Gilpinia hakonensis ( Matsumura, 1912 )

Hara, Hideho, Smith, David R. & Shinohara, Akihiko, 2021, Gilpinia hakonensis and similar species in Japan and ovipositors of five European Gilpinia species (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae), Zootaxa 4995 (3), pp. 471-491 : 476-478

Gilpinia hakonensis ( Matsumura, 1912)

( Figs 1 , 3A–D, I–L, Q–U , 4A–H, O, P, 5A–F, Q, R, 6A–E, 7A–C)

Lophyrus hakonensis Matsumura, 1912: 215 ; Matsumura, 1915: 287; Matsumura, 1930: 181 [Japanese part], 75 [English part]; Matsumura, 1931: 85; Matsumura, 1932: 955; Shiraki, 1952: vol. 5, 95.

Tenthredella hakonensis: Watanabe, 1937: 8 (cited as “ Tenthredella hakonensis Matsumura. [Hakone-matsu-habachi (in Japanese)]”; Hakone-matsu-habachi is the Japanese name of Lophyrus hakonensis given by Matsumura 1912). Not Rohwer, 1910.

Gilpinia hakonensis: Benson, 1939: 341 ; Takeuchi, 1940: 194; Gussakovskij, 1947: 148, 168, 224; Shiraki, 1952: vol. 5, 98; Takeuchi, 1955: 126; Inoue, 1960: 88; Kim, 1963: 282; Okutani, 1967: 49; Kim, 1970: 158, 722; Sato, 1983: 1; Okutani, 1984: 26; Abe & Togashi, 1989: 545; Kim et al., 1994: 219; Togashi, 1998: 255; Nakamura, 2003: 255; Nagase, 2004: 1246; Taeger et al., 2010: 204; Naito et al., 2004: 16; Paek et al., 2010: 163; Yoshida, 2010: 28; Nagase & Watanabe, 2018: 940; Lee et al., 2019: 26 ; Hara, 2019: 42; Hara, 2020: 52, 292.

Gilpinia hakonensis var. laticincta Takeuchi, 1940: 195 .

Diprion fukudai Togashi, 1964: 7 ; Togashi, 1965: 253; Smith, 1975: 410; Togashi & Sato, 1985: 97 [part]; Abe & Togashi, 1989: 545; Taeger et al., 2010: 202. Syn. nov.

Gilpinia ? hakonensis var. laticincta: Abe & Togashi, 1989: 545 .

Gilpinia fukudai: Hara & Shinohara, 2017: 57 ; Hara, 2019: 42.

Female ( Figs 1A–H ). Length 7.0– 10.5 mm. Black. Postocellar area and vertex very often brown to dark brown ( Figs 3I, J ). Clypeus often partly or mostly brown to dark brown ( Figs 1K–M ). Antenna brown to blackish brown, usually some basal antennomeres yellow ( Figs 3R–T ). Labrum often brown to dark brown. Mandible reddish brown, basally black. Palpi yellow, basally darkened. Pronotum usually yellow posterolaterally ( Figs 1A–H ). Median mesoscutal lobe often with small brown spot posteriorly ( Fig. 1C ). Mesoscutellum often mostly yellow to dark brown (Figs 4A, C). Mesepisternum often with yellow to brown marking (Figs 4B, D). Metascutum sometimes narrowly or widely yellow ( Fig. 1C ). Legs yellowish white to yellow on apices of femora, tibiae and tarsi ( Figs 1B, D, H ); tarsi usually slightly darkened apically; hind tibia apically narrowly brown; tibial spurs and claws yellow brown. Wings colorless transparent, slightly darkened on apical half ( Figs 1A, C, G ); veins brown to black; most of vein C and bases of vein 1A and 2A+3A yellow; vein R1 basal to stigma sometimes widely pale; stigma brown yellow, black on narrow margins and basal third. Abdomen with first tergum usually yellow medially or entirely ( Figs 1A–H ); second to eighth terga often anteriorly or anterolaterally yellow; sterna often anteriorly yellow; ninth tergum sometimes medially brown to dark brown; tenth tergum sometimes basally brownish; cercus sometimes dark brown; ovipositor sheath with valvifer 2 mostly dark brown.

