Oroperla barbara Needham, 1933

Baumann, Richard W., Bottorff, Richard L., Stark, Bill P., Lee, Jonathan J. & Sandberg, John B., 2017, A Compendium Of Distributional Records For Oroperla Barbara Needham, 1933 (Plecoptera: Perlodidae), With Additional Documentation Of Reproductive Morphology And Biology, Illiesia 13 (15), pp. 167-191 : 170-189

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.4752889

publication LSID

lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2E56BF61-BAB0-44C2-B05B-621FF85E22CE

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4762033

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E387EC-D027-FF93-FC7A-E2F8FC98C64E

treatment provided by

Felipe

scientific name

Oroperla barbara Needham, 1933
status

 

Oroperla barbara Needham, 1933 View in CoL

http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Plecoptera .speciesfile.org: TaxonName:1067

( Figs. 1 View Figs -29)

Oroperla barbara Needham, 1933:17 View in CoL . Holotype larva ( Cornell University Insect Collection), Rubicon River , [Placer Co.], near Lake Tahoe, California Arcynopteryx (Oroperla) barbara: Ricker, 1952:78 View in CoL Oroperla barbara: Illies, 1966:372 View in CoL

Published records. USA

CALIFORNIA:

El Dorado Co.

Cosumnes River, 4 September 1980, A.W. Knight, 1 larva (BYU).

South Fork American River, near Kyburz, 7 September 1954, S.W. Hitchcock, 1 larva (CAS), 1 larva (BYU).

Upper Truckee River, Hwy 50, 1 mile SW Meyers, 22 May 1964, S.G. Jewett, Jr., 1♂ (repository unknown).

Mariposa Co.

Merced River, Happy Isle Bridge, Yosemite Valley, Yosemite National Park, 13 September 1994, L.R. Brown, 1 larva (USGS NWQL).

Nevada Co.

South Yuba River, Hwy 80, uppermost bridge, 6000’, 8 June 1965, S.G. Jewett, Jr., 2♂ (CAS).

South Yuba River, T 17N: R12E: S24, 10 April-15 May 1974, C.A. Siegfried, P.J. Sheehan, A.W. Knight, 10♂, 4♀ reared (repository unknown).

Placer Co.

Miller Creek, near Miller Lake, 5-7 September 1954, S.W. Hitchcock, 2 larvae (USNM).

Rubicon River, 5-7 September 1954, S.W. Hitchcock, 4 larvae (USNM).

Rubicon River   GoogleMaps , ~6000’, 1 September 1932, P.R. Needham, 1 larva (Holotype, Cornell University Insect Collection).

Shasta Co.

Roaring Creek, 20 March 1976, D.R. Lauck, 1♀ (BYU).

Tulare Co.

Kaweah River drainage, Sequoia National Park (repository unknown).

NEVADA:

Douglas Co.

East Fork Carson River, near Dresslerville, 30 August 1993, U.S. Geological Survey sample, S. Lawrence   GoogleMaps , 1 larva (USGS NWQL).

New   GoogleMaps records. USA

CALIFORNIA

Alpine Co.

Arnot Creek   GoogleMaps 1, 38.407354°, -119.799361724°, 16 June 2015, CEDEN, 1 larva. Same   GoogleMaps site, 12 July 2016, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Arnot Creek   GoogleMaps , above Clark Fork   GoogleMaps , 38.40244°, -119.8°, 17 June 2015, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Blue Creek   GoogleMaps , 25 August 2015, I. Chan, 4 larvae (JJLC).

Charity Valley Creek   GoogleMaps , ~ 2.5 mi above Charity Valley   GoogleMaps , 38.69578°, -119.87532°, 27 June 2002, CEDEN, 5 larvae.

Clark Fork Stanislaus River   GoogleMaps , 38˚24’26.3”N, 119˚46’10.6”W, 6298’, 11 September 2004, L.E. Serpa, 9 larvae (LESC).

Disaster Creek   GoogleMaps , above Clark Fork   GoogleMaps , 38.41833333°, -119.7513889°, 24 August 2004, CEDEN, 3 larvae. Same   GoogleMaps site, 29 August 2012, CEDEN, 2 larvae.

Forestdale Creek   GoogleMaps , above Blue Lakes Rd   GoogleMaps , 38.6789°, -119.9608°, 4 September 2012, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Hot Springs Creek   GoogleMaps , 38°41’57”N, 119°50’44”W, 5875’, 4 September 2005, L.E. Serpa, 1 larva (LESC).

North Fork Mokelumne River   GoogleMaps , 38°32’15.3”N, 119°53”57.1”W, 7064’, 3 September 2004, L.E. Serpa, 11 larvae (LESC).

North Fork Mokelumne River   GoogleMaps , 38°32’14.5”N, 119°49’28.7”W, 7821’, 26 July 2014, L.E. Serpa, 2 larvae.

Pacific Creek   GoogleMaps , below Marshall Creek   GoogleMaps , 38.49611111°, -119.8938889°, 28 July 2004, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Shay Creek   GoogleMaps , 4 miles W Markleeville   GoogleMaps , 5 November 1983, J. Devorak, 1 larva (CSUS).

Silver Creek   GoogleMaps , tributary East Carson River   GoogleMaps , 12 September 1934, P.R. Needham (?), 3 larvae (BYU), 2 larvae (INHS), 1 larva (USNM).

Silver Creek   GoogleMaps , 38°36’10”N, 119˚46’17.8”W, 6425’, 3 September 2004, L.E. Serpa, 4 larvae (LESC).

Silver Creek   GoogleMaps , 38°37’12.9”N, 119°44’31.6”W, 6138’, 26 July 2014, L.E. Serpa, 4 larvae (LESC).

Silver King Creek   GoogleMaps , 38.53281°, -119.59393°, 23 July 2008, CEDEN, 1 larva.

West Carson River   GoogleMaps , Hwy   GoogleMaps 89, Snowshoe Campground   GoogleMaps , 9 May 1986, R.W. Baumann, 1♂ (BYU).

West Fork Carson River   GoogleMaps , ~ 1.6 miles up Blue Lakes Rd   GoogleMaps , 38.73217°, -119.92824°, 26 June 2002, CEDEN, 11 larvae. Same   GoogleMaps site, 1 August 2002, CEDEN, 7 larvae. Same   GoogleMaps site, 14 July 2003, CEDEN, 9 larvae. Same   GoogleMaps site, 10 September 2003, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Wolf Creek   GoogleMaps , above Wolf Creek Meadows   GoogleMaps , 9 May 1986, R.W. Baumann, 1♀ (BYU).

Wolf Creek   GoogleMaps , ~ 0.7 mi above East Fork Carson River   GoogleMaps , 38.60621528°, -119.6904003°, 15 August 2011, CEDEN, 7 larvae.

Woods Creek   GoogleMaps , 18 October 2011, I. Chan, 1 larva (JJLC). Same   GoogleMaps site, 15 August 2016, I. Chan, 4 larvae (JJLC).

Amador Co.

Bear River   GoogleMaps , 27 August 2015, I. Chan, 3 larvae (JJLC).

Cole Creek   GoogleMaps , 26 August 2015, I. Chan, 1 larva (JJLC).

North Fork Mokelumne River   GoogleMaps , above Salt Springs Reservoir   GoogleMaps , 25 September 1999, W.C. Fields, 2 larvae (BYU).

