Phanocles virgulatus ( Redtenbacher, 1908 ) Hennemann & Conle, 2024

Hennemann, Frank H. & Conle, Oskar V., 2024, Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae), Zootaxa 5444 (1), pp. 1-454 : 220-222

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.5444.1.1
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5DE4A9DD-99F7-4E23-AD50-58DC491BB75E
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FD87D9-FF7B-D8B8-FF55-F4472AD1E5DE
treatment provided by	Plazi
scientific name	Phanocles virgulatus ( Redtenbacher, 1908 )
status	comb. nov.

Treatment

Phanocles virgulatus ( Redtenbacher, 1908) comb. n.

( Figs. 51C View FIGURE 51 , 55B View FIGURE 55 , 59G View FIGURE 59 , 62Q–S View FIGURE 62 , 65G–J View FIGURE 65 , 93F View FIGURE 93 , 97G View FIGURE 97 , 99L View FIGURE 99 , 120B View FIGURE 120 )

Bacteria virgulata Redtenbacher, 1908: 420 View in CoL .

Caudell, 1918: 9.

Otte & Brock, 2005: 66.

Steinherr, 2017: 108.

Brock & Büscher, 2022: 511.

= Bacteria innocens Redtenbacher, 1908: 420 View in CoL . syn. n.

Brock, 1998: 35.

Bostra innocens, Otte & Brock, 2005: 263 View in CoL . [As homonym of Phanocloidea redtenbacheri (Brock, 1998) View in CoL ]

Brock & Büscher, 2022: 511.

Bostranova innocens, Villet, 2023: 150 View in CoL .

Phanocloidea innocens, Zompro, 2001: 196 View in CoL .

= Bacteria peruana Redtenbacher, 1908: 421 View in CoL . syn. n.

Otte & Brock, 2005: 66.

Brock & Büscher, 2022: 511.

= Bacteria redtenbacheri, Brock, 1998: 35 View in CoL . [Replacement name for Bacteria innocens Redtenbacher, 1908: 420 View in CoL ] syn. n. Phanocloidea redtenbacheri, Zompro, 2001: 196 View in CoL .

Otte & Brock, 2005: 263.

Brock & Büscher, 2022: 514.

Further material examined [8 ♂♂, 17 ♀♀, 2 ♀♀ (nymph), 5 eggs]:

PERU: 1 ♀ + 1 egg (ex ovipositor): Peru, Prov. Junin, Satipo , 600–700 m, VI.2002 [ FH, No. 0538–1 & E1] ; 1 ♂: Peru: Rodriguez de Mendoza , 3.1996 [coll. FH, No. 0538–2] ; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 2 eggs: Peru, Dep. Huanuco, Rio Llullapichis, Nebenfluss des Rio Pachitea , “Panguana” 260 m, 9°37´S, 74°56´W, 21.IX.–3.X.2004, leg. F. Hennemann & O. Conle [ FH, No’s 0538–3, 4 & E2] GoogleMaps ; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 2 eggs: Peru, Dep. Huanuco, Rio Llullapichis, Nebenfluss des Rio Pachitea , “Panguana” 260 m, 9°37´S, 74°56´W, 21.IX.–3.X.2004, leg. F. Hennemann & O. Conle [OC] GoogleMaps ; 1 ♂, 1 ♀: Peru, Dep. Huanuco, Rio Llullapichis, Nebenfluss des Rio Pachitea , “Panguana” 260 m, 9°37´S, 74°56´W, 21.IX.–3.X.2004, leg. F. Hennemann & O. Conle [ ZSMC] GoogleMaps ; 1 ♀: Peru, Panguana, März 1972, leg. Kaiser; PHA 86, Zoologisches Museum Hamburg [ ZMUH] ; 1 ♀: Coll. R. I. Sc. N. B., Pérou : V.1939, Satipo, de Jaupa, ex coll. Le Moult [ IRSN] ; 1 ♀: Peru: Satipo , Junin, 650 m, 20.iii.1986, BMNH(E) 2009–98; Bacteria peruana Redtenbacher , det. P.D. Brock [ NHMUK] ; 1 ♂: 1000 m, 11°9’S. 75°17’ W. Greenw., N. Iconnicoff 12.9.06 [ USNM] GoogleMaps ; 2 ♂♂: Satipo , Peru [ UMMZ] ; 1 ♀, 1 ♂: Je 1944, Satipo (Dist.) Peru [ ANSP] ; 1 ♀: Satipo ( Dist. ) Peru [ ANSP] ; 3 ♀♀: May 1944, Satipo (Dist.) Peru [ ANSP] ; 1 ♀: Contamano, Rio Ucayali, Peru , XXII, 1912 [ ANSP] ; 1 ♀: Coll. Paul G. Howe, Nov. 1943 [ ANSP] ; 1 ♀ (n4): Yurimaguas, Peru , Huallaga River, IV.6.1920 (H.S. Parish) [ ANSP] ; 2 ♀♀, 1 ♀ (n5): Chanchamayo, Peru [ ANSP] ; 1 ♀: Museum Paris, Perou, Urubamba , Der 1879; 96. Phanocles arumatia Stoll [ MNHN] .

