Bromeloecia triunguia Yau and Marshall, 2018

Yau, Tiffany & Marshall, Stephen A., 2018, A revision of the genus Bromeloecia Spuler (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae), Zootaxa 4445 (1), pp. 1-115 : 68-74

Bromeloecia triunguia Yau and Marshall sp. n.

(Figs. 14.1–14.14)

Description: Body length 0.8–1.2 mm (males), 1.0– 1.4 mm (females).

Head: Interfrontal setae in 4 or (rarely) 5 pairs. Length of anterior fronto-orbital seta subequal to posterior seta. Flagellomere 1 with 1 long pit on basal outer edge. Genal height 0.4x eye height.

Wing: Angle between costa and R4+5 75°. Distance between radial fork and r-m 2x length of r-m; dm-cu subequal to length of r-m and distance between crossveins 0.5x length of dm-cu. M-pseudovein slightly bent towards costa, leveling off in distal one third and ending 2x length of dm-cu from wing margin.

WIPs: Basal angle of distal spot wide, 80°.

Legs: Fore femur posteroventrally with a row of 6–7 stout setae along most of length. Ventral surface of mid tibia with a middle seta only minutely different in size and angle from background setulae, and a large apical seta.

Male abdomen and terminalia: Anteroventral arm of synsternite 6+7 arched, apex triangular; posteroventral lobe simple with H-shaped sclerotization. Subanal plate concave, appearing golden due to microtrichia, posterolateral corners apparently with tufts on each side due to the clustering of macro and microtrichia. Subepandrial sclerite reduced to simple m-shape. Cerci wide at base. Surstylus with 3 weakly sclerotized flattened setae; posterior surface covered with microtrichia.

Hypandrium racket-shaped, with sclerotized anterior hypandrial apodeme on anterior half; hypandrial arms broad. Ejaculatory apodeme finger-like, ejaculatory bulb simple. Epiphallus long. Distiphallus WS apically weakly bi-lobed; with strong well-sclerotized stalk; LFS strong and wide; FDS bi-lobed, medial lobe meets apex of WS, lateral lobe folded and apically tapering; SDS also bi-lobed, dorsal lobe forms a bridge by fusing medially, ventral lobe desclerotized to a sheet of tiger-striped membrane also directed medially.

Female abdomen and terminalia: T6 with setae concentrated on sclerotized round lateral patches on each side of tergite. Each half of T8 ovoid, with 1 large and 4 smaller setae. Epiproct not glossy. Cercus diamond-shaped. Paired spermathecae with large apical and small basal thimble-shaped pit, single spermatheca with 1 large apical and 2 small basal pits, spermathecal ducts without mid-length swelling.

Type specimens: Holotype: ♂: ECUADOR: Pichincha: Rio Palenque , dung, 27 Feb 1979, S. A. Marshall ( QCAZ).

Paratypes: BELIZE : Cayo: Mountain Pine Ridge, Hidden Valley Institute , grass- pine, 2500ʹ, dung traps, 10– 15 Jan 1991, S. A. Marshall (3♂, 7♀, DEBU) ; Mountain Pine Ridge , pine, 2500ʹ, dung traps in pine, 14 Jan 1991, S. A. Marshall (1♂, 2♀, DEBU) ; San Ignacio Maya Mountain Lodge, Atta mound trail, 2 Jan 1991, S. A. Marshall (3♂, 2♀, DEBU). COSTA RICA : Limón: Estrella Valley, Pandora , Feb 1984, H. Howden (1♂, DEBU) ; San Carlos, Riosparaiso Res., Pecari Stn., 16 km NNE Quepos , 25–26 Feb 2006, S. A. Marshall (1♀, DEBU) ; Siquerres, Pacuarito, Las Brisas , Río Dantas Biol. Stn. , 275–500 m, Malaise trap, 22–25 Aug 1996, Gustafsson et al. (2♂, DEBU) ; Puntarenas: R. F. Golfo Dulce 24 km W Piedres Blancas , 200 m, Dec 1990, P. Hanson (5♂, 4♀, INBC, DEBU) . ECUADOR: Pichincha: Rio Palenque , dung, 25 Feb 1979, S. A. Marshall (14♂, 16♀, QCAZ, DEBU) . GUYANA: Mazaruni-Potaro: Tukeit Falls, Potaro R., 1° rainforest, 300ʹ, human dung trap, 27–29 Sep 1990, B. Hubley (4♂, 3♀, ROME, DEBU) ; W. side Potaro R. downstream Tukeit Falls, 1° rainforest, 300ʹ, Malaise-fine , 27–30 Sep 1990, B. Hubley & L. D. Coote (3♂, ROME, DEBU) ; Rupununi: Kurupukari, E. side Essequibo River, 1° rainforest edge/field, 200ʹ, Malaise , 7–11 Oct 1990, B. Hubley & L. D.Coote (2♀, DEBU) ; Kurupukari , Essequibo R., 1° rainforest, 200ʹ, dung traps, 9 Oct 1990, B. Hubley (9♂, 14♀, ROME, DEBU) .