Butte Co.

Big Chico Creek   GoogleMaps , Soda Springs Campground   GoogleMaps , near Butte Meadows   GoogleMaps , 40.087778°, -121.584444°, 11 September 1998, J. May, 3 larvae (USGS NWQL).

Butte Creek   GoogleMaps , Butte Meadows Campground   GoogleMaps , Humboldt Rd   GoogleMaps , 40.07861°, -121.55967°, 30 March 2007, J.B. Sandberg, 1♂, 1♀ (JBSC), 1♂ (CSUIC). Same   GoogleMaps site, 21 April 2007, 1♂ (JBSC).

Butte Creek   GoogleMaps , at Butte Meadows Campground   GoogleMaps . 40.07833°, -121.56°, 9 July 2009, CEDEN, 2 larvae.

Butte Creek   GoogleMaps , Cherry Hill Campground   GoogleMaps , 2.3 mi SW Jonesville   GoogleMaps , 40.1025°, -121.496389°, 15 September 1997, J. May, 1 larva (USGS NWQL).

Butte Creek   GoogleMaps , Cherry Hill Campground   GoogleMaps , Humboldt Rd   GoogleMaps , 40.10221°, -121.49911°, 10 December 2006, J.B. Sandberg, D.P. Pickard, 1 larva (JBSC). Same   GoogleMaps site, 9 March 2007, J.B. Sandberg, 1♂ (CSUIC). Same   GoogleMaps site, 2 November 2007, J.B. Sandberg, 1 larva (CSUIC).

Butte Creek   GoogleMaps , Doe Mill Road   GoogleMaps , 39.90889°, -121.61836°, 4 October 1998, CEDEN, 2 larvae.

Butte Creek   GoogleMaps , 40˚6’3.5”N, 121˚30’3.7”W, 4630’, 18 September 2006, L.E. Serpa, 1 larva (LESC).

Middle Fork Feather River   GoogleMaps , Milsap Bar   GoogleMaps , 2 November 2010, I. Chan, 2 larvae (JJLC).

North Fork Feather River   GoogleMaps , Lower Cresta   GoogleMaps , 18 October 2010, I. Chan, 1 larva (JJLC).

South Branch Middle Fork Feather River   GoogleMaps , 39.70612°, -121.20361°, 19 August 2008, CEDEN, 2 larvae.

El Dorado Co.

Alder Creek   GoogleMaps , 19 October 2011, I. Chan, 2 larvae (JJLC). Same   GoogleMaps site, 5 November 2012, I. Chan, 1 larva (JJLC).

Big Silver Creek   GoogleMaps , 38.88056°, -120.35861°, 18 September 2006, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Camp Creek   GoogleMaps , 38°40’49.2”N, 120°25’0.5”W, 4642’, 16 August 2008, L.E. Serpa, 8 larvae (LESC).

Camp Creek   GoogleMaps , ~ 2 miles below North/South Road   GoogleMaps crossing, 38.68333°, -120.44083°, 6 October 1995, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Camp Creek   GoogleMaps , near headwaters, 38.65833°, -120.29778°, 4 October 1995, CEDEN, 2 larvae.

Gaddis Creek   GoogleMaps , Blodgett Forest   GoogleMaps , 6 October 1996, R. Leach, 2 larvae (EMEC).

Meeks Creek   GoogleMaps , Lake Tahoe Basin   GoogleMaps , 9 September 2003, Lake Tahoe Regional Planning Agency   GoogleMaps , 1 larva (BYU). Same   GoogleMaps site, 27 October 2003, Lake Tahoe Regional Planning Agency   GoogleMaps , 1 larva (BYU).

Middle Fork Cosumnes River   GoogleMaps , 38°34’0.1”N, 120°26’29.9”W, 3870’, 16 August 2008, L.E. Serpa, 3 larvae (LESC).

Middle Fork Cosumnes River   GoogleMaps , 1 mi above Dogtown Creek   GoogleMaps confluence, 38.58556°, -120.53139°, 18 October 1995, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Middle Fork Cosumnes River   GoogleMaps , above PiPi Campground   GoogleMaps , 38.5975°, -120.4275°, 6 October 1995, CEDEN, 1 larva.

North Fork Cosumnes River   GoogleMaps , Capps Crossing   GoogleMaps , 6 miles E Grizzly Flat   GoogleMaps , 38.65045°, -120.40741°, 22 April to 17 May 1981 trap, R.L. Bottorff, 1♂, 3 exuviae (RLBC). Same   GoogleMaps site, 17 May 1983, R.L. Bottorff, 64 exuviae [35♂, 29♀] (RLBC). Same   GoogleMaps site, 21 April 1984, R.L. Bottorff, 2 exuviae (RLBC). Same   GoogleMaps site, 12 May 1984, R.L. Bottorff, 1♀, 1 exuviae (RLBC). Same   GoogleMaps site, 6 May 1985, R.L. Bottorff, 1♂ (RLBC).

North Fork Cosumnes River   GoogleMaps , at Capps Crossing   GoogleMaps , 38.65056°, -120.40556°, 5 October 1995, CEDEN, 3 larvae.

North Fork Cosumnes River   GoogleMaps , 8 miles E Grizzly Flat   GoogleMaps , 38.644740°, -120.379374°, 15 July 1980, R.L. Bottorff, 3 larvae (RLBC).

North Fork Cosumnes River   GoogleMaps , Meiss Ranch   GoogleMaps , 10 miles E Grizzly Flat   GoogleMaps , 38.63579°, -120.33655°, 5 April to 31 May 1981 trap, R.L. Bottorff, 2 ♂, 1 larva, 2 exuviae (RLBC).

North Fork Cosumnes River   GoogleMaps , at Meiss Rd   GoogleMaps , 38.63611°, -120.32361°, 5 October 1995, CEDEN, 2 larvae.

North Fork Cosumnes River   GoogleMaps , upstream Meiss Ranch   GoogleMaps , 13 miles E Grizzly Flat   GoogleMaps , 38.638113°, -120.298392°, 26 May 1984, R.L. Bottorff, 1♀, 1 exuviae (RLBC).

North Fork Cosumnes River   GoogleMaps , Sciaroni Crossing   GoogleMaps , 2 miles N Grizzly Flat   GoogleMaps , 38.669092°, -120.533568°, 29 March to 19 April 1981 trap, R.L. Bottorff, 1♀ (RLBC). Same   GoogleMaps site, 4 April 1983, R.L. Bottorff, 1♀, 9 exuviae (RLBC). Same   GoogleMaps site, 21 April 1984, R.L. Bottorff, 1♀ (RLBC).

North Fork Cosumnes River   GoogleMaps , Sweeneys Crossing   GoogleMaps , 3 miles E Somerset   GoogleMaps , 38.65246°, -120.626°, 25 March 1984, R.L. Bottorff, 1♀, 6 exuviae (RLBC).

North Fork Cosumnes River   GoogleMaps , near Somerset   GoogleMaps , 4 September 1980, A.W. Knight, 2 larvae (BYU).

North Fork Cosumnes River   GoogleMaps , near confluence of Big Canyon Creek   GoogleMaps , 38.67°, -120.53278°, 17 October 1995, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Pilot Creek   GoogleMaps , Blodgett Forest   GoogleMaps , 6 October 1996, R. Leach, 1 larva (EMEC).

