Gilpinia hakonensis (Matsumura, 1912)

Hara, Hideho, Smith, David R. & Shinohara, Akihiko, 2021, Gilpinia hakonensis and similar species in Japan and ovipositors of five European Gilpinia species (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae), Zootaxa 4995 (3), pp. 471-491 : 472-473

Gilpinia hakonensis and similar species

Common features. Three closely similar Japanese species, G. hakonensis , G. amamiana and G. okinawa , have the following features in common.

Females: Length 7.0– 10.5 mm; head capsule black, yellow to brown at most on postocellar area and its lat- eral area, lower medial part of face and gena ( Figs 1A–N , 2A–H ); abdomen dark brown to black at least on wide posterior margins of second to eighth terga and most of ovipositor sheath; wings clear transparent, at most slightly darkened on apical half; antenna with 19–23 antennomeres; flagellum uniserrate and serration of first flagellomere indistinct or very small ( Figs 3R–T, V–X ); posterior hind-tibial spur simple, like rod or thorn ( Figs 1C, G , 2C, H ); seventh sternum posteromedially slightly concave and without paired lobes (Figs 4O–R); valvula 3 narrow and api- cally distinctly concave in dorsal view, with scopa small, about 1.5–2.0 × as wide as cercus and located at apex of apico-lateral projection of valvula 3 ( Figs 5A–L ); lance with apical cleft short (often difficult to see), dorsal margin almost straight or very slightly concave in lateral view and posterior projection on processus articularis relatively large, narrow in dorsal view, ventrally expanded slightly beyond main body of a lance in lateral view, dorsally sharply ridged, and mostly fused with main body of lance ( Figs 5Q–U ); lancet distinctly convex ventrally at second annulus, with sclerotized band of radix gently curved and narrower than or as wide as olistheter at twisted part, and first annulus without serrula and its ctenidium widely separated from ventral margin of lancet ( Figs 6A–J ).

Males (unknown in G. okinawa ): Length 7.0–8.0 mm; antenna with 23–25 antennomeres ( Fig. 3U ); genitalia in ventral view with inner margin of basiparamere horizontal, lateral margin of parapenis short ( Figs 7A–F ); penis valve with very long ergot and spinose lateral swelling near apex.

Remarks. Gilpinia hakonensis , G. amamiana and G. okinawa , are distinguished from other species of Gilpinia by the diagnostic features stated above. For details of the differences between these three and each of other congeners, compare the above features with Takeuchi (1940), Gussakovskij (1947), Okutani (1958), Smith (1971, 1974, 1983), Saini & Thind (1993), Xiao et al. (1984, 1985), Viitasaari & Varama (1987), Zhelochovtsev & Zinovjev (1988), Xiao (1992), Xu (1997), Hara & Shinohara (2015) and Wang et al. (2019a, b).

In the G. socia group, the females of the three Japanese species are characterized by having the valvula 3 with a small scopa located at the apex of the apico-lateral projection ( Figs 5A–L ) and the posterior projection on the pro- cessus articularis of lance relatively large, mostly fused with the main body of the lance, narrow in the dorsal view and ventrally expanded slightly beyond the main body of the lance in lateral view ( Figs 5Q–U ). These features are also found in the females of two European species of the group, G. frutetorum and G. laricis ( Figs 5M–P , 7C–F ). The female of G. frutetorum is rather different from the females of the three Japanese species. It has the valvula 3 distinctly tapering and apically indistinctly concave in dorsal view, and with a scopa about as wide as or slightly narrower than a cercus ( Figs 5M, N ), and the lancet with a sclerotized band of radix sharply bent and wider than an olistheter at the twisted part ( Figs 9B, C ). The females of the three Japanese species have the valvula 3 apically not or slightly tapering and apically concave in dorsal view, and with a scopa about 1.5–2.0 × as wide as a cercus ( Figs 5A–L ), and the lancet with a sclerotized band of radix gently curved and narrower than or as wide as an olistheter at the twisted part ( Figs 6A–J ). The female of G. laricis is difficult to distinguish from those of the three Japanese species and its ovipositor sheath is almost identical with the latter (compare Figs 5O, P with Figs 5A–L ). One of the distinctive features of the female of G. laricis is the black mesoscutellum with a pair of large yellow spots (cf. Enslin 1917; Gussakovskij 1947; Viitasaari & Varama 1987; Zhelochovtsev & Zinovjev 1988; see also photos in Taeger et al. 2018). The mesoscutellum of the female of G. hakonensis is entirely black (Fig. 4E), mostly yellow (Fig. 4C), or black with a pair of vague brown spots (Fig. 4A) or a pair of distinct yellow spots as in the female of G. laricis (fig. 159, p. 52 in Hara 2020). The mesoscutellum of G. amamiana female is mostly yellow (Fig. 4I), sometimes with a brown median longitudinal band ( Fig. 2C ). The mesoscutellum of G. okinawa female is almost entirely red yellow (Fig. 4M). The lancet of G. laricis is slightly but distinctly different from those of the three species. The former has a first ctenidium close to the ventral margin of lancet, the sclerotized band of radix barely curved at the twisted part and the serrula of second annulus with the postcalcar very widely separated from the precalcar ( Figs 9D, E ), whereas the latter have the first ctenidium widely separated from the ventral margin of lancet, the sclerotized band of radix distinctly curved at the twisted part and the serrula of second annulus with the postcalcar not so widely separated from the precalcar ( Figs 6A–J ).

