Dichrostigma flavipes (Stein, 1863)

Aspoeck, Horst & Aspoeck, Ulrike, 2023, The snakeflies of the Mediterranean islands: review and biogeographical analysis (Neuropterida, Raphidioptera), Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 70 (1), pp. 175-218 : 175

Dichrostigma flavipes (Stein, 1863)

Raphidia ophiopsis var. e: Schummel, 1832 (descr, distr): H. Aspöck et al. 1991 (mon).

Raphidia affinis Schneider, 1843 (odescr, ecol, distr): Novak 1891 (rec); H. Aspöck et al. 1991 (mon). - Homonym!

Raphidia flavipes Stein, 1863 (odescr): H. Aspöck et al. 1991 (mon); Dobosz 1989 (rec); Dobosz 1994 (rec).

Raphidia (Dichrostigma) flavipes Stein: H. Aspöck et al. 1991 (mon); Dobosz 1991 (distr, ecol, rec; ill: map); Tröger 1993 (rec).

Subilla sulfuricosta Steinmann, 1963 (odescr): H. Aspöck et al. 1991 (mon).

Raphidia sinica Steinmann, 1964 (odescr): H. Aspöck et al. 1991 (mon).

Raphidia maculicaput Steinmann, 1964 (odescr): H. Aspöck et al. 1991 (mon).

Raphidia dichroma Steinmann, 1964 (odescr): H. Aspöck et al. 1991 (mon).

Raphidia durmitorica Steinmann, 1964 (odescr): H. Aspöck et al. 1991 (mon).

Raphidia monotona Steinmann, 1964 (odescr): H. Aspöck et al. 1991 (mon).

Subilla balesdenti Poivre, 1991 (odescr; ill: imag, gs, head, wings): H. Aspöck et al. 2001 (anncat).

Raphidia (Lesna) flavipes Stein: H. Aspöck et al. 1991 (mon).

Dichrostigma flavipes Stein: H. Aspöck et al. 1989 (biogeogr, distr, ill: imag); Pantaleoni 1990a (com, rec); Pantaleoni 1990c (com, rec); Pantaleoni 1990d [1993] (rec); H. Aspöck et al. 1991 (mon); Devetak 1991 (rec); Saure and Gerstberger 1991 (ecol, rec); Devetak 1992a (rec); Devetak 1992b (com); Rausch and H. Aspöck 1993 (rec, ecol); Horstmann 1994 (paras); Pantaleoni et al. 1994 (distr, rec); U. Aspöck et al. 1995 (ethol: cop); H. Aspöck and Hölzel 1996 (distr); Hellrigl and Hölzel 1996 (list, rec); Letardi and Pantaleoni 1996 (rec); Saure 1996 (biogeogr, ecol, rec); Sziráki 1996 (ecol, rec); Achtelig 1997 (ecol, rec); Wachmann and Saure 1997 (charact; fig: imag); U. Aspöck and H. Aspöck 1999 (ill: imag); Dobosz 1999 (rec); Sziráki 1999 (rec); Ábrahám 2001 (list, rec); H. Aspöck et al. 2001 (anncat); Gruppe and Schubert 2001 (ecol, rec); Vas et al. 2001 (ecol, rec); Czechowska 2002 (ecol, rec); Tröger 2002 (rec); Ábrahám et al. 2003 (rec); Dobosz 2003 (rec); Haring and U. Aspöck 2004 (phyl); H. Aspöck and U. Aspöck 2005 (distr); U. Aspöck and H. Aspöck 2005a (biogeogr); U. Aspöck and H. Aspöck 2005b (com, anat); Nicoli Aldini 2005 (rec); Tröger 2005b (rec); Gruppe 2006c (ecol, rec); H. Aspöck and U. Aspöck 2007 (rec); H. Aspöck and U. Aspöck 2007 (ill: ♀ imag); Gruppe and Müller 2007 (ecol, rec); H. Aspöck and U. Aspöck 2007 (biogeogr, distr); Dobosz 2007 (distr, rec; ill: map); Badano 2008 (distr, rec); Gruppe 2008 (ecol, rec); Klokočovnik et al. 2010 (rec); Letardi et al. 2010 (rec); Haring et al. 2011 (phyl, phyltree); H. Aspöck and U. Aspöck 2013 (cat, etymol; ill: ♂, ♀ imag), 2014 (cat); Morinière et al. 2014 (barcode, phyl); Sziráki 2014 (rec); Tillier et al. 2022 а (rec).

