Megascolecidae

Tsai, Chu-Fa, Shen, Huei-Ping, Tsai, Su-Chen, Lin, Kang-Jieh, Hsieh, Hwey-Lian & Yo, Shao-Pin, 2009, A checklist of oligochaetes (Annelida) from Taiwan and its adjacent islands, Zootaxa 2133, pp. 33-48 : 38-45

Family Megascolecidae

36. Pontodrilus litoralis (Grube, 1855)

Pontodrilus litoralis - Shen et al., 2005a: 12. Beaches of Sanshui and Chitou, Penghu Island, Haomeiliao, Chiayi County, and Chiku Lagoon, Tainan County; - James et al., 2005: 1022. Marine shoreline near coral reefs, Wanlitong, Pingtung County and mangroves at Kaoping River Estuary, Linyuan, Kaohsiung County; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 230.

37. Pithemera bicincta (Perrier, 1875)

Pheretima bicincta - Gates, 1959: 4. Yangmingshan, Taipei City.

Pithemera bicincta - Shih et al., 1999: 436; - Tsai et al., 2000a: 288; - Shen & Tsai, 2002b: 3. Lanyu Island; - Chen et al., 2003: 58. Nanao and Fushan Botanical Garden, Ilan County; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 230.

38. * Pithemera lanyuensis Shen & Tsai, 2002

Pithemera lanyuensis - Shen & Tsai, 2002a: 2 and 2002b: 3. Lanyu Island; - Chang & Chen, 2004: 219; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 230.

39. Perionyx excavatus Perrier, 1872

Perionyx excavatus - Kobayashi, 1938: 201 and 1939b: 779. Hsinchu; - Gates, 1959: 19. Suao, Ilan County; - Kuo, 1995: 189. Chasili village, Chungli, Taoyuan County; - Shih et al., 1999: 436; - Tsai et al., 2000a: 286; - Chang et al., 2001: 76. National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City; - Chuang et al., 2002: 68. Taipei County; - Tsai et al., 2004a: 6. Coastal plain to the Central Mountain Range to the elevation of 1100 m in central Taiwan; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 230.

40. Amynthas aspergillum ( Perrier, 1872)

Perichaeta takatorii Goto & Hatai, 1898: 76 . Taipei City.

Pheretima (Pheretima) aspergillum - Michaelsen, 1929: 158. Formosa.

Pheretima takatorii - Kobayashi, 1939a: 659, 1939b: 778, 1940a: 120, 1940b: 274, and 1940c: 391. Taipei and Hsinchu.

Pheretima aspergillum - Gates, 1959: 1. Chaochou, Pingtung County; - Tsai, 1964: 29. Sand bank of Danshui River and National Taiwan University campus, Taipei.

Amynthas aspergillum - Shih et al., 1999: 436; Chuang et al., 2002: 68. Taipei City, Hsinchu and Taipei counties; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 227.

Amynthas aspergillus - Tsai et al., 2000a: 286; - Chang et al., 2001: 76. National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City; - Shen & Tsai, 2002b: 4. Lanyu Island; - Chen et al., 2003: 58. Jiaohsi, Nanao and Suao, Ilan County; - Tsai et al., 2004a: 5. Coastal plain to the elevation of 600 m in central Taiwan.

41. * Amynthas bilineatus Tsai & Shen, 2007

Amynthas bilineatus Tsai et al., 2007: 366 . Hill slope along Dongyen Creek, Nantou County.

42. * Amynthas binoculatus Tsai, Shen & Tsai, 1999

Amynthas binoculatus Tsai et al., 1999: 41 . Wufong, Taichung County; - Tsai et al., 2000a: 286; - Tsai et al., 2004a: 6. Lower peripheral hills at an elevation of 300 m; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 228.

43. * Amynthas candidus ( Goto & Hatai, 1898)

Perichaeta candida Goto & Hatai, 1898: 77 . Taipei City.

Pheretima candida - Gates, 1959: 18.

Amynthas candidus - Shih et al., 1999: 436; - Tsai et al., 2000a: 286; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 228.

