Chalinus purpureiventris Chalinus braunsi
Guiglia coracina
Guiglia rubricata
Kulcania tomentosa Argentophrynopus enigmus Argentophrynopus gauldi Guiglia rubicunda
Stirocorsia maculipennis Stirocorsia kohli
Stirocorsia tosensis Ophrynopus carinatus Ophrynopus batesianus Ophrynopus andrei Ophrynopus fulvostigmus Ophrynopus hansoni Ophrynopus wagneri Ophrynopus depressatus Ophrynopus nigricans Ophrynopus plaumanni
Urocerus gigas (SIR) Xiphydria camelus (XIP) Orthogonalys pulchella (TRI) Megalyra fasciipennis (MEG) Schlettererius cinctipes (STE) Orussonia depressa Orussonia ruficaudata Orussella dentifrons Orussobaius caligneus Orussobaius mesembrinus Orussobaius wilsoni Orussobaius minutus Orussobaius paniculus Orussobaius badius Orussobaius minutissimus Leptorussus africanus Leptorussus kwazuluensis Pseudoryssus henschii Pseudoryssus niehuisorum Orussus striatus
Orussus schoutedeni Orussus scutator
Orussus taorminensis Orussus decoomani
Orussus occidentalis Orussus coreanus
Chalinus timnaensis Chalinus imperialis
Chalinus purpureiventris Chalinus braunsi
Guiglia coracina
Ophryn rubricata
Kulcania tomentosa Argentophrynopus enigmus Argentophrynopus grldi Ophrella amazonica
Stirocorsia maculipennis Stirocorsia kohli
Stirocorsia tosensis Ophrynopus carinatus Ophrynopus batesianus Ophrynopus andrei Ophrynopus fulvostigmus Ophrynopus hansoni Ophrynopus wagneri Ophrynopus depressatus Ophrynopus nigricans Ophrynopus plaumanni
(10) and males (11; see Vilhelmsen, in press), the anterior position of the base of the mesoscutellar arm (78: 1), the presence of a lateral carina on the mesocoxa (87: 1 c), the fusion of the female T10/cercus (158: 1 c), and the concealed male genitalia and cercus (159: 2) are additional autapomorphies for the family (the cercus is reduced or absent in many apocritans [ Gibson, 1986: character 18b], but not in any of the outgroup taxa in the present analysis). Gibson (1985) observed that the tergo-pleural muscles are absent from the mesothorax in Orussus sayii and that the tergotrochanteral muscles are enlarged and apparently replace the tergo-pleurals as the primary dorsoventral indirect flight muscles. This is also the case in Orussobaius minutus and Guiglia schauinslandi (Vilhelmsen, in press), making it likely that the absence of tergo-pleural musles in the mesothorax is an additional autapomorphy of the Orussidae . Furthermore, the corresponding muscles are absent from the metathorax of Orussus spp. ( Vilhelmsen, 2000a) . The monophyly of the Orussidae is obviously strongly supported.
In the present analyses, the Stephanidae consistently comes out as the sistergroup of the Orussidae . The Orussidae share a number of features with this basal apocritan family (see also Vilhelmsen, 1996, 1997a, 2001a): the presence of the ocellar corona (1: 1), the configuration of the labrum (44: 1) and the mandibles (45: 1), and the presence of a large mesothoracic basalare (83: 1). It is unclear whether these traits are independently derived or shared symplesiomorphies. The absence of the ocellar corona in the fossil Paroryssidae , putatively the extinct sister or stemgroup of the Orussidae (see below), implies that this feature is a parallelism. The monophyly of the Orussidae –Apocrita clade is established beyond any reasonable doubt ( Vilhelmsen, 1997a, 2001a). The Orussidae are unique among the parasitic Hymenoptera in not having the 1st abdominal tergum incorporated in the thorax as the propodeum (92: 1 r) and lacking the constriction between the 1st and 2nd abdominal segments (140: 1 r), the defining features of the Apocrita. Further plesiomorphies retained by the Orussidae are the presence of the cenchrus (91: 0 i) and part of the posterior anal vein in the forewing (124: 1 i).
The monophyly of the Apocrita is fairly well supported in the analyses of Ronquist et al. (1999) and Vilhelmsen (2001a). The failure to retrieve this clade in the present study can perhaps be ascribed to the very limited apocritan taxon sample and the exclusion of characters requiring the examination of internal morphological features. Additional putative autapomorphies of the Apocrita are (character numbers refer to Vilhelmsen, 2001a): the presence in the mouthparts of a hypopharyngeal lobe (28: 1) and hypopharyngeal pectens (30: 1), the retracted cervical prominences (44: 2), and the incorporation of the prospinasternum in the mesothorax (65: 2). The retracted cervical prominences is part of a tight articulation between the postocciput and the cervical prominences ( Vilhelmsen, 2000b), forming a close connection between the head and thorax. It is not so well developed in Orussus spp. , the only representatives of the Orussidae examined by Vilhelmsen (2000b, 2001a). However, other members of the family ( Guiglia schauinslandi , Orussobaius minutus , Orussonia depressa ; Vilhelmsen, in press) have a condition more resembling that of the Apocrita, making it more likely that it evolved in the common ancestor of Orussidae and Apocrita; the condition observed in Orussus spp. apparently is a reversal.
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