Raorchestes primarrumpfi, Vijayakumar, S. P., Dinesh, K. P., Prabhu, Mrugank V. & Shanker, Kartik, 2014

Vijayakumar, S. P., Dinesh, K. P., Prabhu, Mrugank V. & Shanker, Kartik, 2014, Lineage delimitation and description of nine new species of bush frogs (Anura: Raorchestes, Rhacophoridae) from the Western Ghats Escarpment, Zootaxa 3893 (4), pp. 451-488 : 479-484

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.3893.4.1

publication LSID

lsid:zoobank.org:pub:1D415B70-A128-4605-9C60-BDF6E3FE7CF5

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5691712

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EC87DC-B838-FFE9-B0F1-FB2E132BFC3B

treatment provided by

Plazi

scientific name

Raorchestes primarrumpfi
status

sp. nov.

9. Raorchestes primarrumpfi View in CoL sp. nov.

( Figures 2 View FIGURE 2 , 3 View FIGURE 3. A , 13 View FIGURE 13 , 14 View FIGURE 14 & 15 View FIGURE 15. A ; Tables 2 View TABLE 2 & 3)

Holotype: ZSI/ WGRC /V/A/881 ( CESF 1276), a male (SVL 21.0 mm), collected by S.P. Vijayakumar and Mayavan June 2011 from a grassland site (11.2331 N, 76.5443 E), Nilgiri Massif ( Fig 1 View FIGURE 1. A ), Western Ghats, Peninsular India.

Paratype: ZSI/ WGRC /V/A/882 ( CESF 441), a male (SVL 19.9 mm), collected by S.P. Vijayakumar, August 2009 from a grassland site (11.2331 N, 76.5443 E), Nilgiri Massif ( Fig 1 View FIGURE 1. A ), Western Ghats, Peninsular India.

Lineage diagnosis. Raorchestes primarrumpfi sp. nov. can be phylogenetically diagnosed as belonging to the Tinniens clade ( Fig 3 View FIGURE 3. A ), showing a well supported sister relationship with an another unidentified lineage occurring in sympatry. Despite its shallow genetic divergence (1–2 % on 16S gene) from its sympatric sister lineage, it exhibits high divergence in morphological characteristics both in the multivariate morphological space ( Fig 14 View FIGURE 14 ) as well in the dorsal and ventral coloration ( Fig 13 View FIGURE 13 ). Iris coloration and patterns ( Fig 13 View FIGURE 13 (b)) were also found to show distinct differences from its sister lineage.

Field diagnosis. Raorchestes primarrumpfi sp. nov. can be distinguished from the related congeners by the following combination of characters.

Morphology. Raorchestes primarrumpfi sp. nov. can be distinguished by its (1) shorter tibia length (ShL/ SVL=0.32 (0.31–0.35, n=5) (vs. ShL/SVL=0.45 (0.43–46, n=3) in the unidentified lineage and ShL/SVL=0.41 (0.41–42, n=3) in R. tinniens ); (2) shorter thigh length (TL/SVL = 0.35, n=5) (vs. TL/SVL=0.45, n= 3 in the unidentified lineage and TL/SVL=0.44, n= 3 in R. tinniens ); (3) smaller size (males) (SVL=20 (18.4–21.0, n=5) (vs. 22 (21–22.8, n=3) in the unidentified lineage); (4) shorter head length (HL/SVL=0.26 (0.24–0.28, n=5) (vs. 0.37 (0.35–0.38, n=3) in R. tinniens ; (5) shorter snout length (SL/SVL=0.11 (0.10–0.13, n=5) (vs. 0.15, n=3) in the unidentified lineage); (6) unique iris coloration, lower part dark maroon and upper half speckled with iridescent golden and silvery colour (vs. uniform brown in the unidentified lineage and uniform brown with golden speckles in R. tinniens ; (7) dorsum largely granular, dark olive and with a consistent pattern of three distinct maroon longitudinal discontinuous stripes (vs. highly variable dorsum coloration with no distinct pattern in the related lineages); (8) two distinct maroon blotches on the eyelids extending slightly into inter-orbital space (vs. absent in the other lineages) (9) ventral coloration is white with a bluish wash towards sides (vs. shades of yellow, areolate skin, semi-transparent with yellow blotches in some individuals and shades of yellow with black spots in R. tinniens (Biju and Bossuyt 2009)) .