Postocellar area slightly or distinctly swollen, with lateral furrow distinct, vestigial or absent ( Figs 3A–C, I–K ). OOL:POL:OOCL 1.0–1.2:1.0:0.9–1.1. OOCL 2.8–3.6 × lateral ocellus length. Inner margins of eyes convergent below ( Figs 1K–M ). Distance between eyes at level of torulus 1.9–2.0 × major axis of eye. Supraclypeal area slightly or moderately swollen ( Fig. 3Q ). Clypeus with ventral margin very slightly concave medially; median height 1.1–1.4 × torulus height. Malar space 1.0–1.3 × median ocellus width. Antenna with 19–22 antennomeres ( Figs 3R–T ); first flagellomere without serration or with very small serration, with apical breadth including serration in lateral view 0.7–1.1 × dorsal length; second and more apical flagellomeres except for apical most one with distinct serration; serrations around third to sixth flagellomeres largest.

Distance between cenchri 0.7–1.1 × major axis of cenchrus (Figs 4A, C, E). Metascutellum in dorsal view posterolaterally distinctly angulated, rarely slightly so, with posterior margin convex or truncate; median length 0.5–0.7 × major axis of cenchrus. Posterior hind tibial spur with length 0.8–1.0 × dorsal length of hind first tarsomere, 0.8–0.9 × apical breadth of hind tibia in lateral view; dorsal length of hind second and third tarsomeres combined 1.2–1.6 × dorsal length of first.

Valvula 3 in dorsal view about 2.5–3.5 × as wide as cercus, apically with lateral projection and small acute medial projection ( Figs 5A, C, E ); scopa about 1.5–2.0 × as wide as cercus, in posterior view long oval, about 2.0–3.0 × as high as wide ( Figs 5B, D, F ). Lance with posterior projection on processus articularis apically extending to or slightly beyond most basal annular suture of lance ( Figs 5Q, R ). Lancet Figs 6A–E ; lamnium with 9–10 annuli and length from ventral end of first ctenidium to apex 2.2–2.4 × maximum width; ctenidia nearly straight, but first some- times very slightly arched, second arched and third usually slightly arched; transverse sclerite before first annulus narrow; serrulae of second and third annuli each with distinct precalcar; serrula of second annulus much larger than other serrulae, with precalcar rather widely separated from postcalcar.

Head and thorax mostly covered with dense punctures ( Figs 3I–K , 4A–F); punctures very often fused; inter- spaces generally narrower than diameters of punctures. Punctures on mesoscutellum much larger than those of mesoscutum. Abdomen microsculptured.

Male ( Figs 1I, J ). As in female, but differing as follows except for usual sexual differences. Length 7.0 mm. Black, but antenna with flagellum widely dark brown ( Fig. 1N ), labrum dark brown, mandible reddish brown except for narrow base; abdomen with laterotergites anterolaterally, sterna anteriorly, and subgenital plate apically dark brown.

OOL:POL:OOCL 0.9:1.0:0.6. OOCL 2.0 × lateral ocellus length. Distance between eyes at level of torulus 2.1 × major axis of eye. Clypeus with median height 0.9 × torulus height. Malar space 1.2 × median ocellus width. Antenna with 23 antennomeres ( Fig. 3U ); flagellomeres each with two rami, but most basal and preapical flagel- lomeres with one ramus and most apical flagellomere without ramus. Distance between cenchri 0.8 × major axis of cenchrus (Fig. 4G). Metascutellum in dorsal view with median length 0.6 × major axis of cenchrus. Posterior hind tibial spur with length 0.8 × dorsal length of hind first tarsomere, 1.1 × apical breadth of hind tibia in lateral view; dorsal length of hind second and third tarsomeres combined 1.2 × that of first. Subgenital plate apically widely rounded in dorsal or ventral view ( Fig. 1I ). Genitalia Figs 7A–C ; in ventral view, parapenis apically acute, with lateral margin of parapenis rather short ( Fig. 7B ); penis valve with valviceps slightly convex ventrally at apical third ( Fig. 7C ).

Material examined. Lectotype of Lophyrus hakonensis Matsumura, 1912 (here designated) ( Figs 1A, B, K , 3A, I, Q, R , 4A, B, O, 5A, B, 6A): ♀, “[Hakone (in Japanese)] 7/27”, “[27]”, “ HOLOTYPE Lophyrus hakonensis Matsumura ”. This specimen is kept in Hokkaido University where Matsumura’s material has been deposited. Ha- kone in the first label is the type locality and 27 in the second label is the same as the figure number in the original description. This specimen is unquestionably the type of Lophyrus hakonensis . The last holotype label was attached by someone later, not Matsumura. Matsumura (1912) did not designate the holotype and did not state the number of the specimens he had for description. We designate the above specimen as the lectotype.