The males of G. hakonensis and G. amamiana have the penis valve with a lateral swelling near the apex ( Figs 7A, C, D, F ). This feature is known in Gilpinia only for G. frutetorum . However, the penis valve of G. frutetorum has an inconspicuous ergot (fig. 30h in Viitasaari & Varama 1987), while those of G. hakonensis and G. amamiana have a very long ergot ( Figs 7C, F ). Although the female of G. laricis is very similar to the females of G. hakonensis and G. amamiana , the male penis valve of G. laricis is quite different from those of the two Japanese species (compare fig. 30j in Viitasaari & Varama 1987 with Figs 7C, F ). It is only slightly curved, without a lateral swelling and a distinct ergot.

Figures

FIGURES 1A–N. Gilpinia hakonensis: A, B, K, lectotype of Lophyrus hakonensis, female; C, D, L, holotype of G. hakonensis var. laticincta, female; E, female, Honshu; F, female, Honshu; G, H, M, paratype of Diprion fukudai, female; I, J, N, male, Hon- shu. A, C, E, F, G, I, Dorsal or dorsolateral view; B, D, H, J, ventrolateral or lateral view; K–N, head, frontal view.

FIGURES 2A–H. A–F, I–K, Gilpinia amamiana: A, B, holotype, female; C, D, female, Tokunoshima Isl.; E, F, male, Amami Oshima Isl. G, H, L, Gilpinia okinawa, holotype, female. A, C, E, G, Dorsal view; B, D, F, H, ventrolateral view; I–L, head, frontal view.

FIGURES 3A–X. A–H, Head, dorsal view; I–P, dorsal part of head, anterolateral view; Q, head, lateral view; R–X, antenna, inner view (R–T, V, W) or outer view (U, X). A–D, I–L, Q–U, Gilpinia hakonensis: A, I, Q, R, lectotype of Lophyrus hakonensis, female; B, J, S, holotype of G. hakonensis var. laticincta, female; C, K, T, paratype of Diprion fukudai, female; D, L, U, male, Honshu. E–G, M–O, V, W, Gilpinia amamiana: E, M, V, holotype, female; F, N, W, female, Tokunoshima Isl.; G, O, male, Amami Oshima Isl. H, P, X, Gilpinia okinawa, holotype, female. T, Reversed.

FIGURES 5A–U.A–P, Valvula 3, dorsal and posterior views; Q–U, ovipositor or lance, dorsal view (Q, S, T) or lateral view (R, U). A–F, Q, R, Gilpinia hakonensis: A–B, lectotype of Lophyrus hakonensis; C, D, holotype of G. hakonensis var. laticincta; E, F, P, paratype of Diprion fukudai; Q, R, Honshu. G–J, S, Gilpinia amamiana: G, H, holotype; I, J, Tokunoshima Isl.; S, Amami Oshima Isl. K, L, T, U, Gilpinia okinawa, holotype. M, N, Gilpinia frutetorum, Sweden. O, P, Gilpinia laricis, Germany. R, Reversed.

FIGURES 6A–J. Lancet. A–F, Gilpinia hakonensis: A, lectotype of Lophyrus hakonensis; B, holotype of G. hakonensis var. laticincta; C, Kyushu, D, Honshu, E, paratype of Diprion fukudai. F–H, Gilpinia amamiana: F, holotype; G, Amami Oshima Isl.; H, Tokunoshima Isl. I, J, Gilpinia okinawa: I, holotype; J, Okinawa Isl. 1, 2, 5, first (most basal), second and fifth annuli. D–F, H, Reversed.

FIGURES 7A–F. A, D, Male genitalia, dorsal view; B, E, male genitalia (penis valve removed), ventral view; C, F, penis valve, lateral view (left dorsal). A–C, Gilpinia hakonensis, Honshu. D–F, Gilpinia amamiana, Amami Oshima Isl.

FIGURES 9A–J. Lancet. A, Gilpinia abieticola, Austria; B, G. frutetorum, Germany; C, same species, Poland; D, G. laricis, Germany; E, same species, Poland; F, G. socia, Austria; G, same species, “Czechoslovakia”; H, G. variegata, Germany; I, G. polytoma, Czech Republic; J, G. hercyniae, Honshu. Arrows indicate the twisted part of the sclerotized band of a radix.A, E, I, J, Reversed.