44. Amynthas carnosus (Goto & Hatai, 1899)

Amynthas carnosus - Shen et al., 2005b: 97. Tunghou, Hsiaoi Village, Wulai, Taipei County, and Hsiaojiaohsi and Rt. 33-1 near Meihua Lake, Ilan County; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 228.

45. * Amynthas catenus Tsai, Shen & Tsai, 2001

Amynthas catenus Tsai et al., 2001: 279 . Mt. Hohuan between Hualien and Nantou counties; - Tsai et al., 2004a: 6; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 228.

46. * Amynthas chilanensis Tsai & Tsai, 2007

Amynthas chilanensis Tsai et al., 2007: 362 . Chilan, Ilan County.

47. Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867)

Pheretima diffringens (Baird, 1869) - Kobayashi, 1939a: 660, 1939b: 778, 1940a: 120, 1940b: 274, and 1940c: 390. Hsinchu; - Gates, 1959: 6. Taipei; - Tsai, 1964: 2. Sand bank of Danshui River and National Taiwan University campus, Taipei; - Chen & Shih, 1996: 54. Fushan Botanical Garden, Ilan County.

Amynthas corticus - Shih et al., 1999: 436; - Tsai et al., 2000a: 286; - Chang et al., 2001: 76. National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City; - Chen et al., 2002: 77. Fushan Botanical Garden, Ilan County; - Chuang et al., 2002: 68. Taipei, Taoyuan, Hsinchu, and Ilan counties; - Shen & Tsai, 2002b: 3. Lanyu Island; - Chen et al., 2003: 58. Sanhsing, Tungshan, Yuanshan, Jiaohsi, Nanao, Suao, Fushan Botanical Garden, Datung, and Taipinshan, Ilan County.

Amynthas cortices - Chuang et al., 2002: 70. Taipei, Taoyuan, Hsinchu, and Ilan counties; - Chen et al., 2004: 118. Six northern counties.

Amynthas corticis - Tsai et al., 2004a: 6. Coastal plain to the Central Mountain Range to the elevation of 2100 m in central Taiwan; - James et al., 2005: 1023. Mt. Nanren, Jioupeng, and Nanhe, Chunrih, Pingtung County; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 228.

48. * Amynthas cruxus Tsai & Shen, 2007

Amynthas cruxus Tsai et al., 2007: 368 . Tengchih, Shihshan Forest Road and Chuyunshan Nature Reserve, Kaohsiung County.

49. * Amynthas exiguus aquilonius Tsai, Shen & Tsai, 2001

Amynthas exiguus aquilonius Tsai et al., 2001: 277 . Mt. Hohuan, Hualien County and Rueyen Creek Nature Reserve, Nantou County; - Tsai et al., 2004a: 6; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 228.

50. * Amynthas fenestrus Shen, Tsai & Tsai, 2003

Amynthas fenestrus Shen et al., 2003b: 487 . Rueyen Creek Nature Reserve and Mt. Beidongyen, Nantou County; - Tsai et al., 2004a: 6; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 228.

51. Amynthas gracilis (Kinberg, 1867)

Pheretima sp. Takahashi, 1931: 10 and 1932: 344. Taipei City. (According to the structure described, it was later identified as Pheretima hawayana ).

Pheretima hawayana (Rosa, 1891) - Kobayashi, 1939b: 778, 1940a: 120, 1940b: 274, and 1940c: 390. Hsinchu; - Tsai, 1964: 9. Sand bank of Danshui River, National Taiwan University campus, Yingko, and Wanhua, Taipei; - Kuo, 1995: 184. Hsinpu, Hsinchu; - Chen & Shih, 1996: 54. Fushan Botanical Garden, Ilan County.

Amynthas gracilis - Shih et al., 1999: 436; - Tsai et al., 2000a: 286; - Chang et al., 2001: 76. National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City; - Chen et al., 2002: 77. Fushan Botanical Garden, Ilan County; - Chuang et al., 2002: 68. Taipei, Taoyuan and Ilan counties; - Shen & Tsai, 2002b: 3. Lanyu Island; - Chen et al., 2003: 58. Sanhsing, Tungshan, Yuanshan, Jiaohsi, Nanao, Suao, Datong, and Gueishan (Turtle) Island, Ilan County; - Chen et al., 2004: 118. Six northern counties; - Tsai et al., 2004a: 6. Coastal plain to the Central Mountain Range to the elevation of 2100 m in central Taiwan; - James et al., 2005: 1024. Caopu and Gaoshih, Pingtung County; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 228.

