Corythalia spiralis (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1901 )

Bayer, Steffen, Höfer, Hubert & Metzner, Heiko, 2020, Revision of the genus Corythalia C. L. Koch, 1850, part 1: Diagnosis and new species from South America (Araneae: Salticidae: Salticinae: Euophryini), Zootaxa 4806 (1), pp. 1-144 : 113-118

Corythalia spiralis (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1901)

Figs 54 A–E, 55A–C, 60I, 63H, 67L, 70L, 74H, 78G–H

Sidusa spiralis F.O. Pickard-Cambridge 1901: 217 , pl. 17, figs 14, 14a–e (description & illustration of ♂) partim, pl. 17, figs 14a–c misidentified (= C. opima ), pl. 17, figs 14, 14d–e (illustration of ♂). Lectotype ♂ (here designated) from Panama: Chiriquí: Bugaba, G. C. Champion leg. between Nov. 1882 and Mar. 1883 (mostly during the dry season), Frederick Du- Cane Godmann & Osbert Salvin Collection, NHM 1905-4-28 -298–307 (pt. 1). Paralectotypes (14 ♂, here designated): Guatemala (no further information), F. Sarg leg. before 1897, Frederick DuCane Godmann & Osbert Salvin Collection: 1 ♂ (individual number M-12), NHM 1905-4-28 -298–307 (pt. 2a); 1 ♂ (M-13) with the same data as above, NHM 1905-4- 28 -298–307 (pt. 3); 2 ♂ (M-5, M-10) also with the same data as above, NHM 1905-4-28 -298–307 (pt. 4a); all following 10 ♂ paralectotypes were misidentified and could, along with the present study, be identified as C. opima : Guatemala (no further information), F. Sarg leg. before 1897, Frederick DuCane Godmann & Osbert Salvin Collection: 1 ♂ (M-11), NHM 1905-4-28 -298–307 (pt. 2b); 8 ♂ (M-1–M-4, M-6–M-9) with the same data as above, NHM 1905-4-28 -298–307 (pt. 4b); Mexico: Tabasco: Teapa, H. H. Smith leg. before 1897, Frederick DuCane Godmann & Osbert Salvin Collection, 1 ♂, NHM 1905-4-28 -298–307 (pt. 5); all type material examined; Banks 1909: 221 (record from Costa Rica, genus name Sidusa misapplied).

Corythalia spiralis — Simon 1903: 790 (transfer from Sidusa to Corythalia ). Petrunkevitch 1925: 212, fig. 131 (description & illustration of ♂), misidentified (= C. opima ). Roewer 1933: 185 (record from Mexico, Vera Cruz; according to distribution area most likely misidentified = C. opima ); Chickering 1946: 158, figs 143–144 (description & illustration of ♀); Kraus 1955: 63, figs 177–179 (description & illustration of ♂ & ♀), misidentified (= C. opima ); Prószyński 2017: 83, figs 36S- 1–3 (illustration of ♂ after F.O. Pickard-Cambridge 1901, pl. 17, fig. 14b & ♀ after Chickering 1946) partim, fig. 36S-1 [male palp] misidentified (= C. opima ), Figs 36 S-2–3 [female epigyne & left half of vulva] (illustration of ♀).