Pyramid Creek   GoogleMaps , 12 October 2012, I. Chan, 1 larva (JJLC).

Sayles Canyon Creek   GoogleMaps , 38.7907°, -120.104°, 24 July 2008, CEDEN, 1 larva.

South Fork American River   GoogleMaps , near Kyburz   GoogleMaps , 17 April 1998, R.L. Bottorff, 1♂, 1♀ (BPSC).

4 miles W Kyburz   GoogleMaps , 29 August 1953, J.M. Selander, R.B. Selander, 1 larva (BPSC).

South Fork American River   GoogleMaps , Riverton   GoogleMaps , Hwy   GoogleMaps 50, 14 May 1983, R.W. Baumann, R. Mower, 1♀ (BYU). Same   GoogleMaps site, 11 October 1971, W.C. Fields, 2 larvae (BYU).

South Fork American River   GoogleMaps , 2 miles above Riverton   GoogleMaps , 27 September 1986, D. McEwan, 2 larvae (CSUS).

South Fork American River   GoogleMaps , Strawberry   GoogleMaps , Hwy   GoogleMaps 50, 16 May 1998, C.R. Nelson, B. Stark, I. Sivec, R.L. Bottorff, S.W. Szczytko, 2 larvae (BYU).

South Fork American River   GoogleMaps , 0.5 miles SW of Strawberry   GoogleMaps , Hwy   GoogleMaps 50, 38.790972°, -120.151912°, 19 April 2012, R.L. Bottorff, 2 larvae (RLBC).

South Fork American River   GoogleMaps , Sayles Flat   GoogleMaps , 6415’, Camp Sacramento   GoogleMaps , Hwy   GoogleMaps 50, 38.801853°, -120.119379°, 2 June 2017, R.L. Bottorff, 2♀ (RLBC). Same   GoogleMaps site, 5 June 2017, R.L. Bottorff, B. Stark, 3♀ (1♀ BPSC, 2♀ released). Same   GoogleMaps site, 7 June 2017, R.L. Bottorff, 4♀ (released).

South Fork American River   GoogleMaps , ~ 0.5 mi above Bryan Creek   GoogleMaps , 38.80829196°, -120.0937508°, 4 August 2016, CEDEN, 1 larva.

South Fork Silver Creek   GoogleMaps , upper reach above Ice House Reservoir   GoogleMaps , 38.82015°, -120.31364°, 8 September 2005, CEDEN, 1 larva. Same   GoogleMaps site, 7 September 2006, CEDEN, 2 larvae.

Strawberry Creek   GoogleMaps , 20 October 2011, I. Chan, 4 larvae (JJLC). Same   GoogleMaps site, 19 October 2012, I. Chan, 14 larvae (JJLC). Same   GoogleMaps site, 19 August 2016, I. Chan, 4 larvae (JJLC).

Strawberry Creek   GoogleMaps , ~ 3.5 mi above American River   GoogleMaps , 38.760828°, -120.1076994°, 17 August 2011, CEDEN, 9 larvae. Same   GoogleMaps site, 29 August 2011, CEDEN, 7 larvae.

Upper Truckee River   GoogleMaps , Hwy   GoogleMaps 50, Meyers   GoogleMaps , 2 October 1982, W.D. Shepard, 6 larvae (WDSC).

Upper Truckee River   GoogleMaps , ~ 1.6 mi above Upper Truckee Rd   GoogleMaps , 38.77875°, -120.02978°, 28 September 2011, CEDEN, 2 larvae.

Upper Truckee River   GoogleMaps , ~ 2.6 mi above South Upper Truckee Rd   GoogleMaps , 38.7648°, -120.0303°, 15 September 2016, CEDEN, 2 larvae.

Upper Truckee River   GoogleMaps , USGS stream gage, 5 mi SW Meyers   GoogleMaps , 38.796348°, -120.019243°, 19 April 2012, R.L. Bottorff, 4 larvae (RLBC).

Upper Truckee River   GoogleMaps , Lake Tahoe Basin   GoogleMaps , 38.77868°, -120.02816°, 9 October 2012, Lake Tahoe Regional Planning Agency   GoogleMaps , 1 larva (BYU). Same   GoogleMaps site, 2 September 2014, Lake Tahoe Regional Planning Agency   GoogleMaps , 2 larvae (BYU).

Upper Truckee River   GoogleMaps , Lake Tahoe Basin   GoogleMaps , 2101 m, 38.78536°, -120.02452°, 3 August 2015, Lake Tahoe Regional Planning Agency   GoogleMaps , 3 larvae (BYU).

Fresno Co.

Big Creek   GoogleMaps , 37°14’5.2”N, 119°9’38.5”W, 7024’, 28 August 2005, L.E. Serpa, 1 larva (LESC).

Big Creek   GoogleMaps , ~ 1.9 mi above Hwy   GoogleMaps 168, 37.23381281°, -119.1358378°, 9 August 2010, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Dinkey Creek   GoogleMaps , 20 October 1962, A. Bertold, 1 larva (BYU).

Dinkey Creek   GoogleMaps , 37°4’2.1”N, 119°9’14.2”W, 5670’, 7 September 2008, L.E. Serpa, 1 larva (LESC).

South Fork Kings River   GoogleMaps , 36.7893°, -118.551°, 14 July 2008, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Lassen Co.

Susan River   GoogleMaps , 10 miles W of Susanville   GoogleMaps , 19 August 1989, W.D. Shepard, 1 larva (CAS).

Susan River   GoogleMaps , 40°23’49.8”N, 120°46’20”W, 4608’, 7 November 2004, L.E. Serpa, 2 larvae (LESC).

Madera Co.

Middle Fork San Joaquin River   GoogleMaps , 37.62111°, -119.07333°, 23 June 1994, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Mono Co.

West Fork Walker River   GoogleMaps , 10 miles S Walker   GoogleMaps , 10 August 1984, J. Beutler, 1 larva (CSUS).

West Walker River   GoogleMaps , Hwy   GoogleMaps 108, Leavitt Meadows Campground   GoogleMaps , 9 May 1986, R.W. Baumann, 2♂ (BYU).

West Walker River   GoogleMaps , 38°19’43.4”N, 119°33’4.9”W, 7129’, 11 September 2004, L.E. Serpa, 3 larvae (LESC).

West Walker River   GoogleMaps , below Leavitt Creek   GoogleMaps , 38.31982662°, -119.5494837°, 2 July 2014, CEDEN, 3 larvae.

Nevada Co.

Deer Creek   GoogleMaps , North and South Fork   GoogleMaps confluence, 39.29542°, -120.88678°, 12 June 2002, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Prosser Creek   GoogleMaps , ~ 1.2 mi below East/West Fork   GoogleMaps confluence, 39.38237595°, -120.2262394°, 9 August 2010, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Placer Co.

Bear Creek   GoogleMaps , Alpine Meadows   GoogleMaps , 9 December 1986, R.W. Baumann, C.R. Nelson, B.C. Kondratieff, S. Wells, 21 larvae (BYU).

Bear Creek   GoogleMaps , Alpine Meadows Rd   GoogleMaps , near Hwy   GoogleMaps 89, 9 December 1986, R.W. Baumann, C.R. Nelson, 18 larvae (BYU).

Bear Creek   GoogleMaps , below Alpine Meadows Ski Area   GoogleMaps , 21 April 1987, R.W. Baumann, C.R. Nelson, S. Wells, 4♂, 3♀, 5 larvae (BYU).

