Scaria, Bolivar, 1887

Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello, Silva, Daniela Santos Martins, Granda, Juan Manuel Cardona, García, Alexander García & Tumbrinck, Josef, 2019, Systematics and biogeography of the genus Scaria Bolívar, 1887 (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae: Batrachideinae), Zootaxa 4675 (1), pp. 1-65 : 15-16

Key to Scaria species

1. Lateral carinae of frontal costa subparallel or divergent, but never flared. Tegmina with spots or not, but never with a ventral strip. Male terminalia with subgenital plate usually mid-sized and globose, and with slender, non-conical cerci, ovipositor valves elongate, dagger like............................................................................. 2

- Lateral carinae of the frontal costa flared below the paired ocelli ( Figs. 8B,C , 9B,C ). Tegmina with a broad, light colored stripe covering at least half the ventral edge, and a large ellipsoidal subapical spot ( Figs. 8C , 9C ). Male terminalia with short, thin subgenital plate, cerci stout and conical ( Figs. 8 E–G); ovipositor valves short and broad ( Figs. 9E,F ) (Laeta Group) .......................................................................................... S. laeta stat. ressurr.

2. Face greenish-yellow or whitish and post-ocular stripe present (excluding S. ferruginea ), margin of prozona moderately curved and raised towards the anterior spine...................................................................... 4

- Face brownish, lacking a post-ocular stripe ( Figs. 10C , 12C ), margin of prozona strongly curved and raised towards the anterior spine ( Figs. 11A , 12A ) (Producta Group) ................................................................. 3

3. Pronotum dark brown with a dorsal, reddish brown spot ( Fig. 1 ). Hind femora without lobes on dorsal edge. Tegmina spotless, subgenital plate of males curving upwards in a 90 90° angle ( Fig. 10E )................................... S. maculata

- Pronotum brown with a green lime stripe in the lower half of the lateral lobes of pronotum and well into the dorsal median line of the pronotal disc ( Fig. 11A,D , 12A,D ). Hind femora with two or three low lobes along dorsal edge ( Fig. 2I ). Tegmina with a basal spot and subapical spot ( Figs. 11C , 12C ), Subgenital plate in males not curving as noticeably ( Figs. 12E,F )...................................................................................................... S. producta

4. Face whitish (only S. ferruginea has a brownish face), mid femora length 3–4 times longer than wide, most ventral border of the eyes on a line with or below most of the dorsal height of the exposed area of the tegmina; male epiproct with a narrow distal prolongation; pronotum mostly black, in most cases also with a whitish line align the midline of the pronotal disc, line that can either be simple or expand to cover all the pronotal disc (in S. fasciata some specimens display a couple of whitish lines, one to each side of the lateral margin of the pronotal disc) (Lineata Group).......................................... 5

- Face yellowish-green (rarely brown-greenish), mid femora six times longer than wide, most ventral border of the eyes higher than the most dorsal exposed area of the tegmina; male epiproct with no distal protrusion, pronotal coloration lime green or green-bluish (Hamata Group) .......................................................................... 8

5. Dorsal midline present, covering only the midline ( Fig. 15B ) or expanding to cover the whole of the pronotal disc ( Fig. 17B ) ................................................................................................... 6

- Dorsal midline lacking, ( Fig. 15B ) a white line on each side on the lateral border of the pronotal disc occurring in some specimens ( Fig. 13B )................................................................................ S. fasciata

6. Cephalic capsule whitish, always with a post-ocular stripe, ovipositor 2.5 times as long as the as subgenital plate......... 7

- Cephalic capsule brown, post-ocular stripe usually lacking ( Figs. 18C , 19C ), but when it occurs, it is very slight; ovipositor 1.5 times as long as subgenital plate ( Fig. 18G )........................................................ S. ferruginea

7. Pronotal disc with a mid-dorsal line, spotless tegmina ( Figs. 15 , 16 )....................................... S. lineata

- Pronotal disc whitish overall, tegmina with an ovoid subapical spot ( Fig. 17 )..................... S. verutum comb. nov.

8. Stripe of the upper half of the lateral margin of the pronotum black and only covering the upper margin of the lateral lobe of the pronotum; male epiproct with a triangular tip, penultimate male sternite rounded and poorly pronounced................ 9

- Stripe of the upper half of the lateral margin of the pronotum black and slight, being only a line that separates the lower and upper margins of the lateral lobes of the pronotum; male epiproct with a rounded tip, penultimate male sternite with a triangular projection.......................................................................................... 10

9. Male and female coloration much alike, variable but never olive-green with irregular, diffuse, dark brownish stripes ( Figs. 20A , 21A ). Male cerci with a similar thickness in all their length and with an obliquely truncated tip ( Fig. 20G ). Ovipositor slender, 2.5 times as long as subgenital plate ( Fig. 20F )....................................................... S. hamata

- Female coloration mostly olive-green with whitish punctuations and abundant, diffuse dark brown stripes on pronotum and legs ( Fig. 22 ). Male cerci with similar thickness in all their length and with a rounded tip, ovipositor stout, 1.5 times as long as subgenital plate............................................................................... S. boliviana

10. Tegmina with light colored stripe covering the dorsal margin between the medial vein and anal edge ( Figs. 26C , 27C , 28C ). Epiproct of male spear-shaped and with a rounded tip ( Fig. 26E )............................................... 11

- Tegmina lacking a light-colored stripe on the dorsal margin between the medial vein and anal edge ( Fig. 24C ). Epiproct triangular and pointy-tipped ( Fig. 24E )........................................................... S. rafaeli sp. nov.