Geography. Restricted in range to the very high elevations of the Nilgiri Massif (see natural history and distribution for details). Overlaps broadly in its geographical range with an unidentified lineage and R. signatus . Ecology. Observed to be restricted to grasslands and swamps.

Description of holotype (all measurements in mm). A small sized squat bush frog (SVL = 21.0 mm), width of head broader than head length (HW = 7.5 mm; HL = 5.5 mm), arched, flat dorsally; snout rounded in total profile, slightly protruding beyond mouth. Snout length is equal to diameter of eye (SL = 2.5 mm, EL = 2.4 mm). Canthus rostralis rounded, loreal region slightly concave. Interorbital space (IUE = 2.2 mm) flat and sub equal to upper eyelid (UEW = 1.8 mm). Interorbital space between posterior margins of the eyes 1.9 times that of anterior margins (IFE = 3.5, IBE = 6.6 mm). Nostrils oval, nearer to tip of snout. Weak symphysial knob. Pupil horizontal. Tympanum indistinct. Tongue bifid, granular with a papilla. Supratympanic fold from behind eye to shoulder.

Relative length of fingers I<II<IV<III. Finger tips with small disks (fd3 = 0.6 mm, fw3 = 0.6 mm) with distinct circum–marginal grooves, fingers with dermal fringes on both sides. Webbing on palm absent, subarticular tubercles indistinct, pre-pollex indistinct and supernumerary tubercles absent.

Hind limb short, heels fall apart when folded at right angles to the body. Thigh/Femur (TL = 7.0 mm), sub equal to Shank/Tibia (ShL = 6.5 mm) and foot (FOL = 6.6 mm) but less than heel to tip of fourth toe (TFOL = 10.8 mm). Relative toe length I<II<III<V<IV, webbing rudimentary, web formula (I 1- 1 II 1- 2 III 1½- 3 IV 2½-1½ V). Tibiotarsal articulation reaches shoulder region. Outer metatarsal tubercle, supernumerary tubercles and tarsal tubercle absent.

Color in life. Dorsum, background olive with a dark maroon longitudinal disconnected striped pattern, the pattern extending on to outer two fingers on the forelimb and femur, tibia, tarsus and outer toe on the hind limb. Canthus ridge darker extending to the tip of snout and flesh coloured, with olive patches, in a few individuals. Laterally, behind shoulders a distinct flesh coloured patch hidden in resting position; bluish white small blotches along the lateral sides and distinct blotches towards groin and anterior femur on a maroon background, this pattern is variable across individuals. Ventrally white, with a light bluish wash towards lateral edges. Ventral parts of tibia and tarsus with elongated white patches on a fleshy background. Iris, lower 1/3rd dark maroon, upper half speckled with iridescent golden and silvery colour and outer posterior orbital ring blue.

Etymology. Derived and modified from ‘ Primarrumpf’, a German term used by geomorphologists to refer to remnant primitive surfaces of Gondwanaland. In the Western Ghats Escarpment, these surfaces occur in the Nilgiri and Anaimalai massifs.

Natural history and distribution. All the calling males were observed amidst dense grass clumps and herbs in the montane grasslands and the detection of this species was higher in swampy grasslands ( Fig 15 View FIGURE 15. A ). It exhibits a narrow geographical range and is restricted in distribution to the montane zone (2212−2359 m, n=13) towards the western edge of the Nilgiri Massif ( Fig 1 View FIGURE 1. A & 2 View FIGURE 2 ). The higher elevations of the Camels Hump Massif, adjacent to the Nilgiri Massif, might hold a relative of this lineage and needs further exploration.