Holotype of Gilpinia hakonensis var. laticincta Takeuchi, 1940 ( Figs 1C, D, L , 3B, J, S , 4C, D, 5C, D, 6B): ♀, “Mt. Rokko Jap. 23-7: 1933 Leg. M. Azuma. ”, “ Gilpinia hakonensis v. laticincta Tak. Holotype ”. Takeuchi’s collec- tion is now kept in National Museum of Nature and Science , Tsukuba.

Paratype of Diprion fukudai Togashi, 1964 ( Figs 1G, H, M , 3C, K, T , 4E, F, P, 5E, F, 6E): 1♀, “Maedake Nasu 14. VII. 1962 N. Fukuda”, “ Paratypus ”, “ Diprion fukudai Togashi , n. sp. det. Togashi, 1964 ”. Although Togashi (1964) wrote that the types were in his collection, this paratype is now deposited in National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba. The holotype is not found in the museum.

Other material examined: JAPAN: HONSHU: 1♂ ( Figs 1I, J, N , 3D, L, U , 4G, H, 7A–C), Aomori Pref., Hak- koda-san Mts. , 21. VII. 1977 , T. Naito; 1♀, Miyagi Pref., Zao Mts., Mt. Maeyama , 23. VI. 1974, A. Shinohara; 1♀, Miyagi Pref., Zao Mts., Kamoshika spa, 24. VII. 1976 , A. Shinohara; 3♀, Miyagi Pref., Zao Mts., Sainogawara , 25. VII. 1976 , A. Shinohara; 1♀ ( Fig. 1F ), Tochigi Pref., Nikko, Haguro , 27. V. 1934; 1♀, “ Tokyo ”, 22. V. 1936, K. Sato; 1♀ ( Figs 1E , 6D ), Kanagawa Pref., Atsugi, Mt. Oyama , 18. V. 1997, S. Tsuyuki; 1♀, Nagano Pref., Ina, Takato, Fujisawa , 17. VIII. 1976 , Pinus densiflora, H. Kojima ; 1♀, Nagano Pref., Ina, Takato, Katakura , em. 6. VIII. 1978 , Host: Pinus densiflora, H. Kojima ; 1♀, Kyoto Pref., Kyoto, 5. V. 1932, Takeuchi (cited by Takeuchi 1940); 1♀, same data but 7. IX. 1942 ; 1♀ ( Figs 5Q, R ), Osaka Pref., Osaka, Suminoe, Nanko , 3. XI. 2012 , H. Tanaka (cited by Hara, 2020); 1♀, Hyogo Pref., Tanbasasayama , 18. VII. 1952 , K. Iwata. ― KYUSHU: 1♀ ( Fig. 6C ), Kagoshima Pref., Kagoshima, Terayama , 28. VI. 2009, M. Owada and T. Fukuda. ― Locality unknown : 1♀, “Em. IV/30”, “K. Sato Collection ” ; 1♀, “769”, “K. Sato Collection ” ; 1♀, “68”, “768”, “K. Sato Collection ” .

Distribution. Japan: Honshu ( Matsumura 1912), Kyushu ( Takeuchi 1955). Korea ( Kim 1963).

Kim (1963) first included G. hakonensis in the list of Korean Hymenoptera but noted only “Hab.?” (p. 282). Kim (1970), Kim et al. (1994), Paek et al. (2010) and Lee et al. (2019) also included this species in the fauna of Korea. However, we were not able to find any published collection record of this species from Korea. The occurrence of G. hakonensis in Korea needs confirmation.

Life history. Host plant: Pinaceae : Pinus densiflora Siebold et Zucc. (new record).

Matsumura (1915) regarded this species as a pest of pine, but the reason was only that he collected it in a pine forest in Hakone. Watanabe (1937), Shiraki (1952), Inoue (1960), Okutani (1967), Naito et al. (2004) and Yoshida (2010) wrote pine, Pinus sp. or Pinus densiflora as the host plant. Those records were not based on their own observations, but probably on Matsumura (1915) or a paper that cited it. There has never been a definite record of the host plant until now.

The adults were collected in May, July, September and November in western Honshu. This sawfly probably has several generations a year in warm regions.

