Satyrichthys laticeps (Schlegel, 1852)

Kawai, Toshio, 2013, Revision of the peristediid genus Satyrichthys (Actinopterygii: Teleostei) with the description of a new species, S. milleri sp. nov., Zootaxa 3635 (4), pp. 419-438 : 422-428

Satyrichthys laticeps (Schlegel, 1852)

Japanese name: Bake-kihoubou ( Figure 5 ; Tables 1–6)

Peristedion laticeps Schlegel, 1852: 43 (type locality: Ambon, Indonesia).

Peristethus sp.: Haly, 1886: 166 ( Sri Lanka).

Peristethus halyi Day, 1888: 791 (type locality: Sri Lanka; holotype unknown).

Peristethus adeni Lloyd, 1907: 8 (type locality: Gulf of Aden).

Peristedion pothumaluva Deraniyagala, 1936: 221 (type locality: Sri Lanka).

Satyrichthys piercei Fowler, 1938: 125 (type locality: South China Sea); Richards, 1999: 2362 (name listed from western central Pacific); Richards, 2000: 607 (name listed from South China Sea).

Satyrichthys adeni: Miller, 1974: 61 (Gulf of Aden and Arabian Sea south to South Africa and eastward to Taiwan); Heemstra, 1986: 489 (off Indian coast of southern Africa, northern Indian Ocean and Taiwan); Richards, 1999: 2362 (name listed from western central Pacific); Richards, 2000: 607 (name listed from South China Sea); Kawai, 2008: 26 (listed name only); Kawai & Tashiro, 2008: 43 ( Japan).

Satyrichthys magnus Yatou, 1985a: 591 (type locality: East China Sea); Richards, 1999: 2362 (name listed from western central Pacific); Richards, 2000: 607 (name listed from South China Sea); Yamada, 2002: 613 (East China Sea); Kawai, 2008: 26 (listed name only).

Peristedion halyi: Richards, 1999: 2362 (name listed from western central Pacific); Richards, 2000: 607 (name listed from South China Sea).