Other material examined: BRAZIL: Parana: Curitiba , 30 km SE BR 277, dung trap, 6–9 Feb 1990, S. A. Marshall (1♂, DEBU) ; Morretes , sweep, 9 Feb 1990, S. A. Marshall (1♀, DEBU) ; Santa Catarina: Aparados de Serra Natl. Pk., Rio do Boi , 29°12ʹ8ʺS, 050°3ʹ1ʺW, river crossing, 209 m, Malaise trap, 6–9 Mar 2015, Norrbom & Savaris (1♀, DEBU) ; Sao Paulo: USP Biol . Stn , human dung, 5–6 Feb 1979, R. Woodruff & J. Runnacles (1♀, DEBU) . BELIZE (BRITISH HONDURAS): Caves Forest , dung, 23–29 Aug 1972, S. & J. Peck (5♂, 5♀, DEBU) ; forest, dung, 6–12 Aug 1972, S. & J. Peck (7♂, 11♀, DEBU); Cayo: Beaver Dam , 39 mi W Belize City, swamp forest, dung trap, 6–10 Aug 1972, S. & J. Peck (14♂, 12♀, DEBU) ; Belmopan , creekside, gallery forest, dung trap, 11–16 Aug 1972, S. & J. Peck & R. Anderson (12♂, 8♀, DEBU) ; Belmopan , stream forest, dung trap, 14 Aug 1972, S. & J. Peck & R. Anderson (5♂, 6♀, DEBU) ; Caves Branch , forest, dung trap, 23–29 Aug 1972, S. & J. Peck (170♂, 118♀, DEBU) ; San Ignacio, Maya Mt. Lodge, 17°09ʹ00ʺN, 089°04ʹ00ʺW, 18 Jan 1991, S. A. Marshall (1♂, 1♀, DEBU) . BOLIVIA: La Paz: Arroyo Tuhiri W Mapiri , 15°17ʹ27ʺS, 068°15ʹ29ʺW, 10 Apr 2001, S. A. Marshall (8♂, 12♀, DEBU) ; Heath River Wildlife Research Centre, 12°40ʹ00ʺS, 068°42ʹ00ʺW, tree fall yellow pans, 5–9 May 2007, Paiero & Kits (1♂, 1♀, DEBU) ; San Antonio, ca. 8 km S Mapiri , 15°20ʹ56ʺS, 068°13ʹ31ʺW, secondary forest, dung pans, 11 Apr 2001, S. A. Marshall (4♂, DEBU) . COLOMBIA: Amazonas: Leticia , 28 Feb 1974, V. Nealis (2♀, DEBU) ; Norte de Santander: 2 mi N Chinacota , 3000ʹ, carrion trap, 12–14 May 1974, S. Peck (1♀, DEBU) . COSTA RICA : Alajuela: Volcán Tenorio, Bijagua Biol. Stn., 700 m, sweeping decayed vegetation, 16 Jun 2000, M. Buck (1♀, DEBU) ; Heredia: La Selva , Malaise trap, 15–21 May 1989, B. Brown & D. Feener (1♀, DEBU) ; La Selva Biol. Stn. , 10°26ʹ00ʺN, 084°01ʹ00ʺW, 80 m, FIT, 18–20 Jun 2001, S. Chatzimanolis (2♀, DEBU) ; La Selva Biol. Stn., 3 km S Puerto Viejo , 10°26ʹ00ʺN, 084°01ʹ00ʺW, 80 m, FIT, 23– 26 Jun 2001, S. Chatzimanolis (2♂, 6♀, DEBU) ; ditto, 20–23 Jun 2001 (2♂, 4♀, DEBU) ; ditto, 8–11 Jun 2001 (2♂, 1♀, DEBU) ; ditto, 5–8 Jun 2001 (4♂, DEBU) ; ditto, 26 Jun–27 Jul 2001 (14♂, 13♀, DEBU) ; ditto, 