Bear Creek   GoogleMaps , above Truckee River   GoogleMaps , 39.19009°, -120.19875°, 26 July 2003, CEDEN, 2 larvae. Same   GoogleMaps site, 27 July 2004, CEDEN, 2 larvae. Same   GoogleMaps site, 27 July 2006, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Cold Creek   GoogleMaps , 39°18’55.7”N, 120°13’48.8”W, 4 February 2010, L.E. Serpa, 1 larva (LESC).

Duncan Creek   GoogleMaps , ~ 0.3 mi below Little Duncan Creek   GoogleMaps , 39.138794°, -120.4756184°, 22 July 2010, CEDEN, 3 larvae. Same   GoogleMaps site, 7 September 2010, CEDEN, 2 larvae. Same   GoogleMaps site, 12 October 2010, CEDEN, 1 larva.

South Fork Yuba River   GoogleMaps , Cisco Grove   GoogleMaps , 10 October 1982, T. Wragg, 1 larva (WDSC).

[ South Fork Yuba River   GoogleMaps ], Cisco Grove   GoogleMaps , off I-80, 29 January 1992, B.C. Kondratieff, 1 larva (CSUC).

[ South Fork   GoogleMaps ] Yuba River   GoogleMaps , 1 mile NE Nyacsk   GoogleMaps , 19 October 1987, W.D. Shepard, 1 larva (CAS).

South Fork Yuba River   GoogleMaps , 5 miles W Soda Springs   GoogleMaps , 11 September 1992, W.D. Shepard, 1 larva (WDSC).

Ward Creek   GoogleMaps , Lake Tahoe Basin   GoogleMaps , 9 February 2003, Lake Tahoe Regional Planning Agency   GoogleMaps , 10 larvae (BYU). Same   GoogleMaps site, 27 August 2003, Lake Tahoe Regional Planning Agency   GoogleMaps , 8 larvae (BYU).

Plumas Co.

Chambers Creek   GoogleMaps , Route   GoogleMaps 40A, tributary Feather River   GoogleMaps , 23 January 1955, S.W. Hitchcock, 1 larva (USNM).

Grizzly Creek   GoogleMaps , 3.8 mi E Bucks Lake   GoogleMaps , 39.88488°, -121.30286°, 5 October 2006, J.B. Sandberg, 1 larva (JBSC).

Grizzly Creek   GoogleMaps , 39°52’6.7”N, 121°22’24.7”W, 1640’, 1 December 2006, L.E. Serpa, 3 larvae (LESC).

Grizzly Creek   GoogleMaps , above Grizzly Forebay   GoogleMaps , 39.88909°, -121.27873°, 20 August 2008, CEDEN, 2 larvae.

Jamison Creek   GoogleMaps , 1.3 miles upstream from Middle Fork Feather River   GoogleMaps , 39.81211°, -120.6814°, 30 August 2000, CEDEN, 1 larva. Same   GoogleMaps site, 19 June 2013, CEDEN, 4 larvae.

Lights Creek   GoogleMaps , Moonlight Bridge   GoogleMaps , 40.1504°, -120.79448°, 25 July 2006, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Long Valley Creek   GoogleMaps , Hwy   GoogleMaps 70, Cromberg   GoogleMaps , 14 February 1985, R.W. Baumann, C.R. Nelson, 3 larvae (BYU).

North Fork Feather River   GoogleMaps , at Rock Creek   GoogleMaps , 19 October 1999, W.C. Fields, 1 larva (BYU).

Onion Valley Creek   GoogleMaps , 39.806186°, -121.042598464°. 17 August 2011, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Rice Creek   GoogleMaps , Feather River Meadows   GoogleMaps , Lassen National Forest   GoogleMaps , 30 May 1991, R.W. Baumann, B. Stark, 1♀ (BYU).

Rice Creek   GoogleMaps , North Arm   GoogleMaps , 40.4002°, -121.439°, 1 July 2015, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Sheepcamp Creek   GoogleMaps , 40°10’27.1”N, 121°2’32.3”W, 4213’, 25 November 2006, L.E. Serpa, 1 larva (LESC).

Sulphur Creek   GoogleMaps , 1 mile SE Clio   GoogleMaps , 9 December 1986, W.D. Shepard, 2 larvae (CAS).

Yellow Creek   GoogleMaps , ~ 0.4 mi above North Fork Feather River   GoogleMaps , 40.012071°, -121.2475051°. 17 August 2011, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Shasta Co.

Brandy Creek   GoogleMaps , above South Shore Drive   GoogleMaps , 40.61075°, -122.5768°, 5 June 2002, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Burney Creek   GoogleMaps , ~ 0.3 mi north of Green Burney Creek   GoogleMaps , 40.81571°, -121.72191°, 12 September 2001, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Cow Creek   GoogleMaps , South of Ponderosa Way   GoogleMaps , 40.60702°, -121.85347°, 2 October 2002, CEDEN, 2 larvae. Same   GoogleMaps site, 12 June 2003, CEDEN, 2 larvae.

Digger Creek   GoogleMaps , downstream Ponderosa Way   GoogleMaps , 40.436056°, -121.834607°, 25 October 2013, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Hatchet Creek   GoogleMaps , Hwy   GoogleMaps 299, 18 September 1974, D.R. Lauck, 1 larva (BYU). Same   GoogleMaps site, 13 October 1975, D.R. Lauck, 11 larvae (BYU). Same   GoogleMaps site, 1 November 1975, D.R. Lauck, 6 larvae (BYU). Same   GoogleMaps site, 15 October 1976, D.R. Lauck, 2 larvae (BYU).

Hatchet Creek   GoogleMaps , Moose Camp Rd   GoogleMaps , 40.86065°, -121.84702°, ~ 1150 m, 26 November 1983, D.R. Lauck, J. Lee, 2 larvae (JJLC). Same   GoogleMaps site, 6 July 1984, D.R. Lauck, J. Lee, 29 larvae (JJLC). Same   GoogleMaps site, 5 September 1984, D.R. Lauck, J. Lee, 1 larva (JJLC). Same   GoogleMaps site, 14 September 1984, D.R. Lauck, J. Lee, 2 larvae (JJLC). Same   GoogleMaps site, 11 January 1985, D.R. Lauck, J. Lee, 2 larvae (JJLC). Same   GoogleMaps site, 31 March 1985, D.R. Lauck, J. Lee, 1 larva (JJLC).

Roaring Creek   GoogleMaps , N Montgomery Creek   GoogleMaps , 2 November 1974, D.R. Lauck, 3 larvae (BYU). Same   GoogleMaps site, 20 March 1976, D.R. Lauck, 8 larvae (BYU).

Rock Creek   GoogleMaps , ~ 1.9 mi above Pit River   GoogleMaps , 41.02973681°, -121.7168642°, 3 August 2016, CEDEN, 2 larvae.

Tom Neal Creek   GoogleMaps , above Squaw Valley Creek   GoogleMaps , 41.096822105449°, -122.201183347085°, 16 September 2010, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Sierra Co.,

Haypress Creek   GoogleMaps , Sierra City   GoogleMaps , 20 August 1989, C.M. Murvosh, 1 larva (BYU).

Lacey Canyon Creek   GoogleMaps , confined section, 39.46409°, -120.42566°, 28 July 2015, CEDEN, 4 larvae.