Additional material. NEW GRENADA, today: COLOMBIA (or less likely PANAMA): 2 ♀ paralectotypes of Escambia electa , misidentified, G.W. & E.G. Peckham Coll., No. 655 (separate vial) , MCZ 21175. Departamento Magdalena: Santa Marta, introduced to Basel ( Switzerland ) (with fruits?): 2 ♀, 1 juvenile, Prof. Dr Ed. Handschin deposited 1930 , NHMB 1027 a. Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta: San Pedro , 10°54’N, 74°02’45”W, about 1410 m a.s.l., forest, “jumping over the underground of the forest”: 1 ♂, C. Kugler leg. 02 Oct. 1977, sample no. #7, for- mer LNK coll. no. 0372, SMNK-ARA 14031 . VENEZUELA: Amazonas: Rio Surumoni , roughly 3° N, 66° W, 120–150 m a.s.l., L2: 1 ♀, Manfred Verhaagh leg. 05 Oct. 1998, with former label type «LNK—Landessammlungen für Naturkunde, Karlsruhe» , SMNK-ARA 14032 . FRENCH GUIANA: St. Laurent du Maroni: Fracas, La Trinité Nature Reserve (westernmost section), 04°36’2.16”N, 53°24’43.2”W, about 150 m, primary forest: 1 ♀, Frédéric Ysnel leg. 31 Oct. 2008 by beating shrubs & trees, sample number: FR-973-00111 , GCBUR. Cayenne: Cayenne, Montagnes des Chevaux , ca. 04°43’N, 52°25’W, 17 m a.s.l., forest: 1 ♂, Vincent Vedel leg. 09 Nov. 2010, Sample number: FR-973-00337 , GCBUR. BRAZIL: Amazonas: Manaus: Reserva Ducke , 02°55’12’’S, 59°58’48’’W, 1 ♀, H. Höfer & T. Gasnier leg. 30 Mar. 1992, sample number BE I/1 (arboreal funnel trap) , SMNK-ARA 02513 . Mato Grosso do Sul: Rio Pardo : 1 ♂, F.S. Cunha & C . R. Souza leg. 22–25 May 2001 , IBSP 53388 . Santa Rita do Rio Pardo : 1 ♀ , R. Bertani & K. Kashimata leg. 24 Apr. 2001 , IBSP ex. 53255. Corumbá, Passo do Lontra, Sub-regiões Miranda e Abobral : 2 ♂, J. Raizer et al. leg. June 1998 – Nov. 1999 (Am: 187) , IBSP 86135 . Anaurilândia : 1 ♀, F.S. Cunha & C . R. Souza leg. 05–11 Mar. 2001 , IBSP ex. 53374. São Paulo: Porto Primavera, Usina Hidrelétrica Sérgio Motta; Equipe IBSP leg. 2001: 1 ♂, 4 ♀ , IBSP 53142 ; 2 ♂ , IBSP 53033 .

Diagnosis. Males distinguished from those of all other Corythalia species by the following characters in combination: embolus (E) very long [longer than 2x the width of tegulum (T)] and main section filiform; beginning at arising point from embolus base (EB) E with more than 1.5 windings around EB (but less than 1.9); E in ventral view proximally at arising point at most 6x broader than in distal third ( Figs 54A , 67L ); RTA very long and extremely narrow (spine-like) (1.3–1.5x longer than width of T) ( Figs 54 A–B, 67L). Females distinguished from those of all other Corythalia species by the following characters in combination: epigyne without epigynal windows, but with a rather spiral-like or helical structure ( Figs 54C , 55A 74H ). Vulva with just slightly widened secondary spermathecae, anteriorly distinctly rounded and posteriorly with straight margin; primary spermathecae (PS) just slightly widened (even less than SS) and clearly elongated; vulva with elongated blind sac laterally next to PS ( Figs 54 D–E, 55B–C, 78G–H), blind sac broader and longer than PS ( Figs 54D , 55B , 78 G–H) (rarely just minimally longer than PS).

