Ophiotaenia karipuna, Trindade & Jos & F & elix & Reb & elo & Neves & Paix˜ao & Dias-Souza & Costa-Campos & Santos & Melo, 2024
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100930 |
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https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0C4787E0-C26C-D77D-FCD5-FA187112F958 |
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Felipe |
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scientific name |
Ophiotaenia karipuna |
| status |
sp. nov. |
3.2. Ophiotaenia karipuna View in CoL n. sp. Trindade, Rebˆelo and Melo , 2024
( Figs. 3–5 View Fig View Fig View Fig )
Type-and only host: Erythrolamprus miliaris (Linnaeus, 1758) ( Squamata: Dipsadidae )
Type-and only locality: “ Parque Natural Municipal do Canc˜ao”, Serra do Navio , State of Amap´a, Brazil (00 ◦ 54′09”N 52 ◦ 00′18,2”W) GoogleMaps
Site of infection: large intestine.
Prevalence of infection: Only a single host individual, prevalence of 100%.
Type–specimens: Holotype ( CHIOC 40427 View Materials a) and 4 paratypes ( CHIOC 40427 View Materials b–m) are deposited in the Helminthological Collection of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Zoobank Registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1AD48A93-4BF5-4D99-B5DA-928182C023CD
Etymology: The specific epithet honors the “Karipuna” indigenous group living in the north of Amapa´State. This name is a not Latin or Greek word and is being established as a noun in apposition.
Description (Based on holotype and 4 paratypes, whole specimens).
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Small worms, total body length 6.42 (6.42–9.26 mm). Maximum width up to 293 (267–307). Strobila acraspedote, anapolytic. Immature proglottids wider than long to longer than wide (Length: width ratio 0.028–1.42), mature, pregravid and gravid proglottids much longer than wide (Length: width ratio 1.72–3.76).
Scolex 213 (213–307) long and 533 (533–619) wide, wider than proliferative zone, 312 (275–331) wide and 347 (347–440) long ( Fig. 3A View Fig , 5A–E View Fig ). Scolex with four lobes bearing spherical, uniloculated suckers directed sublaterally, 227 (227–293) in diameter; scolex apex slightly dome–shaped, with vestigial subspherical muscular apical organ, 22 (18–32) in diameter ( Fig. 3A View Fig and 5A, C View Fig ). Scolex and strobila densely covered with capilliform filitriches ( Fig. 3A View Fig , 5A–E View Fig ).
Inner longitudinal musculature well-developed, formed by large bundles of muscle fibers ( Fig. 4A–C View Fig ) surrounding genital organs. Two pairs of osmoregulatory canals slightly sinuous, between testes and vitelline follicles, ventral canals thin–walled, wider 10 diameter, than dorsal canals, thick–walled, narrower 5 diameter, lateral to the vitelline follicles ( Fig. 3B View Fig ).
Two testicular fields situated between anterior margin of proglottids and anterior lobes of ovaries, not reaching ovary posteriorly. Testes in medullary region, spherical to oval, 51–64 (mean: 57; n = 10) in number, measuring 36 (31–36) long, 35 (30–35) wide. Testes overlapping vas deferens but never cirrus–sac, absent at level of uterine stem ( Fig. 3B and C View Fig , 4A–C View Fig ). Preporal testes, 34 (34–38), postporal testes 23 (20–28) and aporal testes 28 (25–28) in number. Vas deferens strongly coiled, directed anteriorly, crossing midline of proglottids ( Fig. 3B and C View Fig ). Cirrus–sac pear–shaped, 128 (120–139) long and 61 (53–67) wide, length representing 36.4% (36–44%, n = 10) of proglottid width ( Fig. 4D View Fig ) length–to–width ratio of cirrus–sac 0.41–0.48. Genital atrium narrow; genital pores irregularly alternating, slightly pre–equatorial to equatorial, situated at 48.2% (48–50%, n = 10) of proglottid length ( Fig. 3B and C View Fig ).
Ovary medular, butterfly–shaped, occupying 53.3% (53.3–70%, n = 10) of proglottid width, length represents 24.9% (21–26%, n = 10) of the proglottid length. ( Fig. 3B and C View Fig ). Relative size of ovary 6% (4.6–7%, n = 10) of proglottid size. Vagina anterior or posterior to the cirrus–sac (proglottids counted; n = 20); Vaginal sphincter absent ( Fig. 1D View Figura 1 ). Mehlis’ gland 37 (21–37) long and 29 (29–50) wide, representing 11.6%
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(11.6–19.4%, n = 10) of proglottid width ( Fig. 3B and C View Fig ).