Lavezzola Creek   GoogleMaps , 3.5 miles NE Downieville   GoogleMaps , 20 August 1989, W.D. Shepard, 2 larvae (CAS).

North Yuba River   GoogleMaps , Big Springs   GoogleMaps , 3600’, 16 October 1966, A.L. Sheldon, 2 larvae (BYU).

North Fork Yuba River   GoogleMaps , 39°37’38.9”N, 120°34’20.9”W, 5566’, 6 November 2004, L.E. Serpa, 1 larva (LESC).

Pass Creek   GoogleMaps , USFS, 39.50235°. -120.5271°, 16 July 2009, CEDEN, 1 larva. Same   GoogleMaps site, 27 July 2010, CEDEN, 1 larva. Same   GoogleMaps site, 9 August 2016, CEDEN, 4 larva.

Pauley Creek   GoogleMaps , ~ 2.6 mi above Downie River   GoogleMaps , 39.59001°, -120.80068°, 28 July 2013, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Pauley Creek   GoogleMaps , ~ 1.8 mi above Downie River   GoogleMaps , 39.5847°, -120.8103°, 10 June 2015, CEDEN, 11 larvae.

Sulphur Creek   GoogleMaps , ~ 0.7 mi above Sulphur Creek Loop   GoogleMaps , 39.68967°, -120.51204°, 18 June 2013, CEDEN, 9 larvae.

Tehama Co.

Big Chico Creek   GoogleMaps , Hwy   GoogleMaps 32 bridge, 40.06367°, -121.60387°, 24 September 2007, J.B. Sandberg, 1 larva (JBSC).

Big Chico Creek   GoogleMaps , 40°4’12.1”N, 121°36’2.2”W, 3510’, 28 July 2005, L.E. Serpa, 1 larva (LESC).

Big Chico Creek   GoogleMaps , 40.07254°, -121.59867°, 8 October 1997, CEDEN, 1 larva. Same   GoogleMaps site, 13 August 2008, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Calf Creek   GoogleMaps , tributary to Deer Creek   GoogleMaps , 40.16818°, -121.56537°, 27 September 2016, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Cascade Creek   GoogleMaps , Scout Rd   GoogleMaps , 40.10772°, -121.56308°, 3 February 2007, J.B. Sandberg, A.B. Richards, 1 larva (JBSC).

Cub Creek   GoogleMaps , above Deer Creek   GoogleMaps , 40.202°, -121.509°, 24 August 2010, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Deer Creek   GoogleMaps , below Slate Creek   GoogleMaps confluence, 40.23455°, -121.45926°, 16 September 2016, CEDEN, 2 larvae.

Deer Creek   GoogleMaps , Potato Patch Campground   GoogleMaps , 6.5 mi NW Jonesville   GoogleMaps , 40.187778°, -121.531111°, 10 September 1998, J. May, 4 larvae (USGS NWQL).

Deer Creek   GoogleMaps , Potato Patch Campground   GoogleMaps , 40.17294°, -121.55389°, 2 October 1998, CEDEN, 4 larvae. Same   GoogleMaps site, 28 October 1999, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Middle Fork Antelope Creek   GoogleMaps , ~ 0.4 mi above Ponderosa Way   GoogleMaps , 40.26488048°, -121.7680965°, 26 July 2010, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Mill Creek   GoogleMaps , Hwy   GoogleMaps 36-89, tributary Sacramento River   GoogleMaps , 17 March 1972, R.A. Haick, 1 ♂ (USNM).

Mill Creek   GoogleMaps , below Big Bend   GoogleMaps , 40.25377314°, -121.560496°, 7 September 2011, CEDEN, 2 larvae.

North Fork Deer Creek   GoogleMaps , 12.2 miles NW Chester   GoogleMaps , Hwy   GoogleMaps 36/89, 8 September 2013, D.R. Givens, 1 larva (CSUC).

South Fork Antelope Creek   GoogleMaps , South Antelope Campground   GoogleMaps , 40.25306°, -121.759°, 9 October 2002, CEDEN, 1 larva.

South Fork Battle Creek   GoogleMaps , ~ 1.5 mi above Cold Creek   GoogleMaps , 40.35193°, -121.63451°, 31 October 2014, CEDEN, 2 larvae.

Trinity Co.

East Fork Coffee Creek   GoogleMaps , 1.3 mi above confluence, 41.13472°, -122.80333°, 28 August 2003, CEDEN, 2 larvae.

Rattlesnake Creek   GoogleMaps , ~ 0.4 mi above Flume Gulch Creek   GoogleMaps , 40.37818598°, -123.2988996°, 4 August 2011, CEDEN, 5 larvae.

Tulare Co.

Kaweah River   GoogleMaps , Ash Mountain   GoogleMaps , Kaweah Power Station   GoogleMaps , 10 March 1984, R.D. Haines, 1♀ (BYU). Same   GoogleMaps site, 17 March 1984, R.D. Haines, 1♀ (BYU).

Kaweah River   GoogleMaps , above Halstead Creek   GoogleMaps , 36.58194444°, -118.7825°, 7 July 2004, CEDEN, 2 larvae.

Marble Fork Kaweah River   GoogleMaps , below junction Silliman Creek   GoogleMaps , Sequoia National Park   GoogleMaps , 25 August 1942, J.W. Moffett, 2 larvae (INHS).

Marble Fork Kaweah River   GoogleMaps , below Bridge Campground   GoogleMaps , Sequoia National Park   GoogleMaps , 10 September 1942, J.W. Moffett, 1 larva (CNC).

Tuolumne Co.

Beaver Creek   GoogleMaps , 38°15’3.7”N, 120°15’31.4”W, 4398’, 24 September 2005, L.E. Serpa, 3 larvae (LESC).

Clark Fork Stanislaus River   GoogleMaps , 19 miles North Strawberry   GoogleMaps , 4 November 1983, M. Tapple, J. Shober, 2 larvae (CSUS). Same   GoogleMaps site, 6 November 1983, W.D. Shepard, 12 larvae (WDSC). Same   GoogleMaps site, 6 November 1983, W.D. Shepard, 9 larvae (CAS). Same   GoogleMaps site, 6 November 1983, W.D. Shepard, 4 larvae (BPSC). Same   GoogleMaps site, 6 November 1983, R. Titus, 5 larvae (BYU).

Clark Fork Stanislaus River   GoogleMaps , above Iceberg Meadow   GoogleMaps , 38.41626°, -119.74242°, 27 July 2009, CEDEN, 3 larvae.

Clavey River   GoogleMaps , 37.98209°, -120.0536°, 13 October 2005, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Clavey River   GoogleMaps , ~ 3 mi above Twomile Creek   GoogleMaps , 38.0457°, -120.0238°, 17 July 2012, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Deadman Creek   GoogleMaps tributary, 38˚19’49.7”N, 119˚39’20”W, 9206’, 11 September 2004, L.E. Serpa, 6 larvae (LESC).

Middle Fork Stanislaus River   GoogleMaps , 38°20’25.2” N, 119°47’32.6”W, 6019’, 8 August 2007, L.E. Serpa, 2 larvae (LESC).

Middle Fork Stanislaus River   GoogleMaps , USFS, 38.32099°, -119.75207°, 5 September 2010, CEDEN, 2 larvae.

Middle Fork Tuolumne River   GoogleMaps , 108, 37.868693°, -119.90423152722°, 21 September 2011, CEDEN, 3 larvae.