Remarks. For the differences of G. hakonensis from other congeners, see the section of Gilpinia hakonensis and similar species and the key above.

We consider G. fukudai ( Togashi, 1964) described from Honshu, Japan to be a junior synonym of G. hakonensis . The paratype of G. fukudai has the body almost entirely black ( Fig. 1G, H ), while the holotype of G. hakonensis has the body richly marked with yellow ( Fig. 1A, B ). However, they are not significantly different in structure. According to the original description of G. fukudai , the holotype is black and pale yellow on “each side of tergites 4–7, anterior half of tergite 8, posterior half of sternites 3–7” of the abdomen. The females in Fig. 1E, F are similar to the holotype, though both have a yellow first abdominal tergum and the female in Fig. 1E has a yellow pronotum and an abdomen with more pale areas. These color variations are continuous.

The male of Diprion fukudai described by Togashi & Sato (1985) belongs to Diprion nipponicus Rohwer, 1910 ( Hara & Shinohara 2017).

Takeuchi (1940) described Gilpinia hakonensis var. laticincta from a single female. The name laticincta is available as a species-group name because he did not unambiguously reveal that the name was proposed for an infrasubspecific entity (Article 45.6.4, ICZN 1999), but this name has never been valid. Abe & Togashi (1989) listed this variety in the same manner as valid species and subspecies but added a question mark as “ Gilpinia ? hakonensis var. laticincta ”. They gave no comment for their treatment. We confirm that G. hakonensis and G. hakonensis var. laticincta are conspecific, based on the study of their types.

Figures

FIGURES 1A–N. Gilpinia hakonensis: A, B, K, lectotype of Lophyrus hakonensis, female; C, D, L, holotype of G. hakonensis var. laticincta, female; E, female, Honshu; F, female, Honshu; G, H, M, paratype of Diprion fukudai, female; I, J, N, male, Hon- shu. A, C, E, F, G, I, Dorsal or dorsolateral view; B, D, H, J, ventrolateral or lateral view; K–N, head, frontal view.

FIGURES 3A–X. A–H, Head, dorsal view; I–P, dorsal part of head, anterolateral view; Q, head, lateral view; R–X, antenna, inner view (R–T, V, W) or outer view (U, X). A–D, I–L, Q–U, Gilpinia hakonensis: A, I, Q, R, lectotype of Lophyrus hakonensis, female; B, J, S, holotype of G. hakonensis var. laticincta, female; C, K, T, paratype of Diprion fukudai, female; D, L, U, male, Honshu. E–G, M–O, V, W, Gilpinia amamiana: E, M, V, holotype, female; F, N, W, female, Tokunoshima Isl.; G, O, male, Amami Oshima Isl. H, P, X, Gilpinia okinawa, holotype, female. T, Reversed.

FIGURES 5A–U.A–P, Valvula 3, dorsal and posterior views; Q–U, ovipositor or lance, dorsal view (Q, S, T) or lateral view (R, U). A–F, Q, R, Gilpinia hakonensis: A–B, lectotype of Lophyrus hakonensis; C, D, holotype of G. hakonensis var. laticincta; E, F, P, paratype of Diprion fukudai; Q, R, Honshu. G–J, S, Gilpinia amamiana: G, H, holotype; I, J, Tokunoshima Isl.; S, Amami Oshima Isl. K, L, T, U, Gilpinia okinawa, holotype. M, N, Gilpinia frutetorum, Sweden. O, P, Gilpinia laricis, Germany. R, Reversed.

FIGURES 6A–J. Lancet. A–F, Gilpinia hakonensis: A, lectotype of Lophyrus hakonensis; B, holotype of G. hakonensis var. laticincta; C, Kyushu, D, Honshu, E, paratype of Diprion fukudai. F–H, Gilpinia amamiana: F, holotype; G, Amami Oshima Isl.; H, Tokunoshima Isl. I, J, Gilpinia okinawa: I, holotype; J, Okinawa Isl. 1, 2, 5, first (most basal), second and fifth annuli. D–F, H, Reversed.

FIGURES 7A–F. A, D, Male genitalia, dorsal view; B, E, male genitalia (penis valve removed), ventral view; C, F, penis valve, lateral view (left dorsal). A–C, Gilpinia hakonensis, Honshu. D–F, Gilpinia amamiana, Amami Oshima Isl.