52. * Amynthas hohuanmontis Tsai, Shen & Tsai, 2002

Amynthas hohuanmontis Tsai et al., 2002: 758 . Mt. Hohuan, Nantou County; - Tsai et al., 2004a: 6; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 228.

Remarks: A. hohuanmontis was originally described as an athecate earthworm (Tsai et al. 2002). However, examination of specimens from successive collections showed that this species has spermathecae from three pairs in VI-VIII to absence, and the structure of the prostate glands varies from normal, asymmetrical, to absence, which also indicates parthenogenetic degeneration.

53. Amynthas hupeiensis (Michaelsen, 1895)

Pheretima hupeiensis - Kobayashi, 1939a: 660, 1939b: 778, 1940a: 120, 1940b: 274, and 1940c: 390.

Hsinchu; - Tsai, 1964: 11. Sand bank of Danshui River, Taipei City.

Amynthas hupeiensis - Shih et al., 1999: 436; - Tsai et al., 2000a: 287; - Chang et al., 2001: 76. National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City; - Chen et al., 2002: 77. Fushan Botanical Garden, Ilan County; - Chuang et al., 2002: 68. Taipei, Hsinchu and Ilan counties; - Tsai et al., 2004a: 6; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 228.

54. Amynthas incongruus ( Chen, 1933)

Pheretima incongrua - Gates, 1959: 13. Taipei; - Tsai, 1964: 19. National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City.

Amynthas incongruus - Shih et al., 1999: 436; - Tsai et al., 2000a: 287; - Tsai et al., 2004a: 6; - James et al., 2005: 1025. Mt. Nanren, Pingtung County; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 228.

Amynthas incongrua - Chuang et al., 2002: 69. Taoyuan and Hsinchu counties; - Chen et al., 2003: 58. Yuanshan, Jiaohsi, Suao, Fushan Botanical Garden, Datong, and Gueishan (Turtle) Island, Ilan County.

55. * Amynthas lini Chang, Lin, Chen, Chuang & Chen, 2007

Amynthas lini Chang et al., 2007b: 234 . Taipei, Ilan, Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Nantou, and Chiayi counties.

56. * Amynthas meishanensis Chang, Lin, Chen, Chuang & Chen, 2007

Amynthas meishanensis Chang et al., 2007b: 236 . Meishan, Chiayi County.

57. Amynthas minimus (Horst, 1893)

Pheretima zoysiae Chen, 1933 - Kobayashi, 1940b: 274 and 1940c: 391. Hsinchu; - Kobayashi, 1941: 378. Taiwan.

Amynthas minimus - Shih et al., 1999: 436; - Tsai et al., 2000a: 287; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 228.

Remarks: A. minimus was first collected by Kobayashi (1940b, c). Recently, it was also collected by us from the No. 100 Forest Road (elevation 1060 m), Ilan County on 17 October 2002 and Hushan Temple (elevation 140 m), Douliou, Yunlin County on 12 June 2007.

58. Amynthas morrisi (Beddard, 1892)

Pheretima morrisi - Kobayashi, 1939b: 778, 1940a: 120, 1940b: 274, and 1940c: 390. Hsinchu; - Tsai, 1964: 17. Yingko, Taipei County.

Amynthas morrisi - Shih et al., 1999: 436; - Tsai et al., 2000a: 287; - Chuang et al., 2002: 69. Hsinchu County; - Tsai et al., 2004a: 6. Coastal plain to the Central Mountain Range to the elevation of 1100 m in central Taiwan; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 228.

59. * Amynthas nanrenensis James, Shih & Chang, 2005

Amynthas nanrenensis James et al., 2005: 1008 . Mt. Nanren, Pingtung County; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 228.

60. * Amynthas nanshanensis Shen, Tsai & Tsai, 2003

Amynthas nanshanensis Shen et al., 2003b: 482 . Mountain slop along Nanshan Creek and Mt. Beidongyen, Nantou County; - Tsai et al., 2004a: 6; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 228.