Material examined: 53 specimens (89.0– 487 mm SL). BMNH 1921.3.1.20, 1 specimen, 168 mm SL, off Umvoti River, Kwazulu Natal, South Africa; BMNH 1936.4.23.2, holotype of Peristedion pothumaluva , 328 mm SL, Moratuwa, west coast of Ceylon, Sri Lanka, 21 Feb. 1927; BMNH 1939.5.24.1651–1654, 5 specimens, 89.0– 146 mm SL, Gulf of Aden, 220 m, 7 May 1934; BMNH 1987.1.23.73, 1 specimen, 291 mm SL, off south coast of Java and Bali, Indonesia; BMNH 2003.11.3.6, 1 specimen, 167 mm SL, Gulf of Aden (13°22’N, 47°04’E), 29 Sep. 1975; BSKU 15140, 1 specimen, 139 mm SL, Sulu Sea (8°9.2’N, 117°53.8’E to 8°10.5’N, 117°54.5’E), 200–215 m, 26 May 1972; BSKU 26637, paratype of Satyrichthys magnus , 1 specimen, 412 mm SL (by tape measure), BSKU 26638, holotype of S. magnus , 487 mm SL, Okinawa Trough (26°32.1’N, 125°3.8’E), East China Sea, 207–215 m, 25 Jan. 1978; HUMZ 19673, 1 specimen, 308 mm SL, off Penang (6°45’N, 98°30’E), Malaysia, R/V Oshoro-maru, 8–11 Jan. 1965; HUMZ 33476, 1 specimen, ca. 346 mm SL, Andaman Sea; HUMZ 38498, 1 specimen, 385 mm SL, South China Sea (6°18’N, 108°58’E), 124 m, 14 Nov. 1973; HUMZ 73291, 1 specimen, 368 mm SL, HUMZ 73293, 1 specimen, 403 mm SL, HUMZ 73294, 1 specimen, 339 mm SL, HUMZ 73745, 1 specimen, 392 mm SL, Saya de Malha Bank (11°42’S, 61°13’E), Indian Ocean, 246 m, 30 Aug. 1977; HUMZ 73456, 1 specimen, 119 mm SL, Saya de Malha Bank (11°20’S, 60°43’E), Indian Ocean, 147 m, 2 Sep. 1977; HUMZ 74071, 1 specimen, 359 mm SL, Saya de Malha Bank (11°21’S, 61°18’E), Indian Ocean, 128 m, 30 Aug. 1977; HUMZ 81518, 1 specimen, 346 mm SL, HUMZ 81519, 1 specimen, 309 mm SL, HUMZ 81520 (dissected), 1 specimen, 297 mm SL, Saya de Malha Bank (10°46’S, 61°05’E), 125 m, 10 Dec. 1978; HUMZ 81521, 1 specimen, 341 mm SL, HUMZ 81522, 1 specimen, 283 mm SL, HUMZ 81523, 1 specimen, 319 mm SL, HUMZ 81524, 1 specimen, 398 mm SL, HUMZ 81525, 1 specimen, 286 mm SL, HUMZ 81526, 1 specimen, 313 mm SL, Saya de Malha Bank (10°44’S, 60°56’E), Indian Ocean, 120 m, 10 Dec. 1978; HUMZ 87722, 1 specimen, 376 mm SL, South China Sea (5°24’N, 110°40’E), 160 m, 11 Aug. 1975; HUMZ 90032, 1 specimen, 353 mm SL, HUMZ 90033, 1 specimen, 241 mm SL, HUMZ 90034 (dissected), 1 specimen, 269 mm SL, Andaman Sea, 16 Jan. to 19 Apr. 1971; HUMZ 109578, 1 specimen, 348 mm SL, off Sarawak, Borneo, South China Sea, date unknown; HUMZ 185184, 1 specimen, 188 mm SL, HUMZ 185184, 1 specimen, Tonggang Fishing Port, Pingtung, Taiwan, 28 Aug. 2002; HUMZ 186158, 1 specimen, 92.2 mm SL, Tonggang Fishing Port, Pingtung, Taiwan, 26 Aug. 2002; NSMT-P 79556, 1 specimen, 450 mm SL, Shimizu Fish Market, Shizuoka Prefecture, Honshu, Japan, 4 Mar. 1987; NSMT-P 92747, 1 specimen, 191 mm SL, Tashi, Ilan, Taiwan, 1 June 2008; NSMT-P 92751, 1 specimen, 109 mm SL, Tonggang Fishing Port, Pingtung, Taiwan, 5 July 2007; NSMT-P 92787, 1 specimen, 313 mm SL, Saya de Malha Bank, Indian Ocean; RMNH.PISC. 523, holotype of Peristedion laticeps , 230 mm SL, Ambon, Indonesia; RMNH.PISC. 662, 1 specimen (stuffed), ca. 550 mm SL, Ambon, Indonesia, 1866; RMNH.PISC. 35955, 1 specimen, 215 mm SL; USNM 98877, holotype of Satyrichthys piercei , 118 mm SL, South China Sea (21°39’N, 117°7’E), 291 m, 5 Nov. 1908; ZSI F1433/1, holotype of Peristethus adeni , 123 mm SL, Gulf of Aden, 238 m; ZSI F6549/2, 7 specimens, 150–227 mm SL, off Quilon (9°N, 76°E), India, 300 m, 3–4 Mar. 1971.

Diagnosis. A species of Satyrichthys with four (rarely three or five) lip and 2–5 chin barbels; antrose spines present on upper lateral bony plates of caudal peduncle; parietal bones unequal in size on midline; no dusky spots on dorsal fin.