Description. Male (measurements of lectotype first, those of paralectotypes and additional males as range in parentheses): total length 5.8 (4.6–7.4), carapace length 2.7 (2.1–3.2), maximal carapace width 2.2 (1.8–2.4), width of eye rectangle 1.7 (1.4–2.1), opisthosoma length 1.6 (2.0–3.3), opisthosoma width 1.7 (1.4–2.4), fovea length 0.21 (0.20–0.25). EYES: AME 0.56 (0.45–0.59), ALE 0.32 (0.28–0.36), PME 0.08 (0.08–0.09), PLE 0.28 (0.27–0.33), AME–AME 0.03 (0.02–0.07), AME–ALE 0.05 (0.05–0.11), PME–PME 1.48 (1.32–1.65), PME–PLE 0.29 (0.23– 0.31), ALE–PLE 0.68 (0.57–0.78), PLE–PLE 1.37 (1.08–1.47), clypeus height at AME 0.22 (0.20–0.35), clypeus height at ALE 0.58 (0.54–0.78). Cheliceral furrow with 2 (melted with each other, resembling a fissident tooth) promarginal and 1 retromarginal teeth, more rarely, but also recognised 1 pro- and 1 retromarginal teeth. SPINA- TION: palp: no spines. Legs: femur I 1600 (1600, 1500), II 1600 (1700, 1600, 1500), III 2600 (2600, 2700, 1600), IV 1600 (1600, 0500); patella I–II 1010 (1010, 1000), III–IV 1010 (1010); tibia I 3024 (3024, 4004, 4014), II 4035 (3024, 3014, 3025), III 3134 (3133), IV 3134 (3134, 3133); metatarsus I 3124 (2124, 2024), II 2024 (2124, 2024), III 3134 (3134), IV 3144 (4144). MEASUREMENT OF PALP AND LEGS: palp 2.3 (1.8–2.6) [0.8 (0.8–1.0), 0.4 (0.2–0.4), 0.2 (0.1–0.3), 0.9 (0.7–1.0], I 5.5 (3.9–6.1) [1.8 (1.2–2.0), 1.0 (0.7–1.1), 1.2 (0.8–1.3), 0.9 (0.7–1.1), 0.6 (0.5–0.6)], II 5.3 (4.0–6.1) [1.8 (1.3–2.0), 0.9 (0.7–1.1), 1.2 (0.8–1.3), 0.9 (0.7–1.1), 0.5 (0.5–0.6)], III 6.5 (5.0–7.0) [2.1 (1.6–2.2), 0.9 (0.7–1.0), 1.4 (1.0–1.4), 1.4 (1.1–1.6), 0.7 (0.6–0.8)], IV 6.7 (4.7–6.9) [2.2 (1.5–2.2), 0.9 (0.6–1.0), 1.3 (1.0–1.4), 1.6 (1.1–1.6), 0.7 (0.5–0.7)]. LEG FORMULA: 4312 (3421, 3412). COPULATORY ORGAN: embolus (E) very long [longer than 2x the width of tegulum (T)] and main section filiform; E in ventral view proximally at arising point at most 6x broader than in distal third ( Figs 54A , 67L ), arising point (retrolatero-) proximally at embolus base (EB); direction of distal section of E prolatero-distally to (sometimes proximo-) prolaterally; EB in ventral view completely visible, but very small and narrow (width of EB> 1/5, <1/3 the width of T); EB located approximately centrally at distal part of T; T narrower than cymbium ( Figs 54A , 67L ) and more elongated than in other Corythalia species; sperm duct double-stacked S-shaped, occupying more than 2/3 of T from retrolateral; proximal tegulum lobe broad (about 2/3 the width of T); cymbium in ventral view distally broad conically converging, at distalmost section broad rounded; palpal tibia short, broader than long ( Figs 54 A–B, 67L, 70L) and ventral tibial bump in ventral view inconspicuous ( Figs 54A , 67L ); RTA in ventral view extremely narrow (spine-like) and very long (at least 1.3 x longer than width of tegulum), with retrolatero-distal to distal direction and without serration ( Figs 54A , 67L ), in retrolateral view exactly the same ( Figs 54B , 70L ). COLOURATION: see genus description for conservative aspects. Carapace dark red-brown ( Fig. 60I ). Legs brown to red-brown, more or less unicoloured (patellae minimally lighter), however fourth leg pair mostly lighter ( Fig. 60I ). Opisthosoma like noted in genus description under general dorsal colouration, however central transversal band very bright, just narrow and centrally interrupted; chevron-like patch in central band thus missing; posterior band also narrow (even slightly narrower than central) and always separated/ interrupted medially ( Fig. 60I ).