61. Amynthas papilio (Gates, 1930)

Amynthas papilio - Chang et al., 2001: 76. National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City; - Chuang et al., 2002: 68. Taipei and Hsinchu counties; - Chen & Chuang, 2003: 90. National Taiwan University and Hsinchu Girl High School campuses.

Amynthas papilio papilio - Blakemore et al., 2006: 228.

62. Amynthas papulosus ( Rosa, 1896)

Pheretima papulosa sauteri Michaelsen, 1922: 26 . Chiahsien (= Dorf Kosempo), Kaohsiung County; - Kobayashi, 1939a: 660, 1939b: 778, 1940a: 120, 1940b: 274, and 1940c: 390. Hsinchu.

Pheretima papulosa - Gates, 1959: 18.

Amynthas papulosus - Shih et al., 1999: 436; - Tsai et al., 2000a: 287; - Chang et al., 2001: 76. National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City; - Chen et al., 2002: 77. Fushan Botanical Garden, Ilan County; - Chuang et al., 2002: 68. Taipei, Taoyuan, Hsinchu, and Ilan counties; - Chen et al., 2003: 58. Jiaohsi, Suao and Gueishan (Turtle) Island, Ilan County; - Tsai et al., 2004a: 6. Tsaotun, Nantou County; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 228.

63. * Amynthas penpuensis Shen, Tsai & Tsai, 2003

Amynthas penpuensis Shen et al., 2003b: 481 . Mountain slops along Penpu and Nanshan creeks, Nantou County; - Tsai et al., 2004a: 6; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 228.

64. * Amynthas polyglandularis ( Tsai, 1964)

Pheretima polyglandularis Tsai, 1964: 30 . Hill behind the 8th dormitory of National Taiwan University, Taipei City.

Pheretima polyglandular - Chen & Shih, 1996: 54. Fushan Botanical Garden, Ilan County.

Amynthas omeimontis polyglandularis - Shih et al., 1999: 436.

Amynthas polyglandularis - Tsai et al., 2000a: 286; - Chen et al., 2003: 58. Jiaohsi, Ilan County; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 229.

Amynthas omeimontis polyglandular - Chen et al., 2002: 77. Fushan Botanical Garden, Ilan County; - Chuang et al., 2002: 68. Taipei, Taoyuan and Ilan counties.

Remarks: A. polyglandularis is considered as A. o. polyglandularis , a subspecies of Amynthas omeimontis ( Chen, 1931) by Sims and Easton (1972). However, the arrangement of its genital papillae differs distinctively from that of A. omeimontis , sufficient for specific distinction ( Tsai et al. 2000a). Also, A. polyglandularis has simple intestinal caeca whereas A. omeimontis has finger-like caeca ( Blakemore et al. 2006).

65. * Amynthas proasacceus Tsai, Shen & Tsai, 2001

Amynthas proasacceus Tsai et al., 2001: 282 . Mt. Hohuan between Hualien and Nantou counties and Rueyen Creek Nature Reserve, Nantou County; - Tsai et al., 2004a: 6.

Amynthas assacceus - Blakemore et al., 2006: 228.

Remarks: A. proasacceus of Taiwan is considered to be an uncertain synonym of A. asacceus ( Chen, 1938) of Hainan Island, China, and the latter is the athecate morph of the former ( Blakemore 2003; Blakemore et al. 2006). Both species share fairly similar characteristics in size, large round male porophores, and degenerated spermathecae and male reproductive organs, but they are specifically distinguishable. A. asacceus has a single seta between the porophores, long coiled prostatic ducts, and male pores, each in a dark-coloured, glandular patch which is 0.7 mm in diameter, ( Chen 1938). A. proasacceus has 6-9 setae between the porophores, short C-shaped prostatic ducts, and male pores, each in a smooth, indistinctly coloured male patch which is 0.45-0.65 mm in diameter and surrounded by two or three circular folds, (Tsai et al. 2001). Furthermore, recent molecular evidence based on COI sequence analysis demonstrates that A. proasacceus and A. asacceus are two valid species ( Chang et al. 2007a).