North Crane Creek   GoogleMaps , above Tuolumne River   GoogleMaps , 37.80166667°, -119.8472222°, 17 August 2005, CEDEN, 1 larva.

North Fork Tuolumne River   GoogleMaps , ~ 3 mi below Pinecrest Lake Campground   GoogleMaps , 38.16542°, -120.03472°, 21 August 2001, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Upper Clark Fork Stanislaus River   GoogleMaps , ~ 0.6 mi above Fence Creek   GoogleMaps , 38.366°, -119.8692°, 29 August 2012, CEDEN, 1 larva.

Yuba Co.

Deadwood Creek   GoogleMaps , tributary North Yuba River   GoogleMaps , Owl Gulch   GoogleMaps , 6 October 1999, W.C. Fields, 1 larva (BYU).

In addition to the above locations, David Herbst, Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Laboratory, has found O. barbara larvae in the following eastern Sierra Nevada streams in California: Alpine County – Charity Valley Creek, East Fork Carson River (many sites), Forestdale Creek, Hot Springs Creek (above and below Grover Hot Springs), Indian Creek, Kinney Creek, Pleasant Valley Creek, Silver King Creek, West Fork Carson River (in Hope Valley and upstream); El Dorado County – Meeks Creek (upstream of Meeks Bay, Lake Tahoe), Upper Truckee River; Placer County – Cold Creek (Coldstream Valley near Donner Lake), Silverado Creek (tributary to Squaw Creek), Squaw Creek (Squaw Valley).

Adult habitus [Previously described by Jewett (1966)]. Male forewing length 15.0 mm (n = 1); female forewing length 19.0- 20.5 mm (n = 3). Body dark brown, wings transparent with dark veins. Head dark brown with yellow markings; pronotum dark with a narrow, median yellow stripe. Antennae brown, cerci pale brown ( Fig. 1 View Figs ). Abdominal gills present on ventrolateral corners of segments 1-7 ( Fig. 9 View Figs ).

Male epiproct and 10 th tergal complex [Previously described by Jewett (1966)]. Hemiterga of tergum 10 attenuated to form digit-like curved structures ( Fig. 3 View Figs ). Black, Y-shaped, prominent epiproct anchor located anteromedially between hemiterga, and a large membranous cowl extends posteriorly enclosing epiproct. Epiproct bent sharply at a near right angle at posteroventral region of cowl ( Fig. 4 View Figs ); most of epiproct very darkly sclerotized within cowl, but a short apical section lacks strong sclerotization. Much of epiproct surface covered with fine, densely packed setae. Epiproct tip in lateral aspect slightly excavated and not quite as wide as the more basally located and heavily sclerotized section. In dorsal aspect, a pair of darkly sclerotized paragenital plates are imbedded in the membranous cowl. Lateral stylets not evident. Aedeagus glabrous and recurved over terminal abdominal segments ( Fig. 8 View Figs ). Dorsal aspect narrow, expanding into large, lateral lobes, narrowing abruptly with a rounded apex ( Fig. 7 View Figs ). Lateral aspect with relatively constant width from base to anterior lobes, apex pointing downward and terminating in rounded tip ( Figs. 8-9 View Figs ).

Female subgenital plate [Previously described by Siegfried et al. (1977)]. Subgenital plate broad basally, narrowed apically and bearing a variably shaped shallow median notch ( Figs. 5-6 View Figs ). Most of sternum 9 membranous, but posterior margin bearing a slender, black, transverse sclerite. Midlateral membranous field of sternum 9 also bearing a pair of subtriangular sclerites.

Egg (n=8) [Previously described by Siegfried et al. (1977) and Stark & Szczytko (1984, 1988)]. Total length 623 μm, egg body length 561 μm, egg collar length 62 μm, egg diameter 419 μm, collar diameter 129 μm ( Figs. 10-12 View Figs ). Chorionic surface covered throughout with hexagonal follicle cell impressions (FCI) ( Figs. 10-15 View Figs ). Thick FCI walls surround a single, or a pair of pits ( Fig. 15 View Figs ). FCI width near micropylar region 16-19 μm. Micropyles form irregular rows near midlength; orifices small and often surrounded by rosettes composed of modified FCI’s ( Fig. 15 View Figs ). Anchor hatshaped with turned up brim ( Fig. 13 View Figs ).

Egg incubation and hatching. During our study of stoneflies of the Cosumnes River in west-central Sierra Nevada, one of us (RLB) found an adult female O. barbara with an extruded egg mass on 25 March 1984. The female produced additional eggs the next day in the laboratory (Hydrobiology Laboratory, University of California, Davis). All eggs were incubated in a cold water bath and regularly monitored for developmental status and hatching for the next seven months. The laboratory-built water bath had thermostatcontrolled cooling units that regulated water temperature and timer-controlled lights. Water bath conditions, including water temperature and day length, were adjusted during the 7-month incubation to simulate natural seasonal variability of the river environment. For example, water temperature was gradually increased from 6.5°C (25 March) to 16.0°C (23 August), and then decreased to 12.5°C (23 October). Day length was gradually increased from 12 hours (25 March) to 15 hours (21 June) and then decreased to 11 hours (23 October). When placed in the water bath, the fusiform-shaped eggs measured 0.6 mm long and 0.5 mm wide. The posterior pole of each egg was capped with a distinct collar ( Fig. 10 - 13 View Figs ) and a sticky, gelatinous anchor. Total egg length, including the collar and anchor was 0.75 mm.

Eggs were routinely examined under a dissecting microscope. The initial uniform egg tissues aggregated into clumped cells within 20 days (mid-April) of being placed in the water bath. At 75 days (early-June), the development and aggregation of cells had advanced to where some embryos had distinct black eye spots and hatching appeared to be imminent. Eggs with eye spots were slightly larger than the initial eggs, now being 0.7 mm long without collar and anchor, and 0.6 mm wide. In addition, the initial fusiform egg had swollen somewhat closer to a spherical shape. At 83 days (mid-June), 1 st instar larvae hatched from some eggs. Incubation continued for the next four months and some eggs appeared to develop and aggregate tissues into clumped cells, but no further hatching occurred. Incubation was discontinued after 212 days (late-October).

Characteristics of small, medium, and large larvae

First instars (head width 0.4 mm). First instar larvae exited the egg through a transverse split of the shell about 2/3 of the distance from collar to anterior pole ( Figs. 16-17 View Figs ). The split did not completely encircle the eggshell, but only opened enough for the anterior 1/3 rd (lid) of the shell to hinge back for larval exit. Thus, empty eggs retained all their structures and showed the larval exit split, plus shorter longitudinal fissures. Empty eggs were 0.64 mm long (without collar and anchor) and 0.5 mm wide.

First instar larvae had a head width of 0.4 mm and a mean body length of 1.7 mm (n = 10). They had 11-12 antennal segments and 6-7 cercal segments ( Table 1 View Table 1 ) ( Figs. 18-19 View Figs ). Short setae encircled the distal ends of antennal and cercal segments and a row of long silky setae occurred on the cerci ( Figs. 20-21 View Figs ). Most antennal and cercal segments were distinctly separated from adjoining segments, but antennal segments 3-5 (counted from the base) were often difficult to distinguish. The dorsum of the thorax and abdomen was covered with setae. All legs had a row of long silky setae on the outer margin of femur and tibia, which also had a few scattered stout spine-like setae. Each leg was tipped with a pair of thin curved claws having a small basal tooth. Thoracic and abdominal gills were absent, however, the ventrolateral corners of abdominal segments 1-7 had small, bud-like swellings. First instar larvae had well-defined compound eyes ( Fig. 19 View Figs ), rather than the simple ommatidia typical of first instar stoneflies ( Harper 1979, Sephton & Hynes 1982). First instar body volume = 0.2 mm 3.