Sl. No Species

1 Raorchestes agasthyaensis Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot and Kalesh, 2011 View in CoL 2 Raorchestes akroparallagi ( Biju and Bossuyt, 2009) View in CoL 3 Raorchestes anili ( Biju and Bossuyt, 2006) View in CoL

4 Raorchestes archaeos sp. nov.

5 Raorchestes aureus View in CoL sp. nov.

6 Raorchestes beddomii (Gunther, 1876) View in CoL

7 Raorchestes blandus View in CoL sp. nov.

8 Raorchestes bobingeri (Biju and Bossuyt, 2005) View in CoL

9 Raorchestes bombayensis ( Annandale, 1919) View in CoL

10 Raorchestes chalazodes (Gunther, 1876) View in CoL

11 Raorchestes charius ( Rao, 1937) View in CoL

12 Raorchestes chlorosomma ( Biju and Bossuyt, 2009) View in CoL 13 Raorchestes chotta ( Biju and Bossuyt, 2009) View in CoL

14 Raorchestes chromasynchysi ( Biju and Bossuyt, 2009) View in CoL 15 Raorchestes coonoorensis ( Biju and Bossuyt, 2009) View in CoL 16 Raorchestes crustai Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot and Kalesh, 2011 View in CoL 17 Raorchestes dubois ( Biju and Bossuyt, 2006) View in CoL

18 Raorchestes echinatus View in CoL sp. nov.

19 Raorchestes emeraldi View in CoL sp. nov.

20 Raorchestes flaviventris (Boulenger, 1882) View in CoL *

21 Raorchestes flaviocularis View in CoL sp. nov.

22 Raorchestes ghatei Padhye, Sayyed, Jadhav and Dahanukar, 2013 View in CoL 23 Raorchestes glandulosus (Jerdon, 1853) View in CoL

24 Raorchestes graminirupes (Biju and Bossuyt, 2005) View in CoL 25 Raorchestes griet (Bossuyt, 2002) View in CoL

26 Raorchestes hassanensis ( Rao, 1937) View in CoL #

27 Raorchestes indigo View in CoL sp. nov.

28 Raorchestes jayarami ( Biju and Bossuyt, 2009) View in CoL

29 Raorchestes johnceei Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot and Kalesh, 2011 View in CoL 30 Raorchestes kadalarensis Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot and Kalesh, 2011 View in CoL 31 Raorchestes kaikatti ( Biju and Bossuyt, 2009) View in CoL

32 Raorchestes kakachi Seshadri, Gururaja and Aravind, 2012 View in CoL 33 Raorchestes leucolatus View in CoL sp. nov.

34 Raorchestes luteolus ( Kuramoto and Joshy, 2003) View in CoL

35 Raorchestes manohari Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot and Kalesh, 2011 View in CoL 36 Raorchestes marki ( Biju and Bossuyt, 2009) View in CoL

37 Raorchestes montanus (Jerdon, 1875) View in CoL #

......continued on the next page Sl. No Species

38 Raorchestes munnarensis ( Biju and Bossuyt, 2009) View in CoL

39 Raorchestes nerostagona (Biju and Bossuyt, 2005) View in CoL

40 Raorchestes ochlandrae ( Gururaja, Dinesh, Palot, Radhakrishnan and Ramachandra, 2007) View in CoL 41 Raorchestes ponmudi (Biju and Bossuyt, 2005) View in CoL

42 Raorchestes primarrumpfi View in CoL sp. nov.

43 Raorchestes ravii Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot and Kalesh, 2011 View in CoL 44 Raorchestes resplendens Biju, Shouche, Dubois, Dutta and Bossuyt, 2010 View in CoL 45 Raorchestes signatus (Boulenger, 1882) View in CoL

46 Raorchestes sushili ( Biju and Bossuyt, 2009) View in CoL

47 Raorchestes theuerkaufi Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot and Kalesh, 2011 View in CoL 48 Raorchestes thodai Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot and Kalesh, 2011 View in CoL * 49 Raorchestes tinniens (Jerdon, 1853) View in CoL