66. Amynthas robustus ( Perrier, 1872)

Pheretima robusta - Kobayashi, 1940c: 390. Hsinchu; - Tsai, 1964: 26. The 8th dormitory of National Taiwan University, Taipei City.

Pheretima lauta Ude, 1905 - Tsai, 1964: 25. National Taiwan University campus and Taipei City Park, Taipei City and Yingko, Taipei County.

Amynthas robustus - Shih et al., 1999: 436; - Tsai et al., 2000a: 286; - Chang et al., 2001: 76. National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City; - Chen et al., 2002: 77. Fushan Botanical Garden, Ilan County; - Chuang et al., 2002: 68. Taipei, Taoyuan and Hsinchu counties; - Chen et al., 2003: 58. Jiaohsi, Nanao, Fushan Botanical Garden, and Datung, Ilan County; - Tsai et al., 2004a: 7; - James et al., 2005: 1025. Chaishan, near National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 229.

Amynthas lautus - Tsai et al., 2000a: 286; - Tsai & Tsai, 2001: 21. National Taiwan University’s Forest Recreation Park, Hsitou, Nantou County; - Shen & Tsai, 2002b: 3. Lanyu Island.

Amynthas masatakae (Beddard, 1892) - Chuang & Chen, 2002: 74. Mt. Dongyan, Taoyuan County.

Remarks: A. lautus is synonymous to A. robustus according to the recent molecular analysis ( Chang et al. 2007a). A. masatakae is also synonymous to A. robustus according to Easton (1981), Blakemore (2003) and Blakemore et al. (2006).

67. Amynthas rockefelleri ( Chen, 1933)

Pheretima rockfelleri - Kobayashi, 1939a: 660, 1939b: 778, 1940a: 120, 1940b: 274, and 1940c: 391. Hsinchu.

Pheretima rockefelleri - Tsai, 1964: 8. National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City.

Amynthas hsinpuensis Kuo, 1995: 187 . Hankenli, Hsinpu, Hsinchu County; - Shih et al., 1999: 437; - Tsai et al., 2000a: 287.

Pheretima rockerfelleri - Chen & Shih, 1996: 54. Fushan Botanical Garden, Ilan County.

Amynthas papulosus - Shih et al., 1999: 436 and 437.

Amynthas rockefelleri - Chen et al., 2003: 58. Nanao, Fushan Botanical Garden and Datung, Ilan County; - Shen et al., 2003a: 42; - Tsai et al., 2004a: 6. Meihsi, Wushe and Guohsing, Nantou County.

68. * Amynthas sexpectatus Tsai, Shen & Tsai, 1999

Amynthas sexpectatus Tsai et al., 1999: 38 . Guohsing, Nantou County; - Tsai et al., 2000a: 286; - Tsai et al., 2004a: 6. Jilongshan (Mt. Jilong) near Chungliao, Nantou County; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 229.

69. * Amynthas shinanmontis Tsai & Shen, 2007

Amynthas shinanmontis Tsai et al., 2007: 358 . Mt. Shinan, Shihshan Forest Road, Chuyunshan Nature Reserve, Kuaigu, and Rt. 20 near Daguanshan Tunnel, Kaohsiung County, and Yakou and Hsiangyang, Taitung County.

70. * Amynthas swanus ( Tsai, 1964)

Pheretima swanus Tsai, 1964: 13 . National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City.

Amynthas swanus - Shih et al., 1999: 436; - Tsai et al., 2000a: 287; - Chuang et al., 2002: 69. Taoyuan County; - Tsai et al., 2004a: 6. Jiji and Tsaotun, Nantou County; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 229.

71. Amynthas taipeiensis ( Tsai, 1964)

Pheretima taipeiensis Tsai, 1964: 12 . Chungho, Taipei County; - Chen & Shih, 1996: 54. Fushan Botanical Garden, Ilan County.

Amynthas taipeiensis - Shih et al., 1999: 436; - Tsai et al., 2000a: 287; - Chang et al., 2001: 76. National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City; - Chuang et al., 2002: 68. Taipei County; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 229.