11. Stripe of the upper half of the lateral lobes of the pronotum interrupted at the level of the humero-apical carinae ( Figs. 27A , 28A ). Tegmina spot small and circular; anterior pronotal spine curved downwards ( Fig. 27C ), subgenital plate of male as long as wide ( Fig. 27F )........................................................................ S. jonasi sp. nov.

- Stripe of the upper half of the lateral lobes of the pronotum uninterrupted ( Fig. 26A ). Tegmina spot mid-sized and ovoid; anterior pronotal spine not downwardly curved ( Fig. 26C ); subgenital plate of male wider than long ( Fig. 26F )..................................................................................................... S. granti sp. nov.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Characters used in phylogeny. A. Batrachidea flavonotata Bolívar, 1887. B. Rehnidium omnivagum Grant, 1956. C. Tettigidea parradae Cadena-Castañeda & Cardona, 2015. D. Scaria rafaeli sp. nov. Habitus in lateral view to all specimens. Numbers indicate characters and states used in the cladistics analysis.

FIGURE 2. Characters used in phylogeny. A. Scaria ferruginea Hancock, 1909 (habitus in dorsal view). B. Apex of pronotum in dorsal view of B. flavonotata. C–F. Head and pronotum in lateral view: C. S. ferruginea. D. T. parradae. E. S. laeta. F. S. producta. G and H. Fore and mid legs respectively of S. rafaeli. I. Hind femur of S. producta. J–M. Tegmina: J. S. laeta. K. S. granti sp. nov. L. S. jonasi sp. nov. M. S. ferruginea. Numbers indicate characters and states used in the cladistics analysis.

FIGURE 8. Scaria laeta Günther, 1940 stat. ressurr. (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in latero-dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively.

FIGURE 9. Scaria laeta Günther, 1940 stat. ressurr. (female). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E. Terminalia in ventral view. F. Terminalia in lateral view.

FIGURE 10. Scaria maculata Giglio-Tos, 1898 (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Habitus in dorsal view C. Frons. D. Head and pronotum in dorsal view. E. Terminalia in lateral view. (Photos: Filippo Maria Buzzetti).

FIGURE 11. Scaria producta Hancock, 1907 (female) A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E. Terminalia in lateral view. F. Terminalia in ventral view. (Photos: Gustavo Tavares).

FIGURE 12. Scaria producta Hancock, 1907 (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E. Terminalia in lateral view. F. Terminalia in ventral view. (Photos: Gustavo Tavares).

FIGURE 13. Scaria fasciata Hancock, 1907 (female). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Habitus in dorsal view. C. Frons. D. Head and pronotum in lateral view. E. Terminalia in lateral view. F. Terminalia in ventral view. (Photos: Hope Entomological Collections, Amoret Spooner).

FIGURE 15. Scaria lineata Bolívar, 1887 (male). A. Habitus in lateral view and. B. dorsal view respectively. (Photos: Mercedes París, MNCN).

FIGURE 16. Scaria lineata Bolívar, 1887 (female). A. Habitus in lateral view and. B. dorsal view respectively. (Photos: Mercedes París, MNCN).

FIGURE 17. Scaria verutum (Grant, 1956) comb. nov. A. Habitus in lateral view and. B. dorsal view respectively.

FIGURE 18. Scaria ferruginea Hancock, 1909 (female). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E. Terminalia in dorso-lateral view. F. Terminalia in ventral view. G. Terminalia in lateral view.

FIGURE 19. Scaria ferruginea Hancock, 1909 (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively.

FIGURE 20. Scaria hamata (De Geer, 1773) (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in latero-dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively.

FIGURE 21. Scaria hamata (De Geer, 1773) (female). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E. Terminalia in ventral view. F. Terminalia in lateral view.

FIGURE 22. Scaria boliviana Bruner, 1920 (female). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E. Terminalia in ventral view. F. Terminalia in lateral view.

FIGURE 24. Scaria rafaeli sp. nov. (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively.

FIGURE 26. Scaria granti sp. nov. (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively.

FIGURE 27. Scaria jonasi sp. nov. (male). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E–G. Male terminalia. E. Terminalia in latero-dorsal view. F. ventral view and G. lateral view respectively.

FIGURE 28. Scaria jonasi sp. nov. (female). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Frons. C. Head and pronotum in lateral view. D. Habitus in dorsal view. E. Terminalia in ventral view. F. Terminalia in lateral view.