Female (measurement of female F-4 from Usina Hidrel. Sérgio Motta first, those of remaining females as range in parentheses): total length 7.5 (5.9–8.6), carapace length 3.0 (2.7–3.4), maximal carapace width 2.3 (2.0–2.5), width of eye rectangle 1.9 (1.6–2.0), opisthosoma length 3.8 (2.6–4.8), opisthosoma width 2.7 (1.9–3.2), fovea length 0.20–0.23. EYES: AME 0.60 (0.51–0.62), ALE 0.34 (0.31–0.35), PME 0.09 (0.07–0.10), PLE 0.29 (0.25– 0.30), AME–AME 0.05 (0.03–0.06), AME–ALE 0.08 (0.05–0.08), PME–PME 1.63 (1.47–1.69), PME–PLE 0.29 (0.25–0.30), ALE–PLE 0.76 (0.67–0.78), PLE–PLE 1.48 (1.33–1.55), clypeus height at AME 0.28 (0.22–0.35), clypeus height at ALE 0.63 (0.54–0.69). Cheliceral furrow with 2 (melted with each other, resembling a fissident tooth) promarginal and 1 retromarginal teeth or more rarely 1 pro- and 1 retromarginal teeth. SPINATION: palp: no spines. Legs: femur I 1700 {1500} (1500), II 1600 (1600), III 1600 {2600} (1600, 1500), IV 0600 (0500, 0600, 1500); patella I–II 1000 (1000), III–IV 1010 (1010); tibia I 3008{2004} (3005, 3004, 3025), II 3025{3015} (3005, 3004), III 3134 (3133, 2133), IV 3144 (3133); metatarsus I 2028 {2024} (2024), II 2024 (2024), III 3134 (3134, 3144), IV 3144 (4143, 4044). MEASUREMENT OF PALP AND LEGS: palp 2.6 (2.1–2.8) [0.9 (0.8–0.9), 0.5 (0.3–0.5), 0.4 (0.3–0.4), 0.8 (0.7–0.8)], I 4.9 (4.2–5.2) [1.6 (1.3–1.8), 0.9 (0.8–1.0), 1.0 (0.8–1.1), 0.8 (0.7–0.9), 0.6 (0.4–0.6)], II 4.7 (4.2–5.0) [1.6 (1.3–1.6), 0.9 (0.8–1.0), 0.9 (0.8–1.0), 0.8 (0.7–0.9), 0.5 (0.4–0.5)], III 5.9 (4.9–6.4) [1.9 (1.7–2.0), 1.0 (0.8–1.1), 1.1 (0.9–1.3), 1.2 (1.0–1.3), 0.7 (0.5–0.7)], IV 6.1 (5.2–6.7) [2.0 (1.7–2.1), 0.9 (0.8–1.0), 1.2 (1.1–1.4), 1.3 (1.1–1.5), 0.7 (0.5–0.7)]. LEG FORMULA: 4312. COPULATORY ORGAN: epigyne without epigynal windows but with helical or spiral-like structure on each side (of imaginal longitudinal axis of body) with copulatory opening centrally ( Figs 54C , 55A , 74H ); posterior margin of helical structure not reaching epigastric furrow; anterior sections of secondary spermathecae (SS) visible through cuticle of epigyne, anterior of each helical structure; epigynal field broader than long ( Figs 54C , 55A , 74H ). Vulva with widened SS (but not distinctly) with rounded anterior margin and straight posterior margin; heads of spermathecae very small, flat and inconspicuous (but generally recognisable) and located antero-laterally or centro-laterally on SS ( Figs 54 D–E, 78G–H); primary spermathecae (PS) narrow [just slightly broader than copulatory duct (CD) or connective duct (DST) between SS and PS] and distinctly elongated, sometimes curved; DST quite long (about 2x as long as PS), not distinctly narrow and meeting PS and blind sac (BS) from posterior; CD moderately long, running anteriorly and meeting SS postero-laterally ( Figs 54 D–E, 55B–C, 78G–H); fertilisation ducts (very) narrow, arising antero-centrally (at tip) on PS, bent laterally ( Figs 54 D–E, 55B–C, 78G–H); BS located lateral (but not directly) to PS; BS longer (rarely just minimally longer) and broader than PS and generally reaching further anteriorly than PS ( Figs 54 D–E, 55B–C, 78G–H). COLOURATION: see genus description for conservative aspects. Carapace red-brown ( Fig. 63H ). Legs brown to red-brown, unicoloured ( Fig. 63H ), third and fourth leg pair rarely slightly lighter than anterior two leg pairs. Opisthosoma like noted in genus description under general dorsal colouration, however, central transversal band very bright, just moderately broad (mostly narrower than in C. opima ) and centrally mostly interrupted (if not interrupted, with extremly narrow section medially, connecting the two broader sections “approaching” fom lateral); chevron-like patch in central band missing ( Fig. 63H ); posterior band similarly narrow or narrower than central band and always separated/ interrupted medially ( Fig. 63H ).