72. * Amynthas tantulus Shen, Tsai & Tsai, 2003

Amynthas tantulus Shen et al., 2003b: 484 . Rueyen Creek Nature Reserve, Nantou County; - Tsai et al., 2004a: 6; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 229.

73. * Amynthas tayalis Tsai, Shen & Tsai, 1999

Amynthas tayalis Tsai et al., 1999: 36 . Hsiju, Taipei County; - Tsai et al., 2000a: 286; - Chuang et al., 2002: 69. Ilan County; - Chen et al., 2003: 58. Jiaohsi and Datung, Ilan County; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 229.

74. * Amynthas tessellatus tessellatus Shen, Tsai & Tsai, 2002

Amynthas tessellatus tessellatus Shen et al., 2002: 2 and 7. Wulin to Meihsi, Nantou County; - Tsai, et al., 2004a: 5; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 229.

75. * Amynthas tessellatus paucus Shen, Tsai & Tsai, 2002

Amynthas tessellatus paucus Shen et al., 2002: 2 and 7. Wanda to Penpu, Nantou County; - Tsai et al., 2004a: 5; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 229.

76. * Amynthas tungpuensis Tsai, Shen & Tsai, 1999

Amynthas tungpuensis Tsai et al., 1999: 34 . Tungpu, Nantou County; - Tsai et al., 2000a: 286; - Tsai et al., 2004a: 6. Mountain slops along Penpu, Nanshan and Dongyen creeks, Nantou County; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 229.

Amynthas monsoonus James et al., 2005: 1012 . Mt. Nanren, Pingtung County; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 228.

77. * Amynthas uvaglandularis Shen, Tsai & Tsai, 2003

Amynthas uvaglandularis Shen et al., 2003b: 479 . Rueyen Creek Nature Reserve, National Taiwan University’s High-altitude Horticulture Experimental Station at Meifong, and Mt. Beidongyen, Nantou County; - Tsai et al., 2004a: 6; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 229.

78. * Amynthas wangi Shen, Tsai & Tsai, 2003

Amynthas wangi Shen et al., 2003b: 489 . Rueyen Creek Nature Reserve, Nantou County; - Tsai et al., 2004a: 6; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 229.

79. * Amynthas wulinensis Tsai, Shen & Tsai, 2001

Amynthas wulinensis Tsai et al., 2001: 285 and 2004a: 5. Wulin to Nanshan Creek, Nantou County; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 229; - Chang et al., 2007b: 232.

80. * Metaphire bununa Tsai, Tsai & Liaw, 2000

Metaphire bununa bununa Tsai et al., 2000c: 1736 . Mt. Jilong, Jiji, Chungliao, Guohsing, and Shuili, Nantou County; - Tsai et al., 2000a: 287; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 229; - Chang et al., 2008: 958.

Metaphire bununa - Tsai et al., 2000a: 286; - Chang & Chen, 2004: 221; - Tsai et al., 2004a: 5. Mt. Hohuan to Jijji, Nantiu County; - Tsai et al., 2004b: 881; - Chang & Chen, 2005a: 593. Heping, Taichung County.

81. Metaphire californica (Kinberg, 1867)

Pheretima californica - Kobayashi, 1939b: 777, 1940a: 120, 1940b: 274, and 1940c: 390. Hsinchu; - Gates, 1959: 5. Taipei; - Tsai, 1964: 23. National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City and Yingko, Taipei County; - Kuo, 1995: 185. Tsaochiao, Miaoli County.

Metaphire californica - Shih et al., 1999: 436; - Tsai et al., 2000a: 287; - Chang et al., 2001: 76. National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City; - Chuang et al., 2002: 68. Taipei, Taoyuan and Hsinchu counties; - Shen & Tsai, 2002b: 3. Lanyu Island; - Chen et al., 2003: 58. Sanhsing, Tungshan, Yuanshan, Jiaohsi, Nanao, Suao, Datung, and Gueishan (Turtle) Island, Ilan County; - Tsai et al., 2004a: 6. Coastal plain to the Central Mountain Range to the elevation of 2100 m in central Taiwan; - Chang & Chen, 2005a: 593. Taipei City; - James et al., 2005: 1026. Laiyi, Pingtung County; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 229.