Distribution. Japan, Taiwan, East China Sea, Sulu Sea, South China Sea, Andaman Sea, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Arabian Sea, Saya de Malha Bank, off Indian coast of southern Africa, in depth of 58– 300 m.

Remarks. Day’s (1888) description of Peristethus halyi followed Haly’s (1886) description of Peristethus sp. Haly’s description was based on a single specimen collected from Galle, Sri Lanka, but that the specimen (thus the holotype of P. ha ly i) is unknown. Although the two descriptions were essentially the same, lateral line counts differed with Day (1888) stating 34 and Haly (1886) 24. Both descriptions are brief, and provide neither the number of barbels nor drawings. No additional specimens of this species have been reported. Miller (1974) included this species in ‘ Satyrichthys ’, however, he treated S. halyi as a nomen dubium because Day (1888) and Haly (1886) did not show the number of barbels, an important character for species identification in the family Peristediidae . The presence of 15 dorsal and 15 anal fin rays places it in Satyrichthys (sensu Kawai 2008) and the characters overlapping only with the 13–17 and 14–17 rays of S. laticeps , and 15–17 and 15–17 rays of S. milleri sp. nov. ( Table 2 ). Day (1888) also described the body color of S. halyi as uniformly red. The red body of S. halyi fits that of S. laticeps (vs. dark brown in S. milleri sp. nov.). Lateral-line counts differ between authors. Some ichthyologists included all bony plates on the lateral line series (i.e. upper lateral row in this study), others excluded the anterior four or five small bony plates and/or posteriormost bony plate. Consequently, the estimated number of bony plates on the upper lateral row reported by Day (1888) is 34–40 and reported by Haly (1886) is 24–30. If Haly’s count was correct, this character also overlapps with the 29–32 of S. laticeps (Table 3). Therefore, I conclude that S. halyi is a junior synonym of S. laticeps .

De Beaufort and Briggs (1962) believed that S. laticeps and S. moluccensis were synonymous based on an examination presumed type specimens of both species, but the type specimens of S. moluccensis had already been discarded and did not exist at that time (pers. com. Dr. Martien J. P. van Oijen). De Beaufort and Briggs (1962) misunderstood two non-type specimens (RMNH.PISC. 5937 and RMNH.PISC. 35955, here identified as S. moluccensis and as S. laticeps , respectively) as syntypes of S. moluccensis (see remarks of S. moluccensis ). Since their study, no ichthyologists have used S. laticeps . A comparison of the holotype of S. laticeps with non-type specimens of S. laticeps and S. moluccensis reveals that S. laticeps differs from S. moluccensis in having the left and right parietal bones unequal in size in the mid-line ( Fig. 3 ). In addition, 4 (rarely 3 or 5) lip and 2–5 chin barbels of S. laticeps are good distinguishing characters from 3 lip and 0 (rarely 2) chin barbels of S. moluccensis (Table 4).

Miller (1974) suggested that S. piercei and S. pothumaluva are junior synonyms of S. adeni . This synonymy is confirmed here, but all three nominal species are in turn junior synonyms of S. laticeps ( Table 6 ).

Satyrichthys magnus was described by Yatou (1985a) and compared only with S. welchi . Yatou showed that four barbels on the lip and 15 pectoral fin rays of S. magnus are separable from 7 barbels, and 14 rays of S. welchi . Since then, no additional specimens of S. magnus have been reported. A re-examination of the holotype and paratype of S. magnus revealed 4 or 3 lip and rudimental 3 chin barbels, and 15 or 17 pectoral fin rays. The holotype of S. magnus has an extremely short first dorsal spine, but there are no other significant differences between S. magnus and specimens of S. laticeps ( Table 6 ). Therefore, I conclude that S. magnus is a junior synonym of S. laticeps . Although the number of barbels is a difficult character for separating S. laticeps from S. welchi , the former species is easily distinguished from the latter in having the left and right parietal bones unequal in size in the mid-line ( Fig. 3 A), and no dusky spots on the dorsal fin spine region (vs. having parietal bones equal in size on mid-line, and many spots in S. welchi ).