Small larva (head width 0.8 mm). One larva was found (24 June 1982) with a head width of 0.8 mm, body length of 3.8 mm, and 21 antennal segments (cercal segments were broken off). Basal antennal segments 3-4 were poorly defined and/or elongated. Long silky setae occurred on legs, cerci, thorax and abdomen. Short lateral double gills (length = width) occurred on the anterior meso- and metathorax, and single tapered gills occurred ventrolaterally on abdominal segments 1-7. These gills were thin extensions from broader basal swellings. Abdominal gill lengths on segments 2-4 equaled about 3 times width, while gill lengths on segments 1 and 5-7 were 1-2 times width. Gills were absent from the submentum and prothorax, however, slight swellings were present in the anterior median and supracoxal regions. A dark gut was visible within this larva, showing evidence of feeding. The lacinia had long, curved primary and secondary teeth, and a small spine at the anterior mesal corner. Small larvae body volume = 1.9 mm 3.

Small larvae (head width 1.0 mm). Few small larvae (n=3) were found (15 July 1980) by our field sampling methods, however, those with a head width of 1.0 mm had a body length of 5.0 mm, 28- 30 antennal segments and 18-20 cercal segments. Basal segments of antennae and cerci were poorly defined. Body surfaces were covered with setae, including distinct rows of long silky setae on legs, cerci, thorax and abdomen. Well-developed lateral double gills occurred on the anterior meso- and metathorax, and single gills occurred ventrolaterally on abdominal segments 1-7. Submental gills appeared to be absent. Welldeveloped gills were absent on the prothorax, but pairs of bud-like swellings occurred in the anterior median and supracoxal regions ( Shepard & Stewart 1983). Slender, curved, primary and secondary teeth, plus a small spine, were present on the lacinia. Small larvae body volume = 3.9 mm 3.

Medium larvae (head width 2.8 mm). Mediumsized larvae (n=6) had fully developed gills at six body locations ( Shepard and Stewart 1983) – submental, anterior prothorax, supracoxal prothorax, anterior mesothorax, anterior metathorax, and abdominal segments 1-7. Gills were short for submentum (0.2 mm), anterior prothorax (0.4 mm), and supracoxal prothorax (0.2 mm), while they were elongated and tapered (0.7- 1.0 mm) for anterior meso- and metathorax and abdominal segments 1-7. Larvae with a head width of 2.8 mm had a body length of 12.8 mm, 58 antennal segments, and 32 cercal segments. The rows of long silky setae on legs, cerci, thorax, and abdomen were denser on medium larvae than on younger larvae. Medium larvae body volume = 78.8 mm 3.

Mature larvae (head width 4.8-6.2 mm). Mature larvae had well-developed wing pads, a full set of submental, thoracic, and abdominal gills, and a complete clothing of setae on body and appendages (n=9). Mature female larvae could be distinguished from mature male larvae by a median projection on the posterior margin of abdominal sternum 8, a precursor of the subgenital plate. Larvae with a head width> 5.5 mm were typically females, whereas mature male larvae were smaller. Mature larvae had a head width of 4.8-6.2 mm, a body length of 25-30 mm (contracted specimens were as small as 20 mm), 68-80 antennal segments, and 35-38 cercal segments. Mature larvae body volume = 905.7 mm 3. The largest mature larvae increased their body volume (and body mass) more than 4000 times that of first instar larvae ( Table 1 View Table 1 ).

Mature female larvae that were within a few weeks of emergence contained many well-formed eggs, but none had eyed embryos. For example, a female larva (head width, 4.8 mm) collected 19 April 2012 at 1719 m elevation in the South Fork American River contained a total of 316 eggs. About 80% of the eggs had brown sclerotized shells with a collar and gelatinous anchor, and were sized as described above. The remaining 20% were less well developed, being light tan or white. Eggs were carried inside this female larva in the pro-, meso-, and metathorax and abdomen.

Larval growth at different elevations

Growth of O. barbara was determined at four stations along the Cosumnes River continuum by regular sampling every 4-6 weeks by one of us (RLB) for more than a year. The four stations with O. barbara were located on the North Fork Cosumnes River, primarily within a mixed coniferous forest at the following elevations: 619 m (38.65246°, -120.626°), 978 m (38.669092°, - 120.533568°), 1536 m (38.65045°, -120.40741°), and 1658 m (38.63579°, -120.33655°). Head capsule widths were measured for all larvae (n = 702) and plotted on charts to follow size changes between sampling dates ( Figs. 22-25 View Figs View Figs ). Larvae varied in head width from 0.4 mm for first instars to as large as 6.2 mm for mature larvae. Maximum larval head widths varied inversely with elevation, reaching 6.2 mm at 619 m elevation, 6.0 mm at 978 m, 5.8 mm at 1536 m, and 5.2 mm at 1658 m.

Oroperla barbara larvae grew rapidly between July and October at all four stations, but then slowed or stopped during the winter months, this stasis continuing into spring when adults emerged ( Figs. 22-25 View Figs View Figs ). Mature larvae became sparse or absent after late March-early May, the period when adults emerged and eggs began to incubate. Adults emerged between March and June, occurring earlier in the year at lower elevations (619-978 m) and later at higher elevations (1536-1658 m). A new cohort of smaller larvae became evident in the growth chart during June-July and reached head capsule widths> 2.0 mm by early August.

These growth patterns appear to document an annual life cycle for O. barbara ; however, additional data on early-instar growth and egg incubation are needed to confirm this interpretation. For example, except for incubating one egg mass to obtain first instar larvae (head width of 0.4 mm), early life stages (head width <1.5 mm) were not effectively sampled during this growth study. Therefore, the actual progression of growth between first instars and young larvae was unknown. Our laboratory egg incubation results showed that hatching occurred more than 70 days after oviposition, which occurred from late March to early June. At all stations except the lowest, this incubation delay pushed back the start of larval growth beyond June-July, when an earlier cohort (head width> 1.0- 1.5 mm) already existed in the stream. For the upper three stations, an annual life cycle seems possible only if egg incubation lasted for 30 days or less.

Thus, O. barbara may have a two-year life cycle in the upper Cosumnes River system, with the first year being used to incubate and hatch eggs, and grow larvae from those with head widths of 0.4 mm to those> 1.0- 1.5 mm by the following July, when a distinct and rapidly growing cohort exists that can be tracked in subsequent months to eventual adult emergence during the following spring. Because O. barbara is a relatively large stonefly, a two-year life cycle seems to be needed to accumulate its large body mass, though the unique abdominal gills and increased respiratory potential of this species may accelerate growth beyond that found in other Perlodidae stoneflies. In this river system, three perlid stoneflies ( Calineuria californica (Banks, 1905) , Doroneuria baumanni Stark & Gaufin, 1974 , and Hesperoperla pacifica (Banks, 1900)) , all of similar size at maturity as O. barbara , are known to have 2- and 3-year life cycles ( Bottorff 1990). Hitchcock (in Jewett 1966) found two distinct size classes of O. barbara during September in a high elevation stream (> 1900 m) of the central Sierra Nevada, giving evidence of semivoltinism.