Metaphire hesperidum (Beddard, 1892) - Tsai et al., 2000a: 286.

82. * Metaphire feijani Chang & Chen, 2004

Metaphire feijani Chang & Chen, 2004: 219 . Majia and Wutai, Pingtung County; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 230; - Chang et al., 2008: 958.

Amynthas ailiaoensis James, Shih & Chang, 2005: 1020 . Wutai, Pingtung County; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 227.

83. * Metaphire formosae ( Michaelsen, 1922)

Pheretima formosae Michaelsen, 1922: 39 . Chiahsien (= Dorf Koseypo), Kaohsiung County; - Kobayashi, 1939a: 659. Hsinchu; - Gates, 1959: 9. Chaochou, Pingtung County.

Amynthas formosae - Shih et al., 1999: 436; - Tsai et al., 2000a: 286; - Tsai et al., 2000c: 1740; - Tsai et al., 2004a: 6. Peripheral hills of Central Mountain Range, Nantou County; - Chang & Chen, 2005a: 593. Yangmei, Taoyuan County south to Mayshan, Chiayi County; - James et al., 2005: 1017.

Amynthas chaishanensis James et al., 2005: 1021 . Chaishan, Kaohsiung City; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 228.

Metaphire formosae Chang & Chen, 2005a: 593 . Yangmei, Taoyuan County south to Mayshan, Chiayi County; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 230; - Chang et al., 2008: 958.

84. * Metaphire glareosa Tsai, Tsai & Liaw, 2000

Metaphire bununa glareosus Tsai et al., 2000c: 1738 . Jhihben, Taitung County.

Metaphire bununa glareosa - Blakemore et al., 2006: 229; - Chang et al., 2008: 958.

Metaphire glareosa - Chang et al., 2008: 964.

85. Metaphire houlleti ( Perrier, 1872)

Metaphire houlleti - Shen et al., 2005a: 13. Haocha, Pingtung County; - James et al., 2005: 1026. Wutai, Pingtung County; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 230.

Amynthas huangi James et al., 2005: 1014 . Shihwen, Pingtung County; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 228.

86. * Metaphire nanaoensis Chang & Chen, 2005

Metaphire nanaoensis Chang & Chen, 2005b: 1473 ; - Chen et al., 2003: 58. Nanao, Ilan County; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 230; - Chang et al., 2008: 958.

Metaphire nanauensis - Chen et al., 2003: 58.

87. * Metaphire paiwanna paiwanna Tsai, Tsai & Liaw, 2000

Metaphire paiwanna paiwanna Tsai et al., 2000c: 1732 . Mudan, Pingtung County; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 230; - Chang et al., 2008: 958.

Metaphire paiwanna - Tsai et al., 2000a: 286; - Chang & Chen, 2004: 219; - Tsai et al., 2004b: 881; - Chang & Chen, 2005a: 593. Liouguei, Kaohsiung County.

Amynthas kaopingensis James et al., 2005: 1017 . Caopu, Shihzih, and Mt. Dahan, Pingtung County; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 228.

88. * Metaphire paiwanna hengchunensis ( James, Shih & Chang, 2005)

Amynthas hengchunensis James et al., 2005: 1015 . Mt. Nanren and Hengchun, Pingtung County; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 228.

Metaphire hengchunensis - Chang et al., 2008: 958.

Metaphire paiwanna hengchunensis - Chang et al., 2008: 965.

89. * Metaphire paiwanna liliumfordi Tsai, Tsai & Liaw, 2000

Metaphire paiwanna liliumfordi Tsai et al., 2000c: 1734 . Mt. Setou, Hualien County; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 230; - Chang et al., 2008: 958.

90. Metaphire posthuma (Vaillant, 1869)

Pheretima posthuma - Gates, 1959: 15. Chaochou, Pingtung County; - Tsai, 1964: 4. Wanhua railroad station and sand bank of Danshui River, Taipei.

Metaphire posthuma - Shih et al., 1999: 436; - Tsai et al., 2000a: 287; - Chuang et al., 2002: 68. Taipei and Ilan counties; - Tsai et al., 2004a: 6; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 230.