TABLE 1. Comparison of measurements among the species of Satyrichthys .

S. clavilapis S. laticeps S. longiceps S. milleri sp. nov. S. moluccensis S. rieffeli S. welchi holotype holotype holotype holotype paratypes neotype

Number of specimens 1 34 1 49 1 1 41 1 13 43 6

Standard Length (mm) 201 39.1–172 230 89.0–487 155 182 59.9–265 ca. 410 170–480 78.3–254 131–271

Measurements (% SL)

Body depth 20.0 17.5–25.5 16.6 15.4–23.7 17.0 22.8 20.3–27.2 15 16.2–20.8 12.5–21.2 12.9–18.7 Body width 14.6 11.2–16.6 13.9 12.4–20.3 11.3 15.2 11.8–19.6 18 13.3–17.7 12.8–18.7 12.8–15.7 Head length 41.1 41.9–48.8 39.0 37.9–45.8 (n =48) 42.8 42.9 41.8–49.3 40 39.7–42.7 37.9–42.3 37.8–41.9 Head depth 18.9 17.9–26.5 16.3 15.9–24.1 (n =48) 17.5 22.2 20.3–25.9 14 16.7–20.3 11.4–21.1 13.3–18.4 Head width 21.2 29.1–41.9 (n =33) 28.1 24.4–40.2 (n =46) 21.5 38.5 34.8–47.2 (n =38) 29 25.6–34.8 28.0–38.7 26.5–33.7 Distance from snout to dorsal fin 41.0 41.2–47.8 38.5 37.2–43.7 42.6 41.8 40.8–47.7 37 36.8–40.7 36.5–42.1 36.4–40.9 Distance from snout to anal fin 55.3 53.9–58.7 54.2 51.8–59.6 54.7 54.6 54.1–60.6 Broken 52.1–58.0 51.5–57.8 49.6–54.5 Distance from snout to anus 49.2 48.1–52.4 48.4 46.2–53.6 50.1 49.1 47.7–53.5 52 46.4–52.6 45.9–52.4 44.6–49.3 Snout length 21.8 21.4–23.8 20.6 19.9–23.1 22.0 21.4 21.0–24.1 21 20.3–22.3 19.0–21.7 19.4–21.2 Rostral projection length Broken 13.5–17.0 (n =4) 9.5 6.3–12.4 (n =35) Broken 10.4 7.5–10.6 (n =35) Broken 5.9–9.1 (n =10) 12.0–19.3 8.7–12.7 (n =3) Longest barbel length 12.6 13.9–23.1 19.0 11.4–26.7 6.8 38.1 30.4–45.2 (n =40) Unknown* 11.8–24.1 12.0–18.7 11.2–17.2 Upper jaw length 17.6 16.9–18.6 16.0 14.8–17.9 14.5 14.7 13.7–17.5 16 14.7–17.6 13.4–15.6 14.8–17.0 Lower jaw length 15.7 16.5–19.9 15.0 14.4–18.1 15.2 15.8 15.4–19.3 15 14.7–16.6 12.4–16.0 13.4–15.3 Orbital diameter 7.9 9.2–14.1 8.2 7.0–11.9 9.7 8.7 8.7–13.2 8 7.5–8.4 7.5–9.5 7.8–10.0 Interorbital width 7.6 8.3–12.4 (n =33) 7.2 6.8–10.4 8.8 11.0 9.0–11.9 (n =40) 8 7.1–8.5 (n =11) 6.9–9.2 6.7–8.4 Pectoral fin length 15.9 13.8–20.7 18.1 14.7–26.2 (n =48) 14.4 19.9 16.2–22.4 (n =39) 22 18.4–22.9 13.7–31.2 18.1–21.5 Length of upper detached pectoral Broken 19.0–27.8 14.9 13.2–21.6 (n =48) Broken 21.4 18.2–24.9 (n =24) Unknown* 13.4–19.8 13.3–21.3 14.1–18.9

fin ray Length of lower detached pectoral Broken 16.3–24.1 11.4 10.4–17.6 (n =47) Broken 17.9 14.7–20.7 (n =24) Unknown* 10.7–16.4 10.8–16.7 12.1–15.7 fin ray

