Cynodon, Agassiz, 1829

TOLEDO-PIZA, MÔNICA, 2000, The Neotropical Fish Subfamily Cynodontinae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes): A Phylogenetic Study and a Revision of Cynodon and Rhaphiodon, American Museum Novitates 3286, pp. 1-1 : 1-

Monophyly of the clade formed by Cynodon and Rhaphiodon is supported by six synapomorphies:

1. Medial process on posterior margin of antorbital, further enlarged in Cynodon (character 3).

2. Lateral ethmoid­orbitosphenoid contact, independently acquired in Hydrolycus scomberoides (character 17).

3. Reduced distance between orbitosphenoid and parasphenoid (character 18–state 2).

4. Reduced dorsal portion of sphenotic spine no longer contacting ventrolateral margin of frontal, independently acquired in Hydrolycus scomberoides (character 21).

5. Enlargement of fourth pleural rib + parapophysis (character 49).

6. Fusion and corrugated pattern of contralateral coracoids (character 59).

MONOPHYLY OF CYNODON