91. * Metaphire puyuma Tsai, Shen & Tsai, 1999

Metaphire puyuma Tsai et al., 1999: 42 . Monhuan Lake shore, Taitung City; - Tsai et al., 2000a: 286; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 230.

92. Metaphire schmardae (Horst, 1883)

Pheretima schmardae - Kobayashi, 1940a: 120 and 1940b: 274. Hsinchu; - Tsai, 1964: 20. National Taiwan University campus and sand bank of Danshui River, Taipei; - Kuo, 1995: 188. Hsinchu Teacher’s College campus.

Metaphire schmardae schmardae - Shih et al., 1999: 436; - Chang et al., 2001: 76. National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City; - Chang & Chen, 2005a: 593. Taipei City; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 230.

Metaphire schmardae - Tsai et al., 2000a: 288; - Chang et al., 2001: 77. National Taiwan University campus, Taipei City; - Chuang et al., 2002: 68. Taipei and Hsinchu counties; - Tsai et al., 2004a: 6. Coastal plain to peripheral hills to the elevation of 250 m in central Taiwan.

93. * Metaphire tahanmonta Chang & Chen, 2005

Metaphire tahanmonta Chang & Chen, 2005b: 1475 . Mt. Tahan, Pingtung County, and Paoshan and Ernchituan, Kaohsiung County; - Chang & Chen, 2005a: 593. Taoyuan, Kaohsiung County; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 230; - Chang et al., 2008: 958.

94. * Metaphire taiwanensis Tsai, Tsai & Shen, 2004

Metaphire taiwanensis Tsai et al., 2004b: 878 ; - Tsai et al., 2004a: 6. Mt. Beidongyen and National Taiwan University’s High-Altitude Horticulture Experimental Station, Meifong, Nantou County; - Chang & Chen, 2004: 221; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 230; - Chang et al., 2008: 958.

95. * Metaphire trutina Tsai, Chen, Tsai & Shen, 2003

Metaphire trutina Tsai et al., 2003: 84 . Hsiaojiaohsi, Ilan County; - Chen et al., 2003: 58. Jiaohsi, Ilan County; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 230; - Chang et al., 2008: 958.

Metaphire yuanpowa Chang & Chen, 2005b: 1470 . Wulai and Pinglin, Taipei County; - Chang & Chen, 2005a: 593. Wulai, Taipei County.

96. * Metaphire yeni Tsai, Shen & Tsai, 2000

Metaphire yeni Tsai S. C. et al., 2000: 8 . Wutai, Pingtung County; - Chang & Chen, 2004: 219; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 230.

97. * Metaphire yuhsii ( Tsai, 1964)

Pheretima yuhsi Tsai, 1964: 5 . Neihu and Yuantung Temple, Taipei County.

Pheretima formosae - Kobayashi, 1939a: 659. Hsinchu; - Gates, 1959: 9. Yangmingshan, Taipei.

Amynthas yuhsi - Shih et al., 1999: 436.

Amynthas yushi - Tsai et al., 2000c: 1740.

Amynthas formosae - Tsai et al., 2000a: 286; - Tsai et al., 2000c: 1740; - Chuang et al., 2002: 68. Taipei and Taoyuan counties; - Chen et al., 2003: 58. Jiaohsi and Gueishan (Turtle) Island, Ilan County; - Chang & Chen, 2005a: 593.

Metaphire yuhsii Chang & Chen, 2005a: 593 . Hsintien, Taipei County south to Jianshi, Hsinchu County; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 230; - Chang et al., 2008: 958.

98. Polypheretima elongata ( Perrier, 1872)

Pheretima elongata - Gates, 1959: 9. Tsing-Chao Maa, central Taiwan.

Polypheretima elongata - Shih et al., 1999: 436; - Tsai et al., 2000a: 288; - Shen & Tsai, 2002b: 4. Lanyu Island; - Tsai et al., 2004a: 6. Peripheral hills from the elevation of 250 m to 500 m in central Taiwan; - James et al., 2005: 1026. National Sun Yat-sen University campus, Kaohsiung City; - Blakemore et al., 2006: 230.