26 Jun–2 Jul 2001 (13♂, 5♀, DEBU) ; ditto, 14–17 Jun 2001 (1♀, DEBU) ; Puntarenas: Osa Peninsula, Rincón, 2.5 km S, 08°42ʹ01ʺN, 083°30ʹ50ʺW, secondary forest, ~ 50 m, dung pans, 11 Aug 2001, M. Buck (32♂, 34♀, DEBU) ; Osa Peninsula , Rincón, 2.5 km S, 08°42ʹ01ʺN, 083°30ʹ50ʺW, primary forest, ~ 50 m, dung pitfalls, 11 Aug 2001 (2♂, 5♀, DEBU) ; Osa Peninsula , Rincón, 2.5 km S, 08°42ʹ01ʺN, 083°30ʹ50ʺW, secondary forest, ~ 50 m, dung pitfalls, 10 Aug 2001 – 11 Aug 2002 (1♂, DEBU) ; Osa Peninsula , Rincón, 2.5 km S, 08°42ʹ01ʺN, 083°30ʹ50ʺW, secondary forest, ~ 50 m, fish pitfalls, 10–11 Aug 2001 (1♂, DEBU) ; Osa Peninsula , Rincón, 2.5 km S, 08°42ʹ01ʺN, 083°30ʹ50ʺW, kitchen compost, ~ 50 m, yellow pans, 10–11 Aug 2001, M. Buck (1♀, DEBU) . ECUADOR: Esmeraldas: La Chiquita , dung, 7–8 Jun 1975, S. Peck (4♂, 3♀, DEBU) ; 11 km SE San Lorenzo, La Chiquita , dung trap, 10–11 Jun 1975, S. Peck (1♀, DEBU) ; ditto, 5 m (4♂, 4♀, DEBU) ; ditto, 5 m, 6–7 Jun 1975 (11♂, 9♀, DEBU) ; 11 km SE San Lorenzo, La Chiquita , 5 m, carrion, 9–10 Jun 1975, S. Peck (1♂, 1♀, DEBU) ; Guayas: 78 km N Santa Elena, 27 km S Puerto López , 01°46ʹ40ʺS, 080°40ʹ54ʺW, 152 m, dung trap, 25–27 Jul 1976, S. Peck (1♂, DEBU) ; 78 km N Santa Elena, 27 km S Puerto López , 500ʹ, dung trap, 25–27 Jul 1976, S. Peck (73♂, 115♀, DEBU) ; Napo: Baeza , 42 km NW, 3300 m, dung trap, 2–6 Mar 1976, S. Peck (1♀, DEBU) ; Jatun Sacha Res., 6 km E Misahuallí , 01°04ʹ00ʺS, 077°37ʹ00ʺW, pond edge, 450 m, Malaise trap, 1–4 May 2002, Marshall, Paiero & Lonsdale (1♂, DEBU) ; 12 km SW Tena , 500 m, dung trap, 8–11 Aug 1976 (1♀, DEBU) ; Tiputini Biodiversity Stn. , 00°36ʹ50ʺS, 076°09ʹ01ʺW, May 2011, S. A. Marshall (1♂, 2♀, DEBU) ; Tiputini Biodiversity Stn. vic. Yasuní Natl. Pk. , 00°38ʹ00ʺS, 076°00ʹ00ʺW, human dung pitfalls, 14–19 Feb 1998, D. C. Darling (1♀, DEBU) ; Yasuní Natl. Pk., Yasuní Res. Sta. , rainforest, Malaise trap, 3–20 Nov 1998, D. C. Darling (2♀, DEBU) ; Pichincha: Palenque , trap, 24–25 Feb 1976, S. Peck (1♂, DEBU) ; Palenque , 01°25ʹ56ʺS, 079°45ʹ14ʺW, trap, 24–25 Mar 1976, S. Peck (13♂, DEBU) ; Rio Palenque , J. Glasser trap, 26 Feb 1976, S. Peck (9♂, 14♀, DEBU) ; Rio Palenque , dung trap, 25–26 Feb 1976, S. Peck (2♂, 1♀, DEBU) ; ditto, 