Vitelline follicles oval in the dorsal region of proglottid, arranged in longitudinal lateral bands on each side of proglottid, not reaching anterior and posterior margins ( Fig. 3B and C View Fig , 4A–C View Fig ). Vitelline follicles absent at level of cirrus–sac and vagina ( Fig. 4D View Fig ). Length of vitelline bands represent 86.3% (77.2–87.5%, n = 10) and 81.1% (70.8–81.1%, n = 10) of proglottid’ s Length on poral and aporal sides, respectively ( Fig. 3B and C View Fig ). Uterus medular, gravid proglottids with 19–30 (n = 5) lateral branches (diverticula) on each side ( Fig. 3C View Fig ). Lateral diverticula, 19–30 at poral side and 22–28 aporal, type 1 development ( Fig. 3B and C View Fig ), testes present also in gravid proglottids ( Fig. 3B View Fig ). Intrauterine eggs spherical, with diameter hyaline outer envelope 26–45, inner envelope consists of two layers embryophore, 20–21 in diameter; oncosphere spherical 13–14 in diameter; embryonic hooks 5–6 long ( Fig. 4E View Fig ).
3.2.1. Remarks
The new species has scolex unarmed with unilocular suckers, vitelline follicles, ovary, uterus, and testicles in the medullary region and two testicular fields. These morphological characters are diagnostic for the genus Ophiotaenia ( Rego, 1994) .
Two species of proteocephalidean tapeworms have been recorded in Erythrolamprus miliaris in Brazil: Ophiotaenia arandasi and O. hyalina ( Ammann and de Chambrier, 2008) . Both species differ from Ophiotaenia karipuna n. sp. by the absence of an apical organ (present in Ophiotaenia karipuna n. sp). Ophiotaenia arandasi further differs from
Ophiotaenia karipuna n. sp. in the width of the scolex ( O. karipuna n. sp.
533–619, and O. arandasi 390) and the position of the genital pore ( O. karipuna n. sp. 48–50%, compared to O. arandasi 35–45%). Ophiotaenia hyalina was described in a non-identified colubrid snake and Ammann and de Chambrier, 2008 recorded this species in Erythrolamprus miliaris . However, O. hyalina differs from O. karipuna n. sp. by a narrower scolex ( O. karipuna n. sp. 533–619, compared to O. hyalina 680–800) and the absence of the vaginal sphincter (present in O. hyalina ).
Only nine species have an apical organ among Ophiotaenia spp. from the Neotropical region. Of those, six were found in reptiles: Ophiotaenia azevedoi ( de Chambrier, Vaucher and Renaud, 1992) , Ophiotaenia catzeflisi (( de Chambrier, Vaucher and Renaud, 1992), Ophiotaenia gilberti Ammann and de Chambrier, 2008 , Ophiotaenia joanae ( de Chambrier and Paulino, 1997) , Ophiotaenia jarara (Fuhrmann, 1927) , and Ophiotaenia nicoleae Coquille and de Chambrier, 2008 ; and three in anurans: O. bonariensis Szidat et Soria, 1954 , O. ecuadorensis Dyer, 1986 , and O. oumanskyi de Chambrier and Gil de Pertierra, 2021 (see Table 2).
Ophiotaenia azevedoi a parasite of Bothrops jararaca (Wied–Neuwied, 1824) differs from the new species in scolex width ( O. azevedoi 630–735 vs O. karipuna n. sp. 533–619). In addition, the new species has a smaller number of testes than O. azevedoi (51–64 vs 88–212, respectively). The species also differ in the relative length of the cirrus–sac ( O. karipuna n. sp. 36–44% vs O. azevedoi 17–26%) and the morphology of the vaginal sphincter, which is absent in the new species, but present in O. azevedoi . Additionally, the new species has a larger ovarian surface relative to the proglottid than O. azevedoi (4.6–7% vs 1.9%, respectively) ( de Chambrier, Vaucher and Renaud, 1992).
Ophiotaenia karipuna n. sp. differs from Ophiotaenia catzeflisi , a parasite of Bothrops jararaca , by a smaller scolex ( O. karipuna n. sp. 533–619 vs O. catzeflisi 990–1.220). Furthermore, the new species has suckers directed laterally, whereas O. catzeflisi has suckers elevated and directed anteriorly. Ophiotaenia catzeflisi exhibits abundant circular musculature in the upper lateral region of the sucker (absent in O. karipuna n. sp.). The new taxon also differs in the lesser number of testes ( O. karipuna n. sp. 51–64 vs O. catzeflisi 107–158), and in the relative size of the cirrus–sac ( O. karipuna n. sp. 36–44% vs O. catzeflisi 14–22%) ( de Chambrier, Vaucher and Renaud, 1992).