Pelvic fin length 18.2 18.9–24.8 20.6 16.8–22.5 (n =48) 19.2 22.1 21.3–27.1 (n =40) 17 18.2–20.4 17.8–23.1 19.3–22.0 Length of first dorsal spine 8.8 9.4–12.8 (n =33) 11.1 0.8–14.4 (n =47) 11.2 10.6 8.1–12.9 9 7.3–11.1 7.9–14.8(n =40) 10.3–11.8 Caudal peduncle length 10.2 9.8–12.6 11.1 9.6–13.3 10.5 12.0 11.0–14.2 Broken 8.2–12.7 9.9–12.6 10.0–11.7 Caudal peduncle depth 2.8 2.9–4.0 2.8 2.2–3.4 2.6 3.7 3.2–4.2 3 2.7–3.4 2.7–3.8 2.7–3.0 *Unable to measure because of bent and dried fixation.

Dorsal spines Dorsal rays Anal rays Pectoral rays, including two free rays

6 7 8 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 14 15 16 17 18 19 13 14 15 16 17 18 Holotype and neotype in boldface when applicable.

TABLE 3. Number of bony plates in species of Satyrichthys .

Dorsal Upper lateral Lower lateral Ventral Beforeanus

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2 3 moluccensis (n =15) 2 12 1 1 4 9 1 1 8 5 1 7 7 1 14 1

rieffeli (n =43) 26 17 8 27 8 1 18 22 2 1 9 29 4 36 7

welchi (n =6) 5 1 2 3 1 4 2 2 4 5 1

Holotype and neotype in boldface when applicable.

Upper Lower, including raker at angle 4 5 6 7 8 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 clavilapis (n =35) 7 20 8 6 13 8 7 1 laticeps (n =45) 8 33 3 1 2 12 14 11 4 1 longiceps (n =1) 1 1 milleri (n =43) 16 23 3 1 3 14 12 11 2 1 moluccensis (n =14) 1 12 1 2 7 4 1

rieffeli (n =43) 1 9 25 8 3 5 18 10 7 welchi (n =6) 2 2 2 1 1 3 1

Holotype and neotype in boldface when applicable.

*Unable to open gill opening because of hard fixation.

Figures

FIGURE 3. Dorsal views of the head of Satyrichthys laticeps, HUMZ 73294, 339 mm SL (A) and Satyrichthys moluccensis, HUMZ 212426, 170 mm SL (B).

FIGURE 5. Dorsal view of Satyrichthys laticeps, RMNH. PISC. 523, holotype, 230 mm SL.

Tables

TABLE 2. Number of dorsal, anal and pectoral fin rays in species of Satyrichthys.

. clavilapis (n =35)	1	33	1				2	26	7				5	23	7			5	29	1
. laticeps (n =53)	2	50	1	1	4	25	12	10			12	20	11	9				1	34	17	1
. longiceps (n =1)		1						1						1				1
. milleri (n =43)		41	2			2	38	3				12	29	2			1	14	25	3
. moluccensis (n =15)		15						10	5					8	5	1			1	6	7	1
. rieffeli (n =43)	1	40	2				4	36	3				11	30	2			6	35	2
. welchi (n =6)		6						3	2	1				4	2				1	5

TABLE 6. Comparison of meristic and morphometric values for specimens identifiable as Satyrichthys laticeps.