22–23 Feb 1976 (1♂, 5♀, DEBU) ; Rio Palenque , dung, 25 Feb 1979, S. A. Marshall (4♂, 8♀, DEBU) ; Rio Palenque , carrion trap, 25 Feb 1979, S. A. Marshall (14♂, 9♀, DEBU) ; ditto, 27 Feb 1979 (3♂, 4♀, DEBU) ; same as holotype (7♂, 8♀, DEBU); Rio Palenque , 26 Feb 1976, J. Glasser (1♂, DEBU) ; Rio Palenque Stn., 47 km S Santo Domingo, 1° lowland rainforest, 160 m, Malaise head 30 Apr–5 May 1987, L. Coote & B. Brown (1♂, DEBU) ; 47 km S Santo Domingo, Rio Palenque Station , 250 m, dung, 17–25 Feb 1979, S. A. Marshall (15♂, 9♀, DEBU) ; Rio Palenque Stn. , 47 km S Santo Domingo, (dung/ carrion?) traps, 26–27 Jun 1975, S. Peck (1♀, DEBU) ; ditto, 22–23 Feb 1976 (2♂, DEBU) ; Rio Palenque Stn. 47 km S Santo Domingo, 213 m, (dung/carrion?) traps, 30–31 May 1975, S. Peck (3♂, 6♀, DEBU) ; 4 km S Santo Domingo, Rio Palenque Station , 250 m, 17–25 Feb 1979, S. A. Marshall (4♂, 3♀, DEBU) ; 16 km SE Santo Domingo, Tinalandia , 680 m, dung trap, 21–22 Jun 1975, S. Peck (8♂, 11♀, DEBU) ; Tinalandia , 16 km SE Santo Domingo, 680 m, dung trap, 19–20 Jun 1975, S. Peck (27♂, 8♀, DEBU) . GUATEMALA : Zacapa: 3.5 km SE La Union , cloud forest litter, 1500 m, 23 Jun 1993, R. Anderson (1♀, DEBU) . GUYANA: Potaro-Siparuni: Kabocalli, Iwokrama Forest Res., 60 m, FIT, 3–5 Jun 2001, Brooks & Falin (4♂, 3♀, DEBU) ; Kabocalli, Iwokrama Forest Res., 100 m, FIT, 22–25 May 2001, Brooks & Falin (2♂, 5♀, DEBU) ; Mount Wokomung , 05°7ʹ53ʺS, 059°48ʹ31ʺW, 1° forest, 698 m, pitfall trap (human dung), 21–26 Oct 2004, B. Hubley (1♂, 4♀, DEBU) ; Mount Wokomung , 05°6ʹ35ʺS, 059°49ʹ15ʺW, 1° rainforest, 1234 m, human dung pitfall trap, 27 Oct–1 Nov 2004, B. Hubley (1♀, DEBU) ; Rupununi: Kurupukari , Essequibo River, 200ʹ, dung trap, 9 Oct 1990, B. Hubley (3♂, 3♀, ROME, DEBU) . HONDURAS: Gracias a Dios: Rio Pauca, Krausirpe , 22–24 May 1994, B. D. Gill (9♂, 12♀, DEBU) . MEXICO : Oaxaca: 5 mi S Valle Nacional , trop. oak evergreen, 1600ʹ, dung trap, 20 Jul–1 Aug 1971, A. Newton (3♀, DEBU) ; Puebla: 4.5 mi E Teziutlan , cloud forest, 5000ʹ, human dung, 10–14 Jul 1971, A. Newton (1♀, DEBU) ; Veracruz: Fortin SW of Rio Metlas , 3250ʹ, human dung, 13–18 Jul 1971, A. Newton (1♂, DEBU) ; 1.7 mi N Teocelo , 3700ʹ, human dung, 22–24 Jul 