50 Raorchestes travancoricus ( Boulenger, 1891) View in CoL

51 Raorchestes tuberohumerus ( Kuramoto and Joshy, 2003) View in CoL

52 Raorchestes uthamani Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot and Kalesh, 2011 View in CoL

* species not included in the phylogenetic tree; # details of revalidation will be dealt elsewhere (under preparation)

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Chordata

Class

Amphibia

Order

Anura

Family

Rhacophoridae

Genus

Raorchestes

Loc

Raorchestes primarrumpfi

Vijayakumar, S. P., Dinesh, K. P., Prabhu, Mrugank V. & Shanker, Kartik 2014
2014
Loc

Raorchestes ghatei

Padhye, Sayyed, Jadhav and Dahanukar 2013
2013
Loc

Raorchestes kakachi

Seshadri, Gururaja and Aravind 2012
2012
Loc

Raorchestes agasthyaensis

Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot and Kalesh 2011
2011
Loc

Raorchestes crustai

Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot and Kalesh 2011
2011
Loc

Raorchestes johnceei

Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot and Kalesh 2011
2011
Loc

Raorchestes kadalarensis

Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot and Kalesh 2011
2011
Loc

Raorchestes manohari

Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot and Kalesh 2011
2011
Loc

Raorchestes ravii

Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot and Kalesh 2011
2011
Loc

Raorchestes theuerkaufi

Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot and Kalesh 2011
2011
Loc

Raorchestes thodai

Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot and Kalesh 2011
2011
Loc

Raorchestes uthamani

Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot and Kalesh 2011
2011
Loc

Raorchestes resplendens

Biju, Shouche, Dubois, Dutta and Bossuyt 2010
2010
Loc

Raorchestes akroparallagi (

Biju and Bossuyt 2009
2009
Loc

Raorchestes chlorosomma (

Biju and Bossuyt 2009
2009
Loc

Raorchestes chotta (

Biju and Bossuyt 2009
2009
Loc

Raorchestes chromasynchysi (

Biju and Bossuyt 2009
2009
Loc

Raorchestes coonoorensis (

Biju and Bossuyt 2009
2009
Loc

Raorchestes jayarami (

Biju and Bossuyt 2009
2009
Loc

Raorchestes kaikatti (

Biju and Bossuyt 2009
2009
Loc

Raorchestes marki (

Biju and Bossuyt 2009
2009
Loc

Raorchestes munnarensis (

Biju and Bossuyt 2009
2009
Loc

Raorchestes sushili (

Biju and Bossuyt 2009
2009
Loc

Raorchestes ochlandrae (

Gururaja, Dinesh, Palot, Radhakrishnan and Ramachandra 2007
2007
Loc

Raorchestes anili (

Biju and Bossuyt 2006
2006
Loc

Raorchestes dubois (

Biju and Bossuyt 2006
2006
Loc

Raorchestes bobingeri

Biju and Bossuyt 2005
2005
Loc

Raorchestes graminirupes

Biju and Bossuyt 2005
2005
Loc

Raorchestes nerostagona

Biju and Bossuyt 2005
2005
Loc

Raorchestes ponmudi

Biju and Bossuyt 2005
2005
Loc

Raorchestes luteolus (

Kuramoto and Joshy 2003
2003
Loc

Raorchestes tuberohumerus (

Kuramoto and Joshy 2003
2003
Loc

Raorchestes griet

Bossuyt 2002
2002
Loc

Rao 1937
1937
Loc

Rao 1937
1937
Loc

Raorchestes bombayensis (

Annandale 1919
1919
Loc

Raorchestes travancoricus (

Boulenger 1891
1891
Loc

Raorchestes flaviventris

Boulenger 1882
1882
Loc

Raorchestes signatus

Boulenger 1882
1882
Loc

Raorchestes beddomii

Gunther 1876
1876
Loc

Raorchestes chalazodes

Gunther 1876
1876
Loc

Raorchestes montanus

Jerdon 1875
1875
Loc

Raorchestes glandulosus

Jerdon 1853
1853
Loc

Raorchestes tinniens

Jerdon 1853
1853
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