Intraspecific variation of male and female copulatory organs. Some males with distal section of embolus (E) directed prolaterally (or even proximo-prolaterally); number of windings around EB varying from 1.55 to 1.8. Intraspecific variation in females quite conspicuous: Helical structure of epigyne with slightly less windings in some specimens ( Fig. 55A ) than in others ( Figs 54C , 74H ); gap between posterior margin of helical structure and epigastric furrow slightly longer in some specimens ( Figs 55A , 74H ) than in others ( Fig. 54C ); rounded anterior margins of secondary spermathecae (SS) visible through cuticle of epigyne not reaching as far anterior in some females ( Fig. 74H ) than in others ( Figs 54C , 55A ); epigynal field less distinct in some specimens ( Fig. 74H ) than in others ( Figs 54C , 55A ). Primary spermathecae (PS) sometimes curved centrally ( Figs 54D , 78H ) or proximally; position of heads of spermathecae (HS) varying, sometimes latero-distally ( Fig. 54D ), sometimes centro-laterally ( Fig. 78G ) or rarely HS thus small that not even recognisable ( Fig. 55B ); blind sac of right half of vulva reaching distinctly further anteriorly than left in some specimens ( Figs 78 G–H), in others vice versa ( Fig. 55B ); in some females distal parts of PS slightly bent laterally ( Fig. 55B ).

Remarks. Conspecificity of the females presented in the present study with the male lectotype of Corythalia (originally sub Sidusa ) spiralis is certain. That material was available from localities where males corresponding to the lectotype were collected together with females here presented as C. spiralis (see above). But also Chickering (1946) correctly identified C. spiralis and examined material from Panama where both females and males were available from exactly the same locality. Thus he was the first to describe the female of C. spiralis . In this context an irregularity should be addressed: Chickering (1946, p. 158, second paragraph from bottom and 162, second para- graph) lists one of these females as “ allotype ” and others as “ paratypes ”. These “type designations” are, of course, void according to the ICZN as this material does not belong to the material examined along with the first description by F.O. Pickard-Cambridge (1901). The material examined by Chickering (even though being of great importance) does not at all have type status.

Corythalia spiralis is very similar to C. opima . The main similarities between these two species are listed above (under remarks in the species description of C. opima ). A lot of misidentifications of C. spiralis as C. opima (see above) were certainly the consequence of this great similarity. Hence, these two species are certainly closely related and might be united as representatives of the C. opima species-group.

Distribution. Guatemala to Brazil.

Figures

FIGURE 36. Corythalia chalcea, specimens from Aragua, Venezuela. A–B Male AMNH-IZC 00327893, left palp (A ventral view; B retrolateral view). C–E Female AMNH-IZC 00326918-2, epigyne (C ventral view; D vulva, dorsal view; E schematic course of internal duct system).

FIGURE 54. Corythalia spiralis. A–B Male lectotype from Chiriquí, Panama, left palp (A ventral view; B retrolateral view). C–E Female F-4, IBSP 53142, from São Paulo, Brazil, epigyne (C ventral view; D vulva, dorsal view; E schematic course of internal duct system).

FIGURE 55. Corythalia spiralis, female (paralectotype F-7 of Escambia electa) from Colombia, intraspecific variation of female copulatory organ. A–C epigyne (A ventral view; B vulva, dorsal view; C schematic course of internal duct system).

FIGURE 60. Corythalia spp., photographic images of male specimens, dorsal view. Corythalia hamulifera Bayer, sp. nov.: A Holotype from south-eastern part of Ecuador. Corythalia tribulosa sp. nov.: B Holotype from Putumayo, Colombia. Corythalia valida: C Lectotype from Amazonas, Brazil. Corythalia flagrans sp. nov.: D Holotype from Acre, Brazil. Corythalia fragilis sp. nov.: E Paratype SMNK-ARA 02236 from Amazonas, Brazil. Corythalia grata F Lectotype from São Paulo, Brazil. Corythalia vervloeti: G Male M-1 from Borba, Amazonas, Brazil. Corythalia opima: H Male SMF 8437 from La Paz, El Salvador. Corythalia spiralis: I Lectotype from Chiriquí, Panama.