	S. laticeps	S. adeni	S. magnus	S. piercei	S. pothumaluva
	holotype non-type	holotype	holotype paratype	holotype	holotype
Number of specimens	1 47	1	1 1	1	1
Standard Length (mm)	230 89.0–ca. 550	123	487 412	118	328
Measurements (% SL)
Body depth	16.6 15.4–21.1 (n =45)	23.7	20.3 21.7	19.9	20.5
Body width	13.9 12.4–17.7 (n =45)	15.7	20.3 18.4	13.7	15.6
Head length	39.0 37.9–45.8 (n =44)	44.1	42.7 42.3	42.7	43.1
Head depth	16.3 15.9–21.3 (n =44)	24.1	19.6 20.3	20.2	20.9
Head width	28.1 24.4–35.9 (n =42)	40.2	35.1 27.8	33.8	27.9
Distance from snout to dorsal fin	38.5 37.2–43.7 (n =45)	41.3	41.8 41.0	42.1	41.8
Distance from snout to anal fin	54.2 51.8–58.6 (n =45)	57.7	59.6 55.6	56.0	55.9
Distance from snout to anus	48.4 46.2–53.0 (n =45)	53.6	52.1 51.1	50.3	50.6
Snout length	20.6 19.9–22.5 (n =45)	22.4	22.3 23.1	21.5	21.8
Rostral projection length	9.5 6.6–12.4 (n =30)	11.5	6.3 Broken	10.2	7.3
Longest barbel length	19.0 11.4–26.7 (n =45)	14.2	14.0 13.0	24.1	14.6
Upper jaw length	16.0 14.8–17.9 (n =45)	17.1	16.1 16.4	17.8	16.8
Lower jaw length	15.0 14.4–18.1 (n =45)	15.9	16.4 15.6	17.3	16.8
Orbital diameter	8.2 7.0–11.9 (n =45)	9.5	7.7 7.5	10.2	8.7
Interorbital width	7.2 6.8–10.4 (n =45)	9.2	9.3 8.4	9.0	7.8
Pectoral fin length	18.1 14.7–22.8 (n =44)	16.4	26.2 21.2	17.2	18.4
Length of upper detached pectoral fin ray	14.9 13.4–21.6 (n =44)	19.5	14.5 13.2	19.0	17.0
Length of lower detached pectoral fin ray	11.4 10.4–17.6 (n =43)	16.0	11.5 10.7	15.1	14.3
Pelvic fin length	20.6 16.8–22.5 (n =44)	19.1	19.1 17.8	22.1	19.1
Length of first dorsal spine	11.1 9.7–14.4 (n =43)	11.1	0.8 10.5	9.3	9.8
Caudal peduncle length	11.1 9.6–13.3 (n =45)	11.6	11.2 10.8	12.3	11.1
Caudal peduncle depth	2.8 2.2–3.4 (n =45)	3.0	3.1 3.1	3.3	2.4
Counts
Dorsal fin rays	VII, 17 VI–VII, 13–17	VII, 15	VIII, 17 VIII, 17	VII, 16	VII, 15
Anal fin rays	17 14–17 (n =46)	14	15 17	16	14
Pectoral fin rays (including two detached rays)	15 14–16	15	17 15	15	15
Bony plates in dorsal row	26 23–27 (n =46)	24	26 26	26	24
Bony plates in upper lateral row	32 29–32 (n =46)	29	32 32	31	29
Bony plates in lower lateral row	21 16–22 (n =46)	18	21 21	20	18
Bony plates in ventral row	22 19–22 (n =46)	19	22 22	22	19
Bony plates before anus	2 2	2	2 2	2	2
Upper gill raker	4 4–6 (n =40)	4	Unknown* Unknown*	5	5
Lower gill raker	17 15–22 (n =41)	17	Unknown* Unknown*	17	18
Lip barbels (left, right)	4,4 4 (rarely 5),4	4,4	4,3 4,4	4,4	4,4
Chin barbels (left, right)	3,3 2–5,2–4	3,3	3,3 3,3	3,3	3,3