Diet. The diet of O. barbara larvae was determined by examining the foregut contents of 20 specimens having a range of sizes (head capsule widths, 1.1- 5.8 mm; body length 5.0-30.0 mm) and both sexes. These larvae were sampled from a range of elevations (619-1984 m) and dates (March, April, June, August, September, December) in the central Sierra Nevada. The foreguts of most larvae were packed with aquatic insect prey; four foreguts were empty, including two from newly molted individuals. Other classes of stream foods used by aquatic insects, such as filamentous algae, diatoms, and organic detritus, were absent in the O. barbara diet. Apparently, prey were engulfed whole since bodies were largely intact in the foregut, except for the loosening of sclerites by digestive action. The 16 larvae with food in their foreguts had consumed a total of 106 whole prey items. In particular, two prey types were important in the diet: (1) blackfly larvae ( Simuliidae ) were heavily consumed by larger larvae (head widths> 3 mm), and (2) baetid mayfly larvae ( Baetidae ) were eaten by smaller larvae (head widths <2 mm). In addition, small numbers of midge larvae ( Chironomidae ), blackfly pupae ( Simuliidae ), mayfly larvae ( Ephemerellidae , Heptageniidae ), caddisfly larvae ( Hydropsychidae , Philopotamidae ), and stonefly larvae ( Perlodidae ) were found in foregut samples. The diet of larvae with head widths <1.1 mm is unknown.

Adult Seasonal Presence. Of the more than 220 collections of O. barbara listed in this study, 31 records were of adults. Throughout its entire range, they were present for a 3-month period, from as early as 9 March to as late as 8 June. Much of this 3-month variation in adult seasonal presence was caused by differences in stream elevation, with early emergence at lower elevations and later emergence at higher elevations ( Fig. 26 View Fig ). Of course other correlates of elevation, especially stream water temperature, are important factors that regulate larval growth, maturity, and emergence. At any single location, adults were present for about 4-6 weeks.

Distribution. At present, O. barbara is known from California and extreme western Nevada ( Fig. 27 View Fig ). Its California distribution includes (1) most of the Sierra Nevada, (2) the southern Cascade Range, and (3) the Klamath Mountains, a total distance of 620 km spanning latitudes of 36.5° to 41.1° and longitudes of -118.6° to -123.3°.

Within the Sierra Nevada, it ranges at least 500 km through the northern, central and southern regions of these mountains. Most collections are from western-slope streams of the northern and central Sierras that flow to the Pacific Ocean via the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, but a few records exist as far south as Tulare County at latitude 36.5° N. Major western-slope Sierra rivers with known O. barbara records include, from north to south, the Feather, Yuba, American, Cosumnes, Mokelumne, Stanislaus, Tuolumne, Merced, San Joaquin, Kings, and Kaweah. It also occurs in smaller western-slope watersheds draining to the Sacramento River in Butte and Tehama counties, including, from north to south, Cow, Battle, Antelope, Mill, Deer, Big Chico, and Battle creeks. No collections are known from the Kern River or the Tehachapi Mountains at the southern end of California’s Central Valley.

In the northern and central Sierra Nevada, O. barbara inhabits eastern-slope streams that flow into the Great Basin via the Susan, Truckee, Carson, and Walker rivers. It occurs near Lake Tahoe and south for at least 80 km, but is unknown from streams draining to Mono Lake and further south along the eastern Sierra Nevada (personal communication, David Herbst, Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Laboratory, Mammoth Lakes, California). One collection is known from the East Fork Carson River in Nevada ( Baumann et al. 2017).

Oroperla barbara is found in streams of the southern Cascade Range in Shasta County, including at least two major river systems, the McCloud and Pit, which flow southwest to the Sacramento River. Compared with the many O. barbara sites in the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade region has relatively few records, possibly reflecting less sampling effort.

Three records of O. barbara are known from the Klamath Mountains, which are part of the Pacific Coast Range of northwestern California. Two of these records are from creeks that drain to the Pacific Ocean via the Trinity and Klamath rivers, while the third flows to the upper Sacramento River near Redding. The Klamath River drainage spans the border of California and Oregon, and contains several endemic species of aquatic insects that have limited distributions in the Coast Range. For example, Jacobson and Courtney (2008) described a new species of net-winged midge ( Diptera , Blephariceridae ) from the Klamath Mountains, with paratypes from Klamath River tributaries in California and Oregon. Thus, O. barbara may occur in southern Oregon but further sampling is needed to validate this hypothesis.

Habitat, elevation, and abundance. Oroperla barbara inhabits medium to large streams at medium to upper elevations ( Figs. 2 View Figs , 28 View Fig ). In this study, it was found at elevations ranging from a minimum of 410 m (1345 feet) to a maximum of 2806 m (9206 feet). However, 86% of all records in this study came from elevations of 800-2200 m (2625-7218 feet). It is remarkable that this species can flourish along this substantial gradient in elevation, despite variations in water temperature and other environmental factors. Abdominal gills may facilitate its ability to survive wide environmental conditions. All streams where we found O. barbara were relatively pristine, typically in a forested watershed, and with clear water rapidly flowing over coarse, rocky substrates.

During a study of benthic macroinvertebrates along 123 km of a major Sierra Nevada river system, the Cosumnes River, between its headwater origins at 2249 m elevation and lower reaches at 27 m elevation, O. barbara occurred at four contiguous stations of nine sites studied ( Bottorff 1990). In this watershed, larvae and adults were found at elevations between 619 m and 1860 m, though the actual range must have extended slightly higher and lower. Despite repeated sampling of the river during all seasons, it was not found at elevations at or below 238 m, or at or above 2225 m. Oroperla barbara inhabited 3 rd to 5 th order streams with stream widths of 3- 11 m. At the four stations where this species occurred, sampling for more than a year typically found larvae during most months, but large larvae were uncommon or absent in April-June during, or immediately after, adult emergence. Larvae were most common in the river at elevations 1536-1658 m, slightly less common at 978 m, and uncommon at 619 m (Fig. 29).

Table 1. Growth characteristics of Oroperla barbara larvae, Cosumnes River, west central Sierra Nevada, El Dorado County, California. Body volume was estimated using the equation for a cylinder (Volume =πW2L/4; W = head width and L = body length).

Growth Stage Head Width mm Body Length mm Body Volume mm 3 Volume Increase from 1st Instar Antennal Segments Cercal Segments
1st Instar 0.4 1.7 0.2 1 11-12 6-7
Small 0.8 3.8 1.9 9 21  
Small 1.0 5.0 3.9 18 28-30 18-20
Medium 2.8 12.8 78.8 369 58 32
Mature 6.2 30.0 905.7 4240 68-80 35-38

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Arthropoda

Class

Insecta

Order

Plecoptera

Family

Perlodidae

Genus

Oroperla

Loc

Oroperla barbara Needham, 1933

Baumann, Richard W., Bottorff, Richard L., Stark, Bill P., Lee, Jonathan J. & Sandberg, John B. 2017
2017
Loc

Oroperla barbara

Illies, J. 1966: 372
Ricker, W. E. 1952: 78
Needham, J. G. 1933: 17
1933
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