Diagnosis. Among the South American species of the genus ♀♀ (Fis. 51C, 120B) most closely resemble the Peruvian Ph. cuzcoense sp. n., Ph. satyr ( Redtenbacher, 1908) from Brazil and Ph. significans ( Redtenbacher, 1908) from Colombia. From the ♀♀ of Ph. cuzcoense sp. n. the may be separated by the somewhat slenderer and elongate shape, proportionally longer body segments and somewhat more delicate legs, smooth meso- and metathorax, larger and almost semi-circular lobes of the praeopercular organ ( Fig. 93F View FIGURE 93 ; small and rather oval in cuzcoense ), almost entire lateral margins and bilobate posterior margin of the anal segment ( Fig. 62R View FIGURE 62 ), that only has a fairly narrow median indention (with a broad and shallow emargination in cuzcoense ). Although similar in most aspects, eggs ( Fig. 99L View FIGURE 99 ) differ from those of Ph. cuzcoenese by the less pitted micropylar plate and much taller, tube-like excrescence of the operculum, whose height corresponds to as much as three-fifth the length of the capsule (roundly conical and only one-quarter the length of capsule in cuzcoense ). From Ph. satyr these ♀♀ differ at first glance by the much slenderer and elongate shape and limbs (e. g. abdominal segment V 3.4x longer than wide vs. 2.5x in satyr ), smooth posterior portion of the vertex (granulose in satyr ), smooth meso- and metathorax (densely and distinctly granulose in satyr ), much smaller posterolateral lobes of abdominal tergum VII ( Figs. 62 View FIGURE 62 Q-S) and almost circular lobes of the praeopercular organ ( Fig. 93F View FIGURE 93 ). From Ph. significans they may be distinguished by the shorter and broader cephalad horns, lack of white granules on the meso- and metathorax, lack of a posteromedian projection on abdominal terga II–IV, much smaller lobes of the praeopercular organ and shorter subgenital plate, that projects beyond the apex of the abdomen by less than the length of the anal segment ( Fig. 93F View FIGURE 93 ). In several aspects the apterous ♂♂ ( Fig. 55B View FIGURE 55 ) resemble the Venezuelan Ph. obtusa ( Redtenbacher, 1908) but can be differentiated from these by the distinct black postocular stripe of the genae, presence of small cephalad spines ( Fig. 59G View FIGURE 59 ), shorter median segment, that is less than 1.5x longer than the metanotum (almost 3x longer in obtusus ), much shorter poculum, which scarcely projects beyond the posterior margin of abdominal tergum IX ( Fig. 65G View FIGURE 65 ; reaching as much as two-thirds the way along the anal segment in obtusus ) and angular, medially indented posterior margin of the anal segment ( Fig. 65H View FIGURE 65 ; gradually narrowed in obtusa ).

Variability. Females show considerable variability in size (see table 51 below), shape and size of the cephalad lobes, shape of the sub-basal lobes on the two outer ventral carinae of the meso- and metafemora and colouration. The colour mostly ranges from drab over mid to dark brown and almost black. Often specimens are irregularly flecked with white, pale grey or dark brown and can be more or less lichenose in appearance, but occasionally specimens occur which have the head, thorax and single abdominal terga furnished with single, bold white markings ( Fig. 120B View FIGURE 120 ). The lobes of the head can be very prominent, carinate anteriorly and posteriorly and extend by almost two-thirds of the height of the head capsule (e. g. specimen from Río Ucayali in ANSP) or at the other extreme are reduced to just slightly raised and obtusely rounded to angular carinae (e. g. specimens from Panguana). The sub-basal lobe of the meso- and metafemora is mostly entire but sometimes may be bidentate. No such variation is seen in the ♂♂ at hand, except for that the cephalad horns are smaller in the examples from Panguana, which however is concordance with ♀♀ from the same locality .

Egg ( Fig. 99L View FIGURE 99 ). Fairly large but typical for the genus with a very large operculum. Shape angularly ovoid, narrowed towards the posterior with the polar-area flattened and the dorsal egg surface angular and convex in the anterior portion; oval in cross-section. Capsule surface deeply and fairly irregularly pitted, the pits fairly large and deep but variable in size and sharply defined. Micropylar plate fairly broad, ovate and very slightly widened towards the posterior, about two-thirds the length of capsule and only 2.6x longer than wide; surface with only a few small, round impressions and the gently bulgy central portion. Micropylar cup small and cup-shaped. Median line narrow and almost reaching to polar end of capsule. Operculum oval. Operculum oval and with a large, tube-shaped and apically rounded, hollow excrescence that is formed by the outer margin, which has several irregular radially directed impressions in the upper portion; height of excrescence more than two-thirds of capsule length. Colour of capsule plain grey with the polar-area dark grey and a small dark grey lateral marking, the opercular collar dark grey. Micropylar plate drab with the outer margin yellow. Capitulum straw.

Measurements [mm]: Length incl. operculum 5.7, length 3.5, width 2.5, height 2.8, length of micropylar plate 2.1.

Comments. Apparently, this species is not uncommon in the lowland regions of eastern Peru and frequently encountered. Bacteria peruana Redtenbacher, 1908 and Bacteria innocens Redtenbacher, 1908 are here synonymised with Ph. virgulatus ( Redtenbacher, 1908) comb. n. because examination of their holotypes has proven them to be the same species as Redtenbacher’s virgulatus (syn. n.). Consequently, also the replacement name for Redtenbacher’s innocens , B. redtenbacheri Brock, 1998 , becomes a synonym of virgulatus (syn. n.). The eggs are here described and illustrated for the first time.

Table 51: Measurements of Phanocles virgulatus ( Redtenbacher, 1908) comb. n.

FH	Fort Hays
ZSMC	Zoologische Staatssammlung
ZMUH	Zoological Museum, University of Hanoi
IRSN	Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique
NHMUK	Natural History Museum, London
USNM	Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History
UMMZ	University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology
ANSP	Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
MNHN	Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle

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Taxonomy

Kingdom	Animalia
Phylum	Arthropoda
Class	Insecta
Order	Phasmida
Family	Diapheromeridae
Genus	Phanocles