Taxonomy.

H. Aspöck et al. (1991). The species can easily be differentiated also by eidonomic characters, particularly by the two-colored pterostigma (proximal brown, distal yellowish) (Figs 5h , 6a ).

Biology and ecology.

Larvae (Fig. 6b ) exclusively soil-dwelling in the litter around roots of trees and bushes. Development two years. Last hibernating stage: full-grown larva. Adults: (IV)V-VII(VIII). Euryoecious, but preferring xerothermic habitats, e.g. light pine forests, but also biotopes free of conifers.

Records on Mediterranean islands

(Fig. 8b ). Krk, Hvar, Korfu. Syntopic Raphidioptera on Mediterranean islands: No records.

Continental distribution.

Balkan Peninsula (except southern parts of Greece), eastern Europe (till the Ural), Central Europe, northern Italy.

Biogeography.

(Probably monocentric) Balkanopontomediterranean faunal element with high expansivity.

Figures

Figure 5. a. Ulrike syriaca, ♂. Cyprus, Limassol Forest. Watercolour by Wilhelm Zelenka (1936 - 2011), Vienna. In the possession of H. & U. Aspoeck; b. Raphidia mediterranea, ♂. Upper Austria, Pelmberg near Helmonnsoedt. Foto: H. Bruckner; c. Raphidia mediterranea, ♀. Upper Austria, Pelmberg near Helmonnsoedt. Foto: H. Bruckner; d. Raphidia mediterranea, larva. Upper Austria, Pelmberg near Helmonnsoedt. Foto: H. Bruckner; e. Raphidia ariadne, ♂. Greece, Crete, near Males. Foto: H. Bruckner; f. Raphidia ariadne, ♀. Greece, Crete, Anogia. Foto: H. Bruckner; g. Raphidia ariadne, larva. Greece, Crete, near Males. Foto: H. Bruckner; h. Dichrostigma flavipes, ♂. Lower Austria, Eichkogel near Moedling. Foto: F. Anderle, now Denner.

Figure 6. a. Dichrostigma flavipes, ♀. Lower Austria, Duernstein. Foto: F. Anderle, now Denner; b. Dichrostigma flavipes, larva. Greece, Olympos. Foto: H. Bruckner; c. Fibla (F.) maclachlani, ♂. Italy, Sardinia, Supramonte. Foto: H. Aspoeck; d. Fibla (F.) maclachlani, ♀. Italy, Sardinia, Gennargentu. Foto: H. Aspoeck; e. Fibla (F.) maclachlani, larva. Italy, Sardinia, Gennargentu. Foto: F. Anderle, now Denner; f. Fibla (Reisserella) pasiphae, ♂. Greece, Crete, Levka Ori, W Omalos. Foto: H. Aspoeck; g. Fibla (Reisserella) pasiphae, ♀. Crete, Triphti Forest. Foto: H. Paulus; h. Fibla (Reisserella) pasiphae, larva. Greece, Crete, Anogia> Axos. Foto: F. Anderle, now Denner.

Figure 8. a. Records of species of the genus Xanthostigma, X. corsica and X. aloysiana, on Mediterranean islands; b. Records of Ornatoraphidia flavilabris, Phaeostigma (Magnoraphidia) wewalkai, and of Dichrostigma flavipes, on Mediterranean islands.