Ophiotaenia karipuna n. sp. can be differentiated from Ophiotaenia gilberti , a parasite of Thamnodynastes pallidus (Linnaeus, 1758) , by the width of the scolex ( O. karipuna n. sp. 533–619 vs O. gilberti 140–145), relative length of the cirrus–sac ( O. karipuna n. sp. 36–44% vs O. gilberti 15–23%) and diameter of the embryophore ( O. karipuna n. sp. 21 vs O. gilberti 27–28). The new species also differs in the absence of a vaginal sphincter (present in O. gilberti ) and in the presence of a muscular apical organ (glandular in O. gilberti ) ( Ammann and de Chambrier, 2008).
Ophiotaenia joanae , a parasite of Xenodon neuwiedii Gunther, 1863 , is easily distinguished from the new species because it has a metascolex (absent in O. karipuna n. sp). In addition, O. joanae has a highly developed apical glandular organ that is larger than the sucker, whereas in
O. karipuna n. sp., the apical organ is a vestigial sucker ( de Chambrier,
Vaucher and Renaud, 1992).
The new species can be distinguished from Ophiotaenia jarara , a parasite of Bothrops jararaca , by the width of the scolex ( O. karipuna n. sp. 533–619 vs O. jarara 1.100 –1.200), the number of testes ( O. karipuna
n. sp. 51–64 vs O. jarara 150) and the position of the vagina (posteri-
or–anterior in O. karipuna n. sp. vs only anterior in O. jarara ) (de
Chambrier, d’ Alessio and de Azevedo Corrˆea, 1991).
Ophiotaenia karipuna n. sp. can be distinguished from Ophiotaenia
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nicoleae , a parasite of Thecadactylus rapicauda (Houttuyn, 1782) ( Gekkonidae ), by the width of the scolex ( O. karipuna n. sp. 533–619 vs O. nicoleae 325–340), number of testes ( O. karipuna n. sp. 51–64 vs O. nicoleae 142–204), and presence of the vaginal sphincter (absent in
O. karipuna n. sp. vs present in O. nicoleae ) ( Coquille and de Chambrier,
2008).
The new species differs from O. bonariensis , a parasite of Leptodactylus latrans (Steffen, 1815) , in the width of the scolex ( O. karipuna
n. sp. 533–619 vs O. bonariensis 300), number of testicles ( O. karipuna n.
sp. 51–64 vs O. bonariensis 120–140), and relative size of the cirrus–sac ( O. karipuna n. sp. 36–44% vs O. bonariensis 23–26%).
Ophiotaenia karipuna also differs from O. ecuadorensis , a parasite of Boana geographica (Spix, 1824) , in the number of testes ( O. karipuna n. sp. 51–64 vs O. ecuadorensis 92–121), relative size of the cirrus–sac ( O. karipuna n. sp. 36–44% vs O. ecuadorensis 23–32%), and position of the vagina (posterior-anterior in O. karipuna n. sp. vs posterior in O. ecuadorensis ). Ophiotaenia karipuna n. sp. is easily distinguished from O. oumanskyi , a parasite of Lepidobatrachus laevis Budget, 1899 , by the absence of a vaginal sphincter (present in O. oumanskyi ).
Some authors did not mention in original description the presence or absence of the apical organ for Ophiotaenia crotali Lopez –Neyra and Diaz–Ungria (1958), Ophiotaenia elongata Fuhrmann, 1927 , and Ophiotaenia racemosa ( Rudin, 1917; de Chambrier et al., 2021), also Neotropical species. However, O. crotali and O. racemosa can be differentiated from the new species by the presence of a vaginal sphincter,
which is absent in O. karipuna n. sp. (Lopez–Neyra and Diaz–Ungria,
1958; Rudin, 1917). Ophiotaenia elongata differs in the relative size of the ovary, which is markedly smaller than the new species (2.5% in O. elongata vs. 4.6–7% in O. karipuna n. sp.) and by a smaller number of testes (26–44 in O. elongata vs 51–64 in the new taxon).
Additional morphometric and morphological data of the new species, as well as other Neotropical species of Ophiotaenia , are given in Table 2.
No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.
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