1973, A. Newton (1♂, DEBU). PANAMA : Panamá: Canal Zone, Madden Forest , carrion trap, 10–13 Jun 1977, S. Peck (1♂, 1♀, DEBU) . PARAGUAY : Caazapá: Hermosa, San Rafael Res., prop. Lopes family, 26°19ʹ15ʺN, 055°44ʹ55ʺW, 90 m, FIT, 3–6 Dec 2000, Z. H. Falin (1♂, DEBU) ; Hermosa, San Rafael Res., prop. Lopes family, 26°18ʹ29ʺN, 055°45ʹ3ʺW, 80 m, FIT, 1–3 Dec 2000, Z. H. Falin (1♀, DEBU) . PERU: Loreto: Campamento San. Jacinto , 175–215 m, FIT, 5 Jul 1993, R. Leschen (1♂, DEBU) ; ditto, 11 Jul 1993 (1♀, DEBU) ; ditto, 10 Jul 1993 (2♂, DEBU) ; San Jacinto , FIT, 12 Jul 1993, R. Leschen (3♂, 2♀, DEBU) ; Teniente López , 2°30ʹ24ʺS, 076°8ʹ51ʺW, forest, FIT, 26 Jul 1993, R. Leschen (1♂, DEBU) ; 1.5 km N Teniente Lopez , 230–305 m, ex FIT, 22 Jul 1993, R. Leschen (1♀, DEBU) ; Madre de Dios: Pantiacolla Lodge, Alto Madre de Dios River , 12°39ʹ18ʺS, 071°13ʹ54ʺW, 420 m, FIT, 14–19 Nov 2007, D. Brzoska (1♂, 1♀, DEBU) . VENEZUELA: Bolívar: 10 km S El Dorada , 200 m, 17 Jul–7 Aug 1986, B. Gill (11♂, 10♀, DEBU) ; 33 km S El Dorada , 220 m, 2–7 Aug 1986, B. Gill (1♂, DEBU) ; km 40 Santa Elena Icabaru Rd. , 100 m, 4–6 Aug 1986, B. Gill (2♀, DEBU) ; km 40 Santa Elena Icabaru Rd., 1000 m, 4–6 Aug 1986, B. D. Gill (6♂, 1♀, DEBU) ; Táchira: 57 km SE San Cristóbal, El Pinal , 1500ʹ, dung trap, 19–21 Jun 1976, S. Peck (2♀, DEBU) .

Etymology: This name refers to the male surstylus with 3 flattened setae on the ventral surface (Latin ‘tres’: three; Latin ‘unguis’: fingernail, claw, talon)

Comments: B. triunguia is one of the most widespread and abundant species of Bromeloecia , however, unlike other species of the B. wolverinei species group, it occurs neither in the Caribbean nor on the Galápagos Islands. Males of B. triunguia and B. brachium can be difficult to distinguish; for further discussion, see comment below the description of B. brachium . Females of B. triunguia can be distinguished from B. wolverinei by the sclerotisation and orientation of setae on T6; B. triunguia usually have 2 round sclerotized patches on each side and setae are positioned in a radiating fashion (Fig. 14.11), whereas B. wolverinei females have a continuous bridge of sclerotization, and setae are spread across the width of T6 (Fig. 15.11).