FIGURE 63. Corythalia spp., photographic images of female specimens, dorsal view. Corythalia chalcea: A Female AMNH- IZC 00327847 from Aragua, Venezuela. Corythalia longiducta sp. nov.: B Holotype from Amazonas, Brazil. Corythalia blanda: C Lectotype from Trinidad. Corythalia xanthopa: D Female F-2, AMNH-IZC 00326903, from Aragua, Venezuela. Corythalia valida: E Paralectotype F-2 from Amazonas, Brazil. Corythalia fragilis sp. nov.: F Paratype SMNK-ARA 02229 from Amazonas, Brazil. Corythalia opima: G Female SMF 8434 from Santa Ana, El Salvador. Corythalia spiralis: H Female IBSP 53142 from São Paulo, Brazil.

FIGURE 67. Corythalia spp., photographic images of left palps of male specimens, ventral view. Corythalia tribulosa sp. nov.: A Holotype from Putumayo, Colombia. Corythalia valida. B Lectotype from Amazonas, Brazil. Corythalia flagrans sp. nov.: C Holotype from Acre, Brazil. Corythalia grata: D Lectotype from São Paulo, Brazil. Corythalia fragilis sp. nov.: Paratypes E SMNK-ARA 02232, F SMNK-ARA 02236, G SMNK-ARA 02237-1 and H SMNK-ARA 02237-2 from Amazonas, Brazil. Corythalia vervloeti: I Male M-2 from Amazonas and J M-4 from Paraná, Brazil. Corythalia opima: K Lectotype from eastern part of Guatemala. Corythalia spiralis: L Lectotype from Chiriquí, Panama.

FIGURE 70. Corythalia spp., photographic images of left palps of male specimens, retrolateral view. Corythalia hadzji: A Lectotype from Upper Demerara-Berbice, Guyana. Corythalia trochophora Bayer, sp. nov.: B Holotype from Tungurahua, Ecuador. Corythalia lineata Bayer, sp. nov.: C Holotype from East Berbice-Corentyne, Guyana. Corythalia hamulifera Bayer, sp. nov.: D Holotype from south-eastern part of Ecuador. Corythalia tribulosa sp. nov.: E Holotype from Putumayo, Colombia. Corythalia valida: F Lectotype from Amazonas, Brazil. Corythalia flagrans sp. nov.: G Holotype from Acre, Brazil. Corythalia fragilis sp. nov.: H Paratype SMNK-ARA 02236 from Amazonas, Brazil. Corythalia grata: I Lectotype from São Paulo, Brazil. Corythalia vervloeti: J Male M-2 from Amazonas, Brazil. Corythalia opima: K Lectotype from eastern part of Guatemala. Corythalia spiralis: L Lectotype from Chiriquí, Panama.

FIGURE 74. Corythalia spp., photographic images of epigynes, ventral view. Corythalia blanda: A Lectotype from Trinidad. Corythalia xanthopa: B Female F-2, AMNH-IZC 00326903, from Aragua, Venezuela. Corythalia valida: C Paralectotype F-2 from Amazonas, Brazil. Corythalia fragilis sp. nov.: D Holotype, E Paratype SMNK-ARA 02233 and F Paratype SMNK-ARA 02229 from Amazonas, Brazil. Corythalia opima: G Paralectotype from eastern part of Guatemala. Corythalia spiralis: H Female FR-973-00111 from St. Laurent du Maroni, French Guiana.

FIGURE 78. Corythalia spp., photographic images of vulvae, dorsal view. Corythalia fragilis sp. nov.: A Holotype, B Paratype SMNK-ARA 02229, C SMNK-ARA 02235 from Amazonas, Brazil. Corythalia xanthopa: D Female AMNH-IZC 00326906, from Aragua, Venezuela. Corythalia valida: E Paralectotype F-2 from Amazonas, Brazil. Corythalia opima: F Paralectotype from eastern part of Guatemala. Corythalia spiralis: Females G SMNK-ARA 14032 from Amazonas, Venezuela and H SMNK- ARA 